GIS Based Chemical Fate Modeling: Principles and Applications

Content: Preface xiii    Contributors xvii    Chapter 1 | Chemicals, Models, and GIS: Introduction 1     1-1 Chemistry, Modeling, and Geography 1     1-2 Mr. Palomar and Models 2     1-3 What Makes a Model Different? 4     1-4 Simple, Complex, or Tiered? 7     Compatibility of Emissions and Concentrations 9     Spatiotemporal Variability 10     Spatial Patterns 12     More Complex Models and the Tale of Horatii and Curiatii 15     1-5 For Whom is this Book Written? 17     References 19     Chapter 2 | Basics of Chemical Compartment Models and Their Implementation with GIS Functions 23     2-1 Introduction 23     2-2 Phase Partitioning 24     Air Compartment 24     Surface Water Compartment 25     Soil Compartment 25     2-3 Diffusion, Dispersion, and Advection 26     2-4 Fluxes at the Interfaces 28     Air-Ground Surface Interface 28     Water-Air and Water-Bottom Sediment Interface 28     Soil-Air and Soil-Water Interface 29     Parameterization of Advection Velocities and Diffusion/Dispersion Rates 29     2-5 Reactions 32     2-6 Transport Within an Environmental Medium: The Advection-Diffusion Equation (ADE) 33     Soils 37     Surface Water 38     Atmosphere 39     2-7 Analytical Solutions 40     Example: The Domenico Model 40     Example: Implementation of a River Plug Flow Model in a Spreadsheet 45     2-8 Box Models, Multimedia and Multispecies Fate and Transport 47     Example: Implementing a Box Model of Soil Contamination and Water Pollution Loading in a Spreadsheet 51     2-9 Spatial Models: Implicit, Explicit, Detailed Explicit, and GIS-Based Schemes 57     References 65     Chapter 3 | Basics of GIS Operations 71     3-1 What is GIS? 71     3-2 GIS Data 72     Coordinate Systems 72     Example: Coordinate Transformation 75     Example: Georeference a Map from a Paper Using ArcGIS 77     GIS Formats 81     3-3 GIS Software 92     3-4 GIS Standards 93     Exercise: Browse and Export Geographic Objects in KML and Combine Them with Layers from a WMS 94     3-5 A Classification of GIS Operations for Chemical Fate Modeling 99     3-6 Spatial Thinking 100     3-7 Beyond GIS 103     3-8 Further Progress on GIS 104     References 104     Chapter 4 | Map Algebra 107     4-1 Map Algebra Operators and Syntaxes 109     4-2 Using Map Algebra to Compute a Gaussian Plume 112     Example: Using Map Algebra to Compute Volatilization Rates from Water Bodies 119     4-3 Using Map Algebra to Implement Isolated Box Models 121     References 124     Chapter 5 | Distance Calculations 127     5-1 Concepts of Distance Calculations 127     Example: Feature Buffering 127     Example: Join Based on Distance 129     5-2 Distance Along a Surface and Vertical Distance 134     5-3 Applications of Euclidean Distance in Pollution Problems 135     5-4 Cost Distance 139     Exercise: Euclidean and Cost distance Calculations 140     References 148     Chapter 6 | Spatial Statistics and Neighborhood Modeling in GIS 149     6-1 Variograms: Analyzing Spatial Patterns 149     Exercise: Computing Variograms of Observed Atmospheric Contaminants 154     6-2 Interpolation 160     6-3 Zonal Statistics 163     6-4 Neighborhood Statistics and Filters 164     Exercise: Creating a Population Map from Point and Polygon Data 169     References 170     Chapter 7 | Digital Elevation Models, Topographic Controls, and Hydrologic Modeling in GIS 171     7-1 Basic Surface Analysis 171     7-2 Drainage 178     Example: Pit Filling, Flow Direction, Flow Accumulation, and Flow Length in ArcGIS 178     Example: Catchment Population in India 183     Example: Travel Time 185     7-3 Using GIS Hydrological Functions in Chemical Fate and Transport Modeling 187     7-4 Non-D8 Methods and the TauDEM Algorithms 190     7-5 ESRI's "Darcy Flow" and "Porous Puff" Functions 191     References 193     Chapter 8 | Elements of Dynamic Modeling in GIS 195     8-1 Dynamic GIS Models 195     8-2 Studying Time-Dependent Effects With Simple Map Algebra 200     Intermittent Emissions 200     Lagged Release from Historical Stockpiles 201     Stepwise Constant Emission and Removal Processes 202     8-3 Decoupling Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Models: The Mappe Global Approach 203     References 206     Chapter 9 | Metamodeling and Source-Receptor Relationship Modeling in GIS 209     9-1 Introduction 209     9-2 Metamodeling 210     9-3 Source-Receptor Relationships 213     References 215     Chapter 10 | Spatial Data Management in GIS and the Coupling of GIS and Environmental Models 217     10-1 Introduction 217     10-2 Historical Perspective of Emergence of Spatial Databases in Environmental Domain 218     10-3 Spatial Data Management in GIS: Theory and History 221     Spatial Database Definition 221     Relational Data Model Foundations 221     Object Relational Concepts: A Foundation Model for Spatial Databases-Theoretical Background 224     PostgreSQL/PostGIS Object Relational Support 225     Oracle Object Relational Support 225     10-4 Spatial Database Solutions 226     ESRI Geodatabase 226     PostgreSQL and PostGIS 229     Oracle Locator and Spatial 230     10-5 Simple Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton and GIS: Hands-On Examples 230     Simple PostgreSQL/PostGIS Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton and QuantumGIS 231     Simple Oracle XE Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton 237     10-6 Generalized Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton and Geographic Mashups 244     Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton 244     Geographic Mashup 246     References 249     Chapter 11 | Soft Computing Methods for the Overlaying of Chemical Data with Other Spatially Varying Parameters 253     11-1 Introduction 253     11-2 Fuzzy Logic and Expert Judgment 258     11-3 Spatial Multicriteria Analysis 262     11-4 An Example of Vulnerability Mapping of Water     Resources to Pollution 266     References 276     Chapter 12 | Types of Data Required for Chemical Fate Modeling 279     12-1 Climate and Atmospheric Data 280     12-2 Soil Data 286     12-3 Impervious Surface Area 289     12-4 Vegetation 289     12-5 Hydrological Data 291     12-6 Elevation Data 293     12-7 Hydrography 296     12-8 Lakes 298     12-9 Stream Network Hydraulic Data 298     12-10 Ocean Parameters 299     12-11 Human Activity 301     Land Use/Land Cover 303     Population 305     Stable Lights at Night 306     12-12 Using Satellite Images for the Extraction of Environmental Parameters 306     12-13 Compilations of Data for Chemical Fate and Transport Modeling 307     References 307     Chapter 13 | Retrieval and Analysis of Emission Data 311     13-1 Characterization of Emissions 311     13-2 Emissions based on Production Volumes 312     13-3 Estimation from Usage or Release Inventories 313     13-4 Emission Factors 313     13-5 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Emissions 314     Diffuse Emissions at Local to Regional Scale 317     Example: Estimating Urban Runoff Contaminants from Land Use and Population Data in the Province  of Naples, Italy 318     Exercise: Apportionment of Emissions Using a Geographic Pattern 318     13-6 Modeling Traffic Flows 322     References 326     Chapter 14 | Characterization of Environmental Properties and Processes 329     14-1 Physicochemical Properties and Partition Coefficients 329     14-2 Aerosol and Suspended Sediments 330     Exercise: Computing SPM in Rivers Using the Formula of Hakanson and Co-workers 332     14-3 Diffusive Processes 335     14-4 Dispersion 335     14-5 Advective Processes 336     Atmospheric Deposition 336     Soil Water Budget Calculations 338     Soil Erosion 344     14-6 River and Lake Hydraulic Geometry 344     References 350     Chapter 15 | Complex Models, GIS, and Data Assimilation 353     15-1 Atmospheric Transport Models 353     Example: Dispersion Modeling of an Atmospheric Emission in Australia 354     15-2 Transport in Groundwater and the Analytic Element Method 361     15-3 GIS Functions of Modeling Systems and Data Assimilation 361     References 363     Chapter 16 | The Issue of Monitoring Data and the Evaluation of Spatial Models of Chemical Fate 365     16-1 Existing Monitoring Programs 366     16-2 Distributed Sampling 366     16-3 Methods for the Comparison of Measured and Modeled Concentrations 367     Exercise: Comparison of Two PCB Soil Concentration Models 368     References 375     Chapter 17 | From Fate to Exposure and Risk Modeling with GIS 377     17-1 Exposure and Risk for Human Health 377     17-2 Models for the Quantification of Chemical Intake by Humans 382     Exercise: Human Exposure, Intake, and Cancer Risk Related to Ingestion of Aboveground Produce  Contaminated by Gas and Dust Deposition of 2,3,7,8-TCDD Emitted from an Industrial Emission Source 386     17-3 Ecological and Environmental Risk Assessment 393     Exercise: Mapping Patch Area and Ecotones in South America 398     17-4 Data for GIS Based Risk Assessment 400     References 401     Chapter 18 | GIS Based Models in Practice: The Multimedia Assessment of Pollutant Pathways in the Environment (MAPPE) Model 405     18-1 Introduction 405     18-2 Environmental Compartments Considered in the Model 407     Atmosphere Compartment 409     Soil Compartment 412     Inland Water Compartment 413     Seawater 415     18-3 Implementation in GIS: Example with Lindane 416     Scalar Input Quantities 416     Maps Describing Landscape and Climate Parameters 418     Air Compartment Calculations 419     Soil Compartment Calculations 422     Inland Water Compartment Calculations 427     Seawater Compartment Calculations 434     18-4 Using the Model For Scenario Assessment 436     References 441     Chapter 19 | Inverse Modeling and Its Application to Water Contaminants 443     19-1 Introduction 443     Exercise: Inverse Modeling of Caffeine in Europe 447     References 451     Chapter 20 | Chemical Fate and Transport Indicators and the Modeling of Contamination Patterns 453     20-1 The Relative Risk Model 453     Example: Relative Risk Assessment for Coastal Ecosystems Due to Wastewater Emission in South Africa 456     20-2 Use of Chemical Fate and Transport Indicators in the Context of Relative Risk Assessment:  An Example with Contaminants Applied to Soil 459     Example: Generic Modeling of Sewage Sludge Soil Application in Mexico 464  References 472     Chapter 21 | Perspectives: The Challenge of Cumulative Impacts and Planetary Boundaries 475     References 478     Index 481