Germfree and Gnotobiotic Animal Models-Background and Applications

Introduction
Early Growth, Body Weight, Reproduction, and Life Span
General Aspects
Growth
Body Weight of the Mature Animal
Reproduction
Life Span 
Conclusions
Anatomy, Morphology, and Function of the Gastrointestinal System
General Aspects
Stomach
Small Intestine
Cecum
Large Intestine
Conclusions
Morphology and Physiology, Endocrinology and Biochemistry
General Aspects
Energy Metabolism
Liver Function
Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism
Rats and Mice 
Gerbils
Dogs and Pigs
Other Indicators of Function
Water Balance and Kidney Function
Mineral Metabolism
Endocrine System
Conclusions
Nutrition
General Aspects
Early Rat and Mouse Diets
Hand-Feeding of the Cesarean-Derived Newborn
Solid Diets
Further Development of Rat and Mouse Diets
Sterilization of Solid Diets
Metabolic Requirements of Germfree Rats and Germfree Mice-Contributions of the Microflora
Dietary Energy Requirements
Proteins and Amino Acids
Vitamin B Complex-Microflora Production
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Minerals
Inositol, Ubiquinone, and Queuine
The Chemically Defined Diet
General Aspects
Development of the Chemically Defined Diet
Procedures
Present Status
Dietary Antigenicity and Immune Potential
Immunology, Including Radiobiology and Transplantation
General Aspects
Early Studies: Immune Potential of Germfree Rats and Mice Maintained on Solid Diets
Antibody-Forming Potential
Phagocytosis
B Cells, T Cells, and NK Cells
Immune Globulins
Natural Antibody
Cytokinins
Radiation Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation
Immunological Evaluation of GF Mice Maintained on a Chemically Defined, Low Molecular Weight Antigen-Free Diet
Conclusions
Parasitology
General Aspects
Effects of the Microflora Via Nutrient Availability and the Immune System
Protozoa
Nematodes
Helminths
Schistosomiasis and Chagas` Disease
Cestodes
P