Global Development of Organic Agriculture

Front Cover\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 1
Title Page\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 4
Copyright\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 5
Table Of Contents\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Preface\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 12
Summary......Page 14
World agriculture – trends and impacts......Page 16
Trends in agricultural production......Page 18
Environmental impacts......Page 23
Socio-economic impacts......Page 29
Status in global distribution of organic farming......Page 39
Global developments and challenges of organic farming......Page 41
‘Conventionalization’ and bifurcation in local- or export-oriented producers?......Page 42
Environmental issues......Page 44
Socio-economic issues......Page 45
Conclusions......Page 54
2	Globalization And Sustainable Development: A Political Ecology Strategy To Realize Ecological Justice	49\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 62
Introduction......Page 63
Organic farming and the challenge of sustainability......Page 64
Political ecology as one approach to globalization and sustainable development......Page 66
Growth within limits......Page 67
Commons as the basis of ecological justice......Page 68
Defining commons in the contemporary era......Page 69
State and corporate solutions to commons protection......Page 72
From commons to commodity......Page 74
Ecological commons......Page 75
Reclaiming the commons idea......Page 76
Globalization and trade......Page 77
Free trade versus fair trade......Page 78
Traditional and indigenous agriculture in developing nations......Page 80
A role for ‘fair trade’......Page 81
Identifying organic production and produce......Page 82
Ecological justice assessment......Page 83
References......Page 84
Summary......Page 88
Introduction......Page 89
Sustainability, globalization and organic agriculture......Page 92
Dimensions of sustainability......Page 93
Different meanings of globalization and sustainability......Page 95
Sustainability and organic agriculture......Page 96
The ethics and justice of ecological justice......Page 97
Ecological justice as an ethical concept......Page 98
The justice of ecological justice......Page 100
Summing up......Page 102
Challenges for organic agriculture: commodification, externalities and distant trade......Page 103
Commodification of commons......Page 104
How to address externalities......Page 105
Growing distances......Page 107
Putting ecological justice into organic practice......Page 110
Organic certification......Page 111
Organic and fair trade......Page 113
Heterogeneity and transport......Page 114
The way of non-certified organic agriculture......Page 115
Organic agriculture as an alternative example for agriculture,\rresearch and society\r......Page 119
Conclusions......Page 121
References......Page 122
Summary......Page 126
Ecological economics as a trans-disciplinary approach......Page 127
Thermodynamics in ecological economy......Page 129
Ecological economics and strong sustainability......Page 130
Political economics and the conception of time and scale......Page 132
Farming, production time, nature’s time and scale......Page 134
Organic farming:\ra response to ecological damage caused by growth in scale and\rshortening of production time\r......Page 137
The ecological economic perspective and organic farming......Page 139
Frameworks for decision-making......Page 140
Conclusions......Page 143
References......Page 144
Summary......Page 148
The agricultural agenda......Page 149
Market access......Page 150
Domestic support......Page 151
Trade and the environment......Page 152
Non-discrimination......Page 153
Labelling......Page 154
Preferential treatment......Page 156
Conflicts with MEAs......Page 158
Subsidies and environmental goods and services......Page 161
Conclusions......Page 162
References......Page 163
Summary......Page 166
Introduction......Page 167
Certified organic farming in the developing world......Page 168
Explicit organic approaches......Page 172
Agro-ecological approaches......Page 173
Unlearning from the Northern experience: reconceptualizing the benefits of organic farming from a Southern perspective......Page 177
Organic farming and yields......Page 178
The economic returns to organic farming......Page 180
Multifunctionality: organic farming and farmer’s non-economic objectives......Page 182
Livelihoods......Page 183
Questions to guide future studies in organic farming\r......Page 186
Conclusions......Page 189
References......Page 190
Summary......Page 194
Introduction......Page 195
Recycling nutrients in society – an ecological economics\rperspective\r......Page 197
Basic economic, institutional and social aspects of waste\rhandling\r......Page 199
Quantities of nutrients and organic resources – from\rhouseholds to agricultural systems\r......Page 201
Ecological handling systems for organic waste and wastewater......Page 204
Blackwater and urine diverting systems......Page 205
Greywater......Page 207
The cost of the handling system......Page 209
Moral and cultural aspects related to recycling urban waste......Page 210
Health aspects related to recycling urban waste......Page 211
Recycling nutrients from urban waste – global examples......Page 213
Wastewater aquaculture in Calcutta......Page 215
South Africa......Page 216
Australia......Page 217
Norway......Page 218
Decentralized urban greywater treatment at Klosterenga......Page 220
Conclusions......Page 221
References......Page 222
9	Sustainable Veterinary Medical Practices In Organic Farming: A Global Perspective	241\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 254
Summary......Page 228
Introduction......Page 229
Causes of soil fertility depletion in SSA......Page 231
Approaches to restore soil fertility and improve productivity......Page 233
High external input agriculture (HEIA)......Page 234
Low external input, sustainable agriculture (LEISA)......Page 237
Organic agriculture......Page 241
Selecting the right approach......Page 244
Conclusions......Page 246
References......Page 247
Summary......Page 255
Introduction......Page 256
The potential for organic livestock farming......Page 257
Disease management in organic livestock production......Page 260
The use of antimicrobial drugs in veterinary treatment......Page 261
Antimicrobial resistance patterns......Page 262
An organic approach to reducing antimicrobial drug usage......Page 263
Characteristics of vector-borne diseases......Page 267
Strategies for controlling tick-borne diseases......Page 268
Developing a holistic approach to the control of TBDs: understanding the\rdisease\r......Page 269
Context-based control strategies for TBDs......Page 270
Tick-resistant cattle breeds......Page 271
Approaches to the control of tsetse-borne trypanosomiasis......Page 272
Communal grazing and community participation......Page 274
Bio-security and closed herds......Page 275
Zero grazing and organic farming......Page 276
Breeding strategies and the role of indigenous breeds......Page 277
The use of local knowledge and traditional medicine......Page 279
‘The hidden world of ecological farming’......Page 281
From non-certified to certified organic production......Page 283
Context-related plans for converting to organic livestock production......Page 284
Conclusions and recommendations......Page 285
References......Page 286
Summary......Page 290
Introduction......Page 291
Global food production and food security today......Page 294
Projections for global food production and demand......Page 295
Important factors impacting on scenarios for food supply and agricultural\rdevelopment\r......Page 298
The effect of OF methods in low input farming systems......Page 300
The effects of OF in high yielding farming systems......Page 303
Significance of agro-ecological conditions......Page 305
The influence of socio-economic conditions......Page 309
Different types of organic farming systems’ impact on food security......Page 311
Modelling consequences of large scale conversion to OF for\rfood security\r......Page 314
The IMPACT model and methodology for predicting food security......Page 315
Conversion of high input regions......Page 316
Conversion of Low Input areas......Page 318
Combined effect of the conversion in high and low input areas together......Page 319
Conversion of high input regions......Page 320
Conversion of low input regions......Page 322
Combined effect of conversion in high and low input regions......Page 324
Discussion......Page 326
Conclusions......Page 329
References......Page 330
Summary......Page 336
Introduction......Page 337
Examining the basis for a global organic programme:\rinstitutional analysis\r......Page 338
The role of – selected – international organizations in\rpromoting organic farming\r......Page 342
Research as a support tool for developing organic farming and\rfood systems......Page 344
Institutional history of organic farming: from centres to networks......Page 346
Human capacity in organic farming and food systems research......Page 348
Towards a development-oriented research programme for\rorganic agriculture\r......Page 349
Conclusions......Page 352
References......Page 353
12	Synthesis : Prospects For Organic Agriculture In A Global Context	343\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 356
Introduction......Page 357
Three perspectives on the challenges and prospects of organic agriculture......Page 358
How may certified organic farming meet the challenges of the increased globalization of organic food chains?......Page 360
The dilemma: the globalization of certified food chains may compromise organic principles......Page 361
The concepts and the tools to revitalize the OA sector......Page 362
What solutions do certified and non-certified organic agriculture offer to sustainability problems in the global food system?......Page 367
Large-scale conversion to organic farming: impacts on food security and sustainability......Page 368
Non-certified organic agriculture in developing countries......Page 371
Improving soil fertility......Page 373
Organic farming as showcase for recycling nutrients from households?......Page 374
Reducing medicine use and residuals in livestock products through organic practices......Page 375
The challenges for organic agriculture......Page 376
The prospects of organic agriculture......Page 377
References......Page 378
Index\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 382