Glasses and Glass-Ceramics: Advanced Processing and Applications (Advanced Structured Materials, 178)

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Thermodynamics of Glasses
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 The Language of Phenomenological Thermodynamics
	1.3 The Glassy State
	1.4 Multicomponent Glasses
	1.5 Summary and Outlook
	Appendix 1
	Appendix 2
	Appendix 3
	References
2 Chemical Durability of Glasses
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Design and Evaluation of Corrosion Tests
		2.2.1 Design of Corrosion Tests
		2.2.2 Evaluation of Corrosion Tests
	2.3 Sub-surface Layers
	2.4 Thermodynamic Approach to the Hydrolytic Stability
	2.5 Rate Equation
	2.6 Reaction Path Calculation, Corrosion Layers, Long-Term Behavior
	2.7 Summary and Outlook
	References
3 Radiation Heat Transfer in Glass Melts: Key Concepts and Phenomena
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Review of Some Basic Concepts of Thermal Radiation
		3.2.1 Planck’s Law (Spectral/Monochromatic Blackbody Emissive Power)
		3.2.2 Stefan–Boltzmann Law (Total Blackbody Emissive Power)
		3.2.3 Intensity of Radiation
		3.2.4 Radiation Properties of Surfaces
	3.3 Radiation in Absorbing, Emitting, and Scattering Media
		3.3.1 Attenuation of Radiative Intensity by Absorption and Scattering
		3.3.2 Augmentation of Radiative Intensity by Emission and Scattering
		3.3.3 The Radiative Transfer Equation
	3.4 Radiative Heat Flux and Its Divergence
	3.5 Approximate and Limiting Cases of RTE
		3.5.1 One-Dimensional RTE in a Non-scattering Medium
		3.5.2 Optically Thin Limit (τLλ ≪ 1)
		3.5.3 Optically Thick Limit (τLλ ≫ 1)
		3.5.4 An Approximate Solution for One-Dimensional Gray Medium
	3.6 Absorption Spectra of Glass Melts
	3.7 Modeling of Thermal Radiation in Glass Melts
		3.7.1 Discrete Ordinates Method (DOM)
		3.7.2 Diffusion Approximation: Radiative Conductivity of Glass Melts
	3.8 Illustrative Thermal Radiation Modeling Results
	3.9 Concluding Remarks
	References
4 Thermomechanical Behaviour During Forming of Silicate Glasses—Modelling and Characterization
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Rheological Behaviour of Silicate Glasses
		4.2.1 Viscous Behaviour of Glasses
		4.2.2 Viscoelastic Behaviour of Glasses
		4.2.3 Maxwell Model
	4.3 Relaxation Phenomena in Silicate Glasses
		4.3.1 Structural Relaxation
		4.3.2 Stress Relaxation
	4.4 Modelling and Characterizations
		4.4.1 Fictive Temperature and Glass Transition Temperature
		4.4.2 Stress Relaxation Behaviour
		4.4.3 Material Modelling
		4.4.4 Benchmark Simulation
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 Coloured Glass
	5.1 Summary
	5.2 Introduction and History
	5.3 Light Absorption
		5.3.1 Measuring Absorption
		5.3.2 De-Excitation Processes
		5.3.3 Interpreting Absorption Spectra—Peak Positions
		5.3.4 Interpreting Absorption Spectra—The Effect of Host Composition
		5.3.5 Consequences of Different Iron Oxidation States for Applications
	5.4 Perceived Colour—Colour Coordinates
		5.4.1 Optimising Iron Colour
	5.5 Kinetics and Cooling
		5.5.1 Redox Reactions with Two or More Redox Ions
		5.5.2 Kinetics of Redox Reactions
		5.5.3 Redox Reactions as a Function of Temperature
	5.6 Rare Earth Elements and Optical Properties
	5.7 Defects
	5.8 Colouring Glasses by Nanoparticles
	5.9 Glass Ceramics for Optical Devices
	5.10 Periodic Structures
	References
6 Computer Modeling of Glass Structures and Properties
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Basics of Numerical Simulations
		6.2.1 General Features
		6.2.2 The Importance of Interatomic Potentials
		6.2.3 Scheme of Molecular Dynamics Simulation
		6.2.4 Practical Recipe for Numerical Simulation
	6.3 Modeling of Glass Structures
		6.3.1 Overall Structure and Short-Range Order
		6.3.2 Ring Size Distribution and Geometrical Modeling for Medium-Range Order
	6.4 Modeling of Glass Properties
	6.5 Experimental and Computational Complementarity
	6.6 Perspectives
	References
7 Atomic Structure of Glasses Investigated by Diffraction and Scattering of Radiations
	7.1 Diffraction—Elastic Scattering
		7.1.1 X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Method
		7.1.2 Description of Glass Structure
		7.1.3 Amplitude of the Scattered Field: The Form Factor
		7.1.4 Diffracted Intensity
		7.1.5 Structure of Vitreous Silica and Some Silicate and Borate Glasses
		7.1.6 Neutron Diffraction: Isotopic Substitution
	7.2 Inelastic Scattering
		7.2.1 Inelastic Scattering Spectroscopy
		7.2.2 Origin of the Scattering
		7.2.3 Raman Selection Rules
		7.2.4 Raman Spectroscopy in Silicate Glasses
	7.3 Conclusion
	References
8 Melt-Derived Bioactive Glasses: Approaches to Improve Thermal Stability and Antibacterial Property by Structure–Property Correlation
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 General Composition of Melt-Derived Bioactive Glasses
	8.3 Glass Thermal Stability
	8.4 Improving the Thermal Stability and Bioactivity Using Compositional Modifications
		8.4.1 Incorporation of B2O3
		8.4.2 Increment of CaO
		8.4.3 Incorporation of K2O
		8.4.4 Incorporation of Li2O
		8.4.5 Incorporation of MgO
		8.4.6 Incorporation of SrO
		8.4.7 Incorporation of ZnO
		8.4.8 Increment of P2O5
		8.4.9 Incorporation of Fluoride
	8.5 Antibacterial Properties
	8.6 Conclusions and Future Trends
	References
9 Nuclear Waste Vitrification and Chemical Durability
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Waste Vitrification
		9.2.1 Glasses for Waste Vitrification
		9.2.2 Problem Species and Waste Loading
		9.2.3 Vitrification Technologies
	9.3 Durability
		9.3.1 Thermal Durability
		9.3.2 Mechanical Durability
		9.3.3 Radiation Durability
		9.3.4 Chemical Durability Testing
		9.3.5 Durability Behaviour Under Low Flow Conditions
		9.3.6 Durability of Natural and Anthropogenic Analogue Glasses
	9.4 Summary
	References
10 Glass–ceramics: A Potential Material for Energy Storage and Photonic Applications
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 History
		10.1.2 Definition of Glass–ceramics
		10.1.3 Importance of Glass–ceramics
		10.1.4 Crystallization of Glass
		10.1.5 Fabrication Techniques
		10.1.6 Properties
		10.1.7 Applications
	10.2 Glass–ceramics for Energy Storage
		10.2.1 Introduction
		10.2.2 Key Parameters for Evaluating Energy Storage Density and Efficiency
		10.2.3 Value of Glass–ceramics for Energy Storage
		10.2.4 Categorization of Glass–ceramics for Energy Storage Applications
		10.2.5 Factors Affecting Energy Storage Properties of Glass–ceramics
		10.2.6 Future Aspects
	10.3 Glass–ceramics for Photonic Applications
		10.3.1 Introduction
		10.3.2 Classification of Glass–ceramics for Photonic Applications
		10.3.3 Future Aspects
	References