Global Health Essentials (Sustainable Development Goals Series)

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: Introduction to Global Health
	1: Definition, Principles, and Evolution of Global Health
		References
	2: The Changing World of Global Health
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 Global Health Advocacy in the New Millennium
		2.3	 An Era of Transitions: Potential Headwinds
		2.4	 An Era of Transitions: Potential Tailwinds
		2.5	 How Will Health Challenges and Opportunities Balance Out in the Next Decades?
		2.6	 Conclusions
		References
Part II: The Global Burden of Disease: Introduction
	3: The Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
		3.1	 Measuring the Burden of Disease
		3.2	 Burden of Disease Data
		3.3	 The Leading Causes of Deaths and DALYs
		3.4	 Causes of Deaths and DALYs by Sex
		3.5	 The Burden of Deaths and Disease Within Countries
		3.6	 The Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Burden of Disease
		3.7	 Risk Factors
		3.8	 The Demographic Transition
		3.9	 The Epidemiologic Transition
		References
	4: The Health Status of the World
		4.1	 The Importance of Data and Key Health Indicators
		4.2	 Trends in Key Indicators
		4.3	 Impact of COVID-19 on Population Health
		References
	5: Demographic Perspectives on Global Health
		5.1	 Demographic Transition and Global Demographic Trends
		5.2	 Education as Another Key Source of Demographic Heterogeneity
		5.3	 Health Implications of Changing Demographic Structure, Distribution and Composition
		References
Part III: The Global Burden of Disease: Health Throughout the Life Course
	6: Newborn Health
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Descriptive Epidemiology and International Targets
		6.3	 Determinants and Risk Factors for Illness and Death
		6.4	 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
		6.5	 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
		References
	7: Child and Adolescent Health
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Global Situation on Child Mortality
		7.3	 Indicators on Child Mortality
		7.4	 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		7.5	 Major Causes and Risk Factors of Child Mortality
		7.6	 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control of Childhood Diseases
		7.7	 Adolescent Health
		7.8	 Healthy Lifestyle as Prevention of Adult Illness
		References
	8: Child Health and Nutrition
		8.1	 Definitions, Features, and Epidemiology
			8.1.1	 International Targets and Progress
			8.1.2	 Determinants and Risk Factors
				8.1.2.1	 Challenges
		8.2	 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
			8.2.1	 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
		8.3	 Responsibilities of Institutions
		References
	9: Maternal Health
		9.1	 Determinants and Risk Factors for Maternal Deaths
		9.2	 Approaches and Strategies for Preventing Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
		9.3	 Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights and Policies
		9.4	 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
		References
	10: Aging and Health: Aiming at Healthy Longevity
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 Health Burden: Epidemiology and Assessment
		10.3	 Approaches to Unique Challenges: Determinants and Risk Factors
		10.4	 International Targets
		10.5	 Responsibilities in a Multi-sector Approach
		10.6	 Way Forward
		References
Part IV: The Global Burden of Disease: Communicable Diseases
	11: HIV
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 Epidemiology
		11.3	 Pathogenesis
		11.4	 Determinants of Risk
		11.5	 HIV Prevention and Treatment
		11.6	 International, Regional, and Country Responses
		11.7	 Conclusion
		References
	12: Tuberculosis
		12.1	 Introduction and Definitions
		12.2	 Descriptive Epidemiology and Global Burden of Tuberculosis
		12.3	 International Targets
		12.4	 Determinants and Risk Factors
		12.5	 Challenges to TB Control and Elimination
		12.6	 Strategies for Control and Elimination
		12.7	 Economic Considerations
		12.8	 Conclusions
		References
	13: Malaria
		13.1	 Definitions and Main Features of Malaria
		13.2	 Descriptive Epidemiology and Assessment of the Global Burden
		13.3	 International Targets and Progress Towards Their Achievements
		13.4	 Determinants and Risk Factors
		13.5	 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
		13.6	 Challenges to Be Faced for Containment/Control/Elimination
		13.7	 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
		13.8	 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
		References
	14: Hepatitis
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Epidemiological Background
		14.3	 Towards Global Elimination
		14.4	 How to Make Public Health Elimination Feasible
		References
	15: Poliomyelitis
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 Global Polio Eradication
		15.3	 Risks to the Eradication Goal
		15.4	 Challenges
			15.4.1	 Approaches and Strategies
			15.4.2	 Responsibilities
		Further Reading
	16: Neglected Tropical Diseases
		16.1	 Introduction
		16.2	 Global Burden and Challenges
		16.3	 Strategic Approach
		16.4	 Interventions for Prevention and Control
		16.5	 Role of WHO in the Control of NTDs
		References
	17: HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer
		17.1	 HPV and Cervical Cancer
		17.2	 Epidemiology and Global Burden
		17.3	 International Targets
		17.4	 Determinants and Risk Factors
		17.5	 Challenges to Control and Elimination
		17.6	 Strategies for Prevention and Control
		17.7	 Economic and Financial Considerations
		17.8	 Role of National and International Institutions
		References
	18: Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
		18.1	 Introduction
		18.2	 The Global Burden of Vaccine Preventable Diseases
		18.3	 Progress Toward Achievement of International Targets
		18.4	 Determinants of Incomplete Vaccination Coverage
		18.5	 Challenges to Achieve Full Vaccination Coverage
		18.6	 Strategies for Prevention and Control
		18.7	 Economic Gains
		18.8	 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
		References
	19: Influenza
		19.1	 Influenza Pandemic
		19.2	 Prevention and Treatment
		19.3	 Strategies for Control
		References
	20: Recent Pandemics: SARS, MERS, Ebola, and Zika
		20.1	 Epidemics Caused by Coronaviruses: SARS and MERS
		20.2	 Zika Virus Disease
		20.3	 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
		References
	21: Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19)
		21.1	 The COVID-19 Pandemic
		21.2	 Socioeconomical Impact
		21.3	 Containment and Elimination
		21.4	 An International Issue: The Role of Supranational Organizations
		21.5	 An Open Issue: Challenges and Future Prospects
		References
	22: Antimicrobial Resistance
		22.1	 Definitions and Main Features
		22.2	 Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance
		22.3	 Determinants and Challenges of Antimicrobial Resistance
		22.4	 International Goals and Targets on Antimicrobial Resistance
		22.5	 The Quadripartite Collaboration for AMR
		References
	23: Foodborne Diseases
		23.1	 Definition
		23.2	 Descriptive Epidemiology and Global Burden Assessment
		23.3	 International Targets
		23.4	 Determinants and Risk Factors
		23.5	 FBD Control Challenges
			23.5.1	 Cost-Effectiveness
		23.6	 Responsibilities
		References
Part V: The Global Burden of Disease: Non-communicable Diseases
	24: Cardiovascular Diseases
		24.1	 Definitions and Main Disease Features
		24.2	 Descriptive Epidemiology and Assessment of the Global Burden
		24.3	 International Targets and Progress Towards Their Achievements
		24.4	 Determinants and Risk Factors
		24.5	 Challenges to Be Faced for Containment, Control and Elimination
		24.6	 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
		24.7	 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
		24.8	 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
		References
	25: Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases
		25.1	 Introduction
		25.2	 Epidemiology and Disease Burden
		25.3	 Determinants and Risk Factors
		25.4	 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
		25.5	 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
		25.6	 Challenges Faced by National Programmes
		25.7	 National and International Efforts
		References
	26: Cancer
		26.1	 Introduction to the Issue, Background, and Aims of the Chapter
		26.2	 Description of the Issue
			26.2.1	 Descriptive Epidemiology and Assessment of the Cancer Burden
			26.2.2	 International Targets and Progress Toward Their Achievements
			26.2.3	 Determinants and Risk Factors
		26.3	 Approach to Solutions
			26.3.1	 Challenges to Be Faced for Containment/Control/Elimination
			26.3.2	 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
			26.3.3	 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
			26.3.4	 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
		26.4	 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	27: Diabetes
		27.1	 Introduction
		27.2	 Descriptive Epidemiology and Assessment of the Global Burden [1, 2]
			27.2.1	Prevalence and Global Burden
			27.2.2	 Incidence
		27.3	 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control of the Diabetes
		27.4	 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
		27.5	 Information Technology as Means of Addressing the Diabetes Pandemic
		27.6	 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
		References
	28: Endocrinological Disorders of Population-Level Importance
		28.1	 Introduction
		28.2	 Iodine
		28.3	 Calcium and Vitamin D
		28.4	 Role of Information Technology in Combating These Deficiencies
		References
	29: Mental Health and Substance Abuse
		29.1	 Introduction
		29.2	 Methodological Considerations
		29.3	 An Overview: Global Burden of Disease
		29.4	 Distribution of the MNSS Burden in Men and Women
		29.5	 Political and Financial Considerations
		29.6	 Conclusion
		References
	30: Violence Prevention
		30.1	 Introduction
		30.2	 Global Burden of Violence
		30.3	 International Targets and Progress Towards Their Achievements
		30.4	 Determinants and Risk Factors
		30.5	 Challenges Faced for Prevention and Control
		30.6	 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
		30.7	 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
		30.8	 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
		References
	31: Blindness and Vision Impairment
		31.1	 Introduction
		31.2	 Definitions and Classification of Vision Impairment and Blindness
		31.3	 The Global Burden of Vision Impairment
		31.4	 Causes of Vision Impairment
		31.5	 Trends of Vision Impairment Over Time
		31.6	 Impact of Vision Impairment
			31.6.1	 Human and Social Impact
			31.6.2	 Economic Impact
		31.7	 Solutions and Strategies to Address the Increasing Burden of Vision Impairment
			31.7.1	 At the Global and International Level
			31.7.2	 At Regional Level
			31.7.3	 At Country Level
		31.8	 Conclusion
		References
	32: Global Oral Health
		32.1	 Introduction
		32.2	 Descriptive Epidemiology and Assessment of the Global Burden
		32.3	 International Targets and Progress Towards Their Achievements
		32.4	 Determinants and Risk Factors
		32.5	 Challenges to Be Faced for Containment, Control and Elimination
		32.6	 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
		32.7	 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
		32.8	 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
		References
	33: Unintentional Injuries
		33.1	 Introduction
		33.2	 Impact of Unintentional Injuries
		33.3	 Interventions
		33.4	 Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Social Determinants of Health
	34: Poverty, Inequities, Inequalities, and Social Protection
		34.1	 Introduction to the Issue
			34.1.1	 Poverty, Inequity, and Health
		34.2	 Social Protection as a Policy Instrument and Response to Counter Health Inequality and Poverty
		34.3	 The Future: Towards Universal Social Protection
		34.4	 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	35: Nutrition and Health
		35.1	 Current Status and Trends
		35.2	 Addressing Multiple Forms of Malnutrition: Cost-Effective Actions to Address Unhealthy Diets
		References
	36: Migration and Health
		36.1	 Introduction and Background
		36.2	 Aims of the Chapter
		36.3	 Migration and Health
			36.3.1	 Defining “Migration” and “Migrant”: The Spider Web
			36.3.2	 The Drivers of Migration: Why Are People Urged to Move?
			36.3.3	 The Impact of Migration on Health: What Are the Main Health Issues Migrants May Face?
			36.3.4	 Accessing Health Services: The Case of Migrants
			36.3.5	 International Initiatives to Improve the Health of and the Access to Care for Migrants
			36.3.6	 Migrant-Sensitive Health Systems and Health Promotion
		36.4	 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	37: Environmental Exposures and Health
		37.1	 Background and Aim of the Chapter
		37.2	 Overall Impact on Environmental Hazards on Mortality and Morbidity
			37.2.1	 Air Pollution
			37.2.2	 Chemicals
			37.2.3	 Water and Sanitation
		37.3	 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	38: Power and Commercial Determinants of Health
		38.1	 Introduction
		38.2	 Definitions and Frameworks
		38.3	 Tactics of Corporations
		38.4	 Governance Models
		38.5	 Conclusion
		References
Part VII: Health Systems
	39: Health Systems Frameworks
		39.1	 Introduction to the Issue
		39.2	 Background
		39.3	 Aims of the Chapter
		39.4	 Description of the Issue
		39.5	 Approach to Solutions
		39.6	 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	40: Global Health and Systems Change
		40.1	 Emerging Global Health Challenges
		40.2	 The Missing Systems-Wide Approach
		40.3	 What is Needed to Accelerate a Systems-Wide Approach?
		References
	41: Primary Health Care and Global Health
		41.1	 Primary Health Care and Its Evolution over Four Decades in Global Health
		41.2	 Primary Health Care in the Twenty-First Century
		41.3	 The Bumpy Road to Primary Health Care
		References
	42: Universal Health Coverage (UHC): From Global Consensus to National Action
		42.1	 A Global Movement for UHC
		42.2	 The Moral and Economic Basis for UHC
		42.3	 Transforming Health Systems Towards UHC
		42.4	 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	43: Governance of Health Systems
		43.1	 Introduction
		43.2	 Health Systems Governance: Towards a Definition
		43.3	 Common Principles and Core Functions
		43.4	 Key Actors for Governance
		43.5	 Governance Dynamics
		43.6	 Governance: An Emerging Frontier in Health Systems Research
		References
	44: Health System Financing
		44.1	 Introduction to Health Financing
		44.2	 Background
		44.3	 Aims
		44.4	 The Objective of Health Financing
		44.5	 Revenue Mobilization
		44.6	 Pooling
		44.7	 Purchasing
			44.7.1	 To Do or to Make?
		44.8	 Conclusions
		References
	45: Human Resources for Health: Health Workers, The Health System’s Most Valuable Resource
		45.1	 Introduction and Aims of the Chapter
		45.2	 Description of Key Points
			45.2.1	 Health Workers Matter
			45.2.2	 A Chronic and Growing Crisis
			45.2.3	 Putting HRH on the Global Health Agenda
			45.2.4	 Framing the Health Workforce for Action
		45.3	 Conclusions
		References
	46: Health Information Systems
		46.1	 Introduction
		46.2	 Aims of the Chapter
		46.3	 Background
		46.4	 Country Health Information Systems
		46.5	 Why Produce Statistical Estimates?
		46.6	 Who Generates Global Health Estimates?
		46.7	 Limitations and Risks of Global Estimates
		46.8	 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	47: Strengthening Health Service Delivery for Universal Health Coverage Through Synergistic Partnerships Between the Public and Private Health Sector
		47.1	 Introduction
		47.2	 Engaging the Private Health Service Delivery Sector
		47.3	 Public-Private Health Sector Engagement in the TB Response: A Case Study
		47.4	 Key Challenges and Opportunities
		47.5	 Conclusion
		References
	48: Community Engagement: Non-Governmental and Faith-based Organizations
		48.1	 Aims of this Chapter
		48.2	 Introduction: Community Engagement as a Means to Grant Continuum of Care
		48.3	 Background
		48.4	 Description of the Issue
			48.4.1	 Lack of Data
			48.4.2	 Inequity and Impediments to Access
			48.4.3	 Ignoring Culture and Tradition
		48.5	 Approach to Solutions
		48.6	 Illustrating the Power of Community Engagement
			48.6.1	 Improving Maternal and Child Health (MNCH) Outcomes [11]
			48.6.2	 Provision of Culturally Sensitive Services
		48.7	 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	49: Selection and Use of Essential Medicines
		49.1	 Introduction
		49.2	 WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
		49.3	 Transparency on What Is Essential
		49.4	 One List with Broad Coverage
		49.5	 Availability and Access Gaps
		49.6	 International Strategies to Improve Access to Essential Medicines
		49.7	 National Essential Medicines Lists
		49.8	 Medicine Monitoring
		References
	50: Equitable Access to Medicines, Vaccines, and Medical Devices
		50.1	 Access to Medicines
			50.1.1	 Intellectual Property Protection of Health Technologies
			50.1.2	 The AIDS Crisis and Access to Medicines
		50.2	 Vaccines
		50.3	 Diagnostics
		50.4	 Intellectual Property and Innovation
			50.4.1	 Mechanisms to Stimulate Innovation that Do Not Lead to High Prices
		50.5	 Covid-19
		50.6	 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	51: Essentials of Global Surgery
		51.1	 Aims of the Chapter
		51.2	 Introduction and Background
		51.3	 Barriers to Surgical Care
		51.4	 Political Commitment
		51.5	 Approach to Solutions
			51.5.1	 National Surgical, Obstetric and Anaesthesia Planning Manual (NSOAP)
			51.5.2	 Surveillance and Standardisation of Procedures
		51.6	 Conclusions
		References
	52: Health Conversations Through Personal Communication Networks
		52.1	 Introduction
		52.2	 Background
		52.3	 Personal Communications
		52.4	 Culture-Sensitive Conversations Across Health Areas
		52.5	 Conclusions
		References
	53: The Private Sector in Global Health: Roles and Opportunities
		53.1	 What Is the Private Sector, and How Is it Relevant to Global Health?
		53.2	 Who Are Private Sector Actors and What Roles Do They Play?
		53.3	 Future Directions
		References
	54: Health Systems Resilience
		54.1	 Introduction
		54.2	 Description of the Issue
		54.3	 Approaches to Building Health System Resilience
		54.4	 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	55: Epidemic Preparedness and Response
		55.1	 Introduction and Aims
		55.2	 Some Definitions, Functions and Models
		55.3	 A Health Systems Approach
		55.4	 Lessons Learned: From Context to Systems
		55.5	 Conclusions
		References
	56: Precision Global Health and Epidemic Forecasting
		56.1	 Background
		56.2	 Aims of the Chapter
		56.3	 Description of the Issue
		56.4	 Approach to Solutions
		56.5	 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
Part VIII: Innovations in Global Health
	57: Genomics and the “-Omics”
		57.1	 Definition of “Omics”
		57.2	 Technologies Adopted for the “Omics” Studies
			57.2.1	 Genomics
			57.2.2	 Epigenomics
			57.2.3	 Transcriptomics
			57.2.4	 Proteomics
			57.2.5	 Metabolomics
			57.2.6	 Microbiomics
		57.3	 Contribution of Omics to Global Health
		57.4	 Challenges to Implement Omics in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)
		References
	58: Digital Technology for Global Health
		58.1	 Introduction
		58.2	 Why Digital Health?
		58.3	 Digital Health and Global Commitments
		58.4	 Recent Developments
		58.5	 What Role for Digital Technologies in Global Health?
		58.6	 Creating Systems that Last: Principles
		58.7	 Conclusion
		References
	59: Data Science for Global Health
		59.1	 Introduction
		59.2	 Examples of Data Science for Global Health
		59.3	 Opportunities and Challenges of Data Science for Global Health
			59.3.1	 Equitable Data Science
			59.3.2	 Data Sharing
			59.3.3	 Crossing Traditional Domains
			59.3.4	 Ancillary Care Obligations
			59.3.5	 Privacy Challenges
			59.3.6	 Individual vs Aggregate Results
		59.4	 Conclusion
		References
	60: How Innovations Can Impact on people’s Life: The Continuum of Research in Global Health
		60.1	 Introduction
		60.2	 From Bench to Bed to Health Policies: The Continuum of Research
			60.2.1	 Basic and Fundamental Research
			60.2.2	 Translational Research
			60.2.3	 Operational/Implementation Research
			60.2.4	 Research in Global Health and Policy-Making
		60.3	 The Importance of the End-to-End Vision to Structure Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration
		60.4	 Conclusion
		References
	61: Evaluation of Interventions in Global Health
		61.1	 Introduction
		61.2	 Background
		61.3	 Aim
		61.4	 Policy-Relevant Evidence
			61.4.1	 Health Outcomes
			61.4.2	 Acceptability and Feasibility
			61.4.3	 Cost-Effectiveness and Affordability
		61.5	 Approaches to Evaluating Effectiveness
			61.5.1	 Experimental Study Designs
			61.5.2	 Quasi-Experimental Study Designs
		61.6	 Generalizability and Pragmatism: Recommendations
		References
Part IX: Governance of Global Health
	62: Global Governance in Health
		62.1	 Introduction
		62.2	 From International to Global Governance in Health
		62.3	 Negotiation and Power Relations
		62.4	 The Quest for a New Ethical Framework
		References
	63: The World Health Organization
		63.1	 Introduction
		63.2	 The First Years of the WHO: 1948–1988
		63.3	 The Coexistence of Two Socio-Medical Approaches to Protect Health
		63.4	 The Struggle of Adapting to Recent Global Geo-Political Changes and to the Proliferation of Global Health Players
		63.5	 Conclusion
		Further Reading
	64: Global Health and International Politics During the COVID-19 Pandemic
		64.1	 Introduction
		64.2	 Multilateralism and Global Institutions
		64.3	 The Italian G20 Presidency and the Rome Declaration
		64.4	 International Politics and Finance for Health Preparedness
		64.5	 Conclusions
		References
	65: Essentials of Global Health Diplomacy
		65.1	 Introduction
		65.2	 Historical Roots
		65.3	 Global Health and Foreign Policy
		65.4	 Multifaceted Complexity
		65.5	 “For Health” Diplomacy
		65.6	 The Roadmap Ahead
		References
	66: Financing Global Common Goods for Health
		66.1	 Introduction
		66.2	 Types of Global Common Goods for Health
		66.3	 The Case for Investing in Global CGH
		66.4	 Trends in Financing Global CGH
		66.5	 The Financing Gap for High Priority CGH
		66.6	 Mechanisms to Close the Financing Gap
		References
	67: Performance-Based Funding for Health
		67.1	 Introduction
		67.2	 Measuring and Managing for Results
		67.3	 Implementing Performance-Based Funding
		67.4	 Strengths and Weaknesses of a Focus on Results
		67.5	 The Diplomacy of Data
		References
	68: International Cooperation and Development
		68.1	 The State of the World
		68.2	 International Cooperation: How it Started and How it Continues
		68.3	 Rethink the Future of International Cooperation
		References
	69: International Law and Global Health
		69.1	 Introduction
		69.2	 The WHO’s Legal Instruments
			69.2.1	 The Constitution of the WHO
			69.2.2	 WHO Regulations
			69.2.3	 The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
		69.3	 Global Health and International Human Rights
			69.3.1	 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
			69.3.2	 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
		69.4	 International Drug Control
		69.5	 Conclusions
		Further Reading
	70: Advocacy and Communication in Global Health
		70.1	 Introduction
		70.2	 Strategies and Tools Used in Advocacy and Communication in Global Health
		70.3	 Areas of Global Health Communication
		70.4	 The Importance of Engaging Stakeholders: Major Players in Global Health Governance Advocacy
			70.4.1	 Media Representation: Social Media
		References
			Further Reading
Part X: New Visions in the Era of Sustainable Development
	71: From MDGs to SDGs
		71.1	 Aim of the Chapter
		71.2	 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
		71.3	 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		71.4	 Transition from MDGs to SDGs and the Impact of COVID-19
		71.5	 Conclusions
		References
	72: Globalization, Socio-Economic Development, and Health
		72.1	 Introduction
		72.2	 Three Interconnected Dimensions of Globalization
		72.3	 Development
		References
	73: Aiming for Better Health in Cities
		73.1	 Introduction
		73.2	 Background
		73.3	 Urbanization and Health
		73.4	 Approach to Solutions
		73.5	 Main Conclusions
		References
	74: Climate Change and Human Health
		74.1	 Introduction
		74.2	 Climate-Sensitive Health Risks
			74.2.1	 Direct Health Impacts
			74.2.2	 Indirect Health Impacts
		74.3	 Health Co-benefits of Climate Change Mitigation
		74.4	 Actions for a Healthy Population and Planet
			74.4.1	 Build Climate Resilient and Sustainable Health Systems
			74.4.2	 Achieve Global Health and Climate Change Goals
			74.4.3	 Mobilize the Strength of the Health Community
		References
	75: The Ecology of Agri-Food System
		75.1	 Historical Background of the “Green Revolution”
		75.2	 The Impact of Food on Human and Planetary Health
			75.2.1	 Non-communicable Diseases
			75.2.2	 Communicable Diseases
			75.2.3	 Environmental Pollutants in Food
		75.3	 Approach to Solutions
			75.3.1	 The Double Helix of Agroecology
		References
	76: One Health
		76.1	 Introduction: Historical Basis and Definitions
		76.2	 Methods and Approaches
		76.3	 Major Areas of Application
			76.3.1	 Zoonoses
			76.3.2	 Food Safety and Food Security
			76.3.3	 Antimicrobial Resistance
		76.4	 Main Conclusions
		References
	77: Planetary Health: From Concept to Action
		77.1	 Introduction
		77.2	 What Is Planetary Health?
		77.3	 Key Components of Planetary Health
		77.4	 What Is the Value Added to Global Health?
		77.5	 Challenges and Responses Toward Securing Planetary Health
			77.5.1	 Imagination Challenges
			77.5.2	 Knowledge Challenges
			77.5.3	 Implementation Challenges
		77.6	 Concluding Remarks
		References
	78: Equity, Inclusivity, and Diversity as Drivers of Global Health—Recommendations for Global Health Research, Education, and Practice
		78.1	 Introduction to the Issue
		78.2	 Background
		78.3	 Aims of the Chapter
		78.4	 Description of the Issues
		78.5	 Approach to Solutions and Options
		78.6	 Conclusions
		References
	79: Rethinking Knowledge in Global Health
		79.1	 Colonial History in Global Health Knowledge Ecosystem
			79.1.1	 Introduction to Decolonial Science
			79.1.2	 Brief History of Global Health Education Colonial Origins
			79.1.3	 How Can we Foster Knowledge Cultivation?
		79.2	 Critical Steps to Understand and Change the Current Knowledge Ecosystem
			79.2.1	 Common Barriers to Knowledge Ecosystem Change
			79.2.2	 From Saviourism to Unleashing Agency of Communities
			79.2.3	 From Hierarchies of Knowing to Global Public Health
			79.2.4	 From the Foreign Gaze to Reconnecting Knowledge to its Context
		79.3	 Freeing Public Health Interventions from Colonial Legacies
			79.3.1	 A Framework to Reimagine Global Health Knowledge Ecosystem
			79.3.2	 Defining Emancipatory Health Interventions and Example in Practice
		79.4	 Conclusion
		References
	80: Strengthening Global Health and Health Diplomacy Capacity in the Global South
		References
Part XI: Methods in Global Health
	81: Quantitative Methods: Basics of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
		81.1	 Epidemiological Indicators
			81.1.1	 Measure of Occurrence
			81.1.2	 Measures of Effect
		81.2	 Epidemiological Reasoning and Study Design
		81.3	 Statistical Reasoning
		References
	82: Methods in Global Health: Disease Modelling
		82.1	 Introduction
		82.2	 Background
		82.3	 Aim of the Chapter
		82.4	 Description of the Issue
		82.5	 Approach to Solutions
		82.6	 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	83: Qualitative Methods for Global Health in Operational, Implementation and Health Systems Research
		83.1	 Introduction to the Issue
		83.2	 Background
		83.3	 Aims of the Chapter
		83.4	 The Issue
			83.4.1	 Operational Research
			83.4.2	 Implementation Research
			83.4.3	 Health Systems Research
		83.5	 Systems Thinking to Grasp Systemic Complexity
		83.6	 Qualitative Methods a Brief Overview
			83.6.1	 Realist Evaluation
		83.7	 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	84: GRADE: A Transparent Approach for Evidence-Based Recommendations and Decisions in Health
		84.1	 Introduction
		84.2	 The Role of Systematic Reviews and GRADE in Decision-Making
		84.3	 The Certainty of the Evidence, Quality of the Evidence, or Strength of the Evidence
			84.3.1	 Evidence on the Effects of Interventions
			84.3.2	 Five Domains Can Lower the Certainty of the Evidence from RCTs and NRS
			84.3.3	 Three Factors Can Increase the Certainty of the Evidence of NRS
			84.3.4	 GRADE Evidence Profiles and Summary of Findings Tables: Summaries of Evidence
			84.3.5	 How Is the Overall Certainty of the Evidence for a Decision or Recommendation Determined?
		84.4	 Developing Recommendations and Making Decisions Based on Evidence
		84.5	 Outlook
		References
	85: Methods in Surveillance and Monitoring and Evaluation
		85.1	 Introduction and Background
		85.2	 Public Health Surveillance
			85.2.1	 Indicator-Based Surveillance
				85.2.1.1	 Syndromic Surveillance
				85.2.1.2	 Laboratory-Based Surveillance
			85.2.2	 Disease-Specific and Integrated Disease Surveillance
				85.2.2.1	 Special Surveys
				85.2.2.2	 Active and Passive Surveillance
			85.2.3	 Event-Based Surveillance
			85.2.4	 Public Health Surveillance and Digitalization
		85.3	 Demographic Surveillance Strategies
			85.3.1	 Census
			85.3.2	 Civil Registration and Vital Statistics
			85.3.3	 Health and Demographic Surveillance System
		85.4	 Monitoring and Evaluation
		85.5	 Conclusions
		Suggested Reading
	86: Economics of Global Health
		86.1	 Introduction
		86.2	 The Relationship Between Population Health and Economic Development
		86.3	 Health Financing Systems: The Role of Health Insurance and Incentives of Provider Payments
		86.4	 Impoverishing Effects of Health Expenditure
		86.5	 How to Reduce Waste in Health Systems
		86.6	 Using Burden of Disease for Priority Setting
		86.7	 Conclusion
		References
	87: Priority Setting: How to Increase Value for Money in Health Investments
		87.1	 Introduction
		87.2	 Where Does Priority Setting Take Place?
		87.3	 Governing Principles
		87.4	 Stages of the Priority Setting Process
		87.5	 Conclusion
		References
	88: Principles of Global Health Project Management
		88.1	 Why Project Management Is Key in Global Health
		88.2	 The Project Management Cycle [2]
		88.3	 Some Remarks on Project Managers
		References
Correction to: Global Oral Health
	Correction to: Chapter 32 in: M. C. B. Raviglione et al. (eds.), Global Health Essentials, Sustainable Development Goals Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33851-9_32