Global Health: Issues, Challenges, and Global Action

Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Essentials of global health
	Summary of key points
	Evolution and concept of global health
		Tropical medicine
		Public health
		International health
		Global health
	Concept of global health
	Key global health concepts
		Developing countries
		Developed countries
		Disease control
		Disease elimination
		Disease eradication
		Global burden of disease
		Global health inequity
		Global health issues
		Global health partnerships
		Global health risk factors
		Globalization
		Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
		World Health Organization geographic regions
	Defining features of global health
		Mission
		Geographic reach
		Level of cooperation
		Health content and health conditions
		Health response
		Range of disciplines
	Global versus international health
	Significance of global health in today’s world
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 2 Globalization, infectious diseases, and global health
	Summary of key points
	Epidemiological transitions
		The baseline: Paleolithic era
		The first epidemiological transition: Age of Pestilence and Farming
		The second epidemiological transition: Age of Receding Pandemics
		The third transition: Age of Chronic Diseases
	The concept of globalization
	Evolution and features of globalization
	Disease and human history
	Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
		Emerging infectious diseases
		Re-emerging infectious diseases
		Contributing factors to the emergence and re‐emergence of infectious diseases
	World trade and global health
	Effects of globalization on health
	Health challenges due to globalization
	Global action and strategies
		Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
		Travel and health
		Global food safety
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 3 Noncommunicable diseases
	Summary of key points
	Concept of noncommunicable diseases
	Types of noncommunicable diseases
		Cardiovascular diseases
		Cancer
		Causes of cancer
		Types of cancer
		Respiratory diseases
		Diabetes
		Mental illness
		Types of mental health illness
	Noncommunicable disease risk factors
		Alcohol abuse
		Tobacco use
		Obesity
	Challenges of noncommunicable disease prevention and control
		Alcohol abuse
		Tobacco use
		Obesity
	Global strategies and action
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 4 Global burden of disease and measurement
	Summary of key points
	Health and disease
	Social determinants of health
	Key health status indicators
		Life expectancy
		Neonatal mortality rate
		Infant mortality rate
		Child mortality rate
		Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
	The concept of global burden of disease
		Global burden of disease studies
	Indicators for measuring global burden of disease
		Morbidity and mortality
		Incidence
		Prevalence
		Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)
	Rationale for measuring global burden of disease
	Patterns of global disease distribution
	Global burden of disease measurement challenges
	Global action and strategies
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 5 Culture, behavior, and global health
	Summary of key points
	The concept of culture
	Significance of culture to health
	Perceptions of health, illness, and disease
		Causes of illness
		Diagnosis, treatment, and care
		Prevention of illness
	Cultural practices that affect health
		Positive impact
		Negative impact
	Theories of health behavior
		The health belief model
		The transtheoretical model (stages of change)
	Cultural competency skills for global health
	Health behavior challenges
	Global action and strategies
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 6 Water, sanitation, and global health
	Summary of key points
	Key water and sanitation terms
	Key water terms
		Key sanitation terms
	Water and sanitation-related diseases
		Water
		Sanitation
	Women, water, and sanitation
	Effects of unsafe water and poor sanitation on global health
		Health effects
		Economic effects
		Social effects
	Investing in safe water supply and sanitation
	Global water and sanitation coverage and progress
		Water
		Sanitation
	Global water and sanitation challenges
		Population growth
		Financial support
		Political will
		Sustainability
	Global action and strategies
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 7 Global hunger, nutrition, and food security
	Summary of key points
	Global hunger and malnutrition
		Hunger and its causes
		Malnutrition
	Key concepts related to hunger and malnutrition
		Wasting
		Stunting
	Micronutrient deficiencies
		Iron
		Iodine
		Zinc
		Vitamin A
	Global burden of hunger and malnutrition
		Hunger
		Malnutrition
	Food security
		Causes of food insecurity
	Measuring hunger and nutritional status
	Global challenges of hunger, malnutrition, and food security
	Global action and strategies
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 8 Global health and human rights
	Summary of key points
	Concept of human rights
	International and regional human rights instruments
	The right to health
	The right to health and special populations
		Children and adolescents
		Women
		Migrants
	Global and national obligations towards the right to health
		Progressive realization
		Mechanisms to realize the right to health
		Core minimum obligations
	Challenges to the right to health
	Global action and strategies
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 9 Natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies
	Summary of key points
	Concept of disaster
		Key disaster-related terms
	Natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies
	Global instances of natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies
		Natural disasters
		Complex humanitarian emergencies
	Global impact of natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies
	Managing natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies
		Mitigation phase
		Preparedness phase
		Response phase
		Recovery phase
	Natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies management challenges
	Global action and strategies
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 10 Gender and global sexual and reproductive health
	Summary of key points
	Gender versus sex
	Gender roles and gender power relations
	Concepts of sexual and reproductive health
	Reproductive ill health and global disease burden
	Unsafe abortion
	Gender-based violence
		Rape
		Early marriage
		Female genital mutilation
		Domestic violence / intimate partner violence
	Family planning
	Sexually transmitted diseases
		Human immunodeficiency virus
		Chlamydia
		Gonorrhea
		Syphilis
		Trichomonas
	Sexual and reproductive health challenges
	Global strategies and action for improving sexual and reproductive health
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 11 Health systems and global health
	Summary of key points
	The concept of a health system
	Health system models, goals, and building blocks
	Health system goals and functions
	Health system resources and management
	Health systems in low- middle- and high-income countries
		Health systems in low- and middle-income countries
		High-income countries
	Health system strengthening
		Rationale for health systems strengthening
	Health system challenges
	Global action and strategies
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 12 Financing global health
	Summary of key points
	The concept of health financing
	Functions of health financing
	Methods of health financing
		Internal / local methods
		External methods
		DAH areas of priority
		DAH recipients by region and country
	Health expenditure in low-, middle-, and high-income countries
		Determinants of health expenditure
		Ageing population
		Rising healthcare costs
		Medical liability
		Administrative expenses
		Wasteful healthcare spending
	Global health financing challenges
		Taxation
		National health service system
		Development assistance for health
	Global action and strategies
		International financing facility for immunization
		Advance market commitment
		UNITAID / solidarity levy on airline tickets
		Debt swaps
		Proposed innovative mechanisms under exploration
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 13 Ethics in global health research, design, and practice
	Summary of key points
	The concept of research ethics
	Historical background of ethics in health research
		The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
		The thalidomide tragedy
		The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
	Global health research
	Ethical issues in global health research in resource‐poor settings
		Informed consent
		Privacy and confidentiality
		Protection of vulnerable populations
		Equity and fairness
		Sharing of benefits
		Assessing risk
	Controversies and challenges in global health research
	Global action and strategies
		Discussion points
	References
	References
Chapter 14 Health-related millennium development goals and global health
	Summary of key points
	Health-related Millennium Development Goals targets and indicators
		MDG4 – reduce child mortality
		Immunization
		MDG5 – Improve maternal health
		Maternal morbidity and mortality
		Skilled attendant at birth
		Contraceptive use
		Adolescent birth rate
		MDG6 – HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
		Malaria
		Tuberculosis
	Health-related MDG progress
		MDG4 Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
		MDG5 Target 5A: Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three‐quarters, between 1990 and 2015
		MDG5 Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
		MDG6 Target 6A: Halt the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015 and begun to reverse it
		MDG6 Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
		MDG6 Target 6C: Halt and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases by 2015
	Critique of the health‐related MDGs
	Health-related MDG challenges
	Global action and strategies
	Post MDGs
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 15 Global health partnerships and governance
	Summary of key points
	Concept of global health partnerships
	Purpose and benefits of global health partnerships
	Characteristics of good global health partnerships
	Focus of global health partnerships
		Partnerships for product development
		Improvement of access to health products partnerships
		Global coordination and financing mechanisms partnerships
		Health systems strengthening partnerships
		Public advocacy and research partnerships
	Actors and funders of global health partnerships
		Bilateral donors
		Multilateral organizations
		International nongovernmental organizations
		Foundations
		The private sector
		Think tanks and universities
	Successes of global health partnerships
		Smallpox
		Poliomyelitis
		Guinea worm disease
	The concept of global health governance
		Purpose of global health governance
	Challenges of global health partnerships and governance
	Global action and strategies
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 16 Evaluating global health projects
	Summary of key points
	The concept of evaluation
	Key evaluation concepts
	Rationale for evaluating global health projects
	Program evaluation framework
		Step 1: Engage stakeholders
		Step 2: Describe the program
		Step 3: Focus the evaluation design
		Step 4: Gathering credible evidence
		Step 5: Justifying conclusions
		Step 6: Ensuring use and sharing lessons learned
	Program evaluation standards
	Types of evaluation
		Needs assessment
		Process evaluation
		Outcome evaluation
		Impact evaluation
	Logic model and evaluation plan design
		Logic model
		Components of a logic model
		Evaluation plan
	Real-world evaluation challenges
		Weak evaluation capacity
		Lack of baseline data
		Time constraints
		Limited financial resources
		Cultural insensitivity
		Political demands
	Global action and strategies
		Discussion points
	References
	Further Reading
Index
EULA