German Grammar

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Chapter 1 The Sounds of German: A Key to German Pronunciation
	The German Alphabet
	Avoiding Misunderstandings
	Remember, There Are Differences
	The Vowels
		Long vowels versus short vowels
	The Diphthongs
	The Consonants
		Similarities
		Differences
	The Glottal Stop
	Stress
	Syllabification
		Single consonants and double consonants
		Consonant clusters and groups of consonants
Chapter 2 Nouns and Articles
	Capitalization
	Gender
	Gender Identification by Noun Groups
		Nouns referring to people
		Masculine nouns
		Feminine nouns
		Neuter nouns
	Gender Identification by Word Endings
		Masculine endings
		Feminine endings
		Neuter Endings
	Words with Different Meanings in Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter Forms
	Compound Nouns
		Formation
		Gender of compound nouns
	Nouns Used Only in the Singular
	Plural Forms of Nouns
		Group I
		Group II
		Group III
		Group IV
		Group V
		Irregular plural nouns
	Cases of Nouns
		Nominative case
		Accusative case
		Dative case
		Genitive case
	Review of Case Endings for the “der” Words (der, dieser, jeder, jener, mancher, solcher, welcher)
	Review of Case Endings for the “ein” Words (ein, kein, mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, Ihr)
	Special Uses of the Definite Article
	Omission of the Indefinite or Definite Article
Chapter 3 Prepositions
	Prepositions Governing the Accusative Case
		Contractions of prepositions governing the accusative
	Prepositions Governing the Dative Case
		Contractions of prepositions governing the dative
	Prepositions Governing Either the Accusative or the Dative Case
		Contractions of the two-way prepositions
		Combinations with verbs of direction
		Combinations with verbs of location
		Da-compounds with accusative and dative prepositions
		Wo-compounds with accusative and dative prepositions
	Prepositions Governing the Genitive Case
	Word Order in Prepositional Phrases
Chapter 4 Pronouns
	Personal Pronouns
		Nominative case
		Accusative case
		Dative case
		Position of pronoun objects
		Pronouns in idiomatic verb + preposition combinations (phrasal verbs)
		Da-compounds
	Reflexive Pronouns
		Accusative case
		Dative case
		Position
	Possessive Pronouns
	Demonstrative Pronouns
	Indefinite Pronouns
	Relative Pronouns
		Nominative case
		Accusative case
		Dative case
		Genitive case
		Indefinite relative pronouns
		Wo-compounds in relative clauses
Chapter 5 Adjectives and Adverbs
	Demonstrative Adjectives
		Der, das, die
		Dieser, dieses, diese
	Descriptive Adjectives
		Predicate adjectives
		Attributive adjectives preceded by the definite article or other “der” words
		Attributive adjectives preceded by the indefinite article or other “ein” words
		Attributive adjectives not preceded by “der” or “ein” words (unpreceded)
	Adjectival Constructions: Adjectives Derived from Verbs
		Present participles used as adjectives
		Past participles used as adjectives
	Adjectives Used as Nouns
		Neuter adjectives used as nouns (following etwas, nichts, viel, wenig)
	Possessive Adjectives
	Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
		Vowel change in monosyllabic adjectives
		Irregular adjectives
		Types of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
	Adverbs
		Adverbs referring to time
		Adverbs referring to manner
		Adverbs referring to place
		Position of adverbs
		Idiomatic use of adverbs
Chapter 6 Numbers, Dates, Time
	Numbers
		Cardinal numbers
		Numbers over 1,000,000
		Measurements, prices, and other decimal fractions
		Ordinal numbers
		Fractions
	Dates
		Days of the week
		Months
		Seasons
		Days of the month and year
		Dating a letter
		Reversal of numbers in dates
	Time
		Conversational German
		Official time
		The use of um … Uhr
		Periods of the day
		Customary action
		Other adverbs of time
		Time expressions in the accusative case
		Time expressions in the dative case
		Time expressions in the genitive case
Chapter 7 Verbs
	Verb Overview
		Transitive and intransitive verbs
		Personal endings
		Forms of address: formal versus informal
		Verb tenses
		Strong verbs and weak verbs
	Simple Present Tense
		Weak and strong verbs
		Irregular verbs
		Special use of the present tense
	Simple Past Tense
		Weak verbs
		Strong verbs
		Auxiliary verbs sein, haben, werden
		Usage notes on the simple past tense
	Present Perfect Tense
		Formation of the past participle
		Regular weak verbs
		Irregular weak verbs
		Intransitive verbs
		Strong verbs
		Auxiliary verbs sein, haben, werden
	Past Perfect Tense
		Weak and strong verbs
		Use of the past perfect tense
	Future Tense
		Weak and strong verbs
		Use of the future tense
	Future Perfect Tense
		Weak and strong verbs
		Use of the future perfect tense
	Verbs with Inseparable Prefixes
	Verbs with Separable Prefixes
		Position of the separable prefix
		Separable prefix verbs in dependent clauses
	Case Following Verbs
		Accusative and dative cases for direct and indirect objects
		Dative case
		Prepositional objects
	Reflexive Verbs
		Reflexive verbs governing the accusative case
		Reflexive verbs with separable prefixes
		Reflexive imperative forms
		Reflexive versus nonreflexive use of verbs
		Reflexive verbs governing the dative case
	Modal Auxiliary Verbs
		Present tense
		Simple past tense
		Compound tenses
	Dependent Infinitives
		Simple tenses—present and past
		Compound tenses—present perfect and past perfect
		Future tense
		Dependent clauses
		Infinitives preceded by zu to
	Verbs as Other Parts of Speech
		Infinitives used as nouns
		Present participles used as adjectives and adverbs
		Past participles used as adjectives and adverbs
		Participles used as nouns
	Imperatives
		Weak and strong verbs
		Formal commands (singular and plural) (Sie)
		Familiar commands
		Irregular imperative forms
		First-person command (Let’s)
		Impersonal imperative
	The Conditional
		Weak and strong verbs
		Use of the conditional
	The Subjunctive
		Subjunctive forms in German
		Subjunctive II—Present-time
		Subjunctive II—Compound forms to indicate past time
		Subjunctive I
	Passive Voice
		Present tense passive
		Past tense passive
		Compound tenses
		Substitute for the passive
		Passive versus false (or apparent) passive
	Verbs with Special Meanings
		Kennen, wissen, können
		Liegen, sitzen, stehen
		Legen, setzen, stellen
		Lassen
Chapter 8 Negative Words and Constructions
	Negation
		Nicht in final position
		Nicht preceding certain other elements in the sentence
		Nicht in dependent clauses
		Nicht with sondern
		Nicht with interrogative
	Answering Affirmative and Negative Questions (ja, doch)
	The Negative Form of brauchen
	Other Negative Words
		The negative article kein-
		The pronouns nichts, niemand
Chapter 9 Interrogative Words and Constructions
	General Questions
		Formation of questions by inversion
		Simple tenses
		Compound tenses and dependent infinitives
		Use of doch in answer to negative questions
	Specific Questions
		Interrogative adverbs and adverbial expressions
		Interrogative pronouns
		Interrogative adjective
Chapter 10 Word Order and Conjunctions
	Word Order
		Statements
		Questions
		Commands (V (+ S))
		Exclamations
	Coordinating Conjunctions
	Subordinating Conjunctions
		Als, wenn, wann
	Words Functioning as Subordinating Conjunctions
		Relative pronouns and interrogatives
		Haben or werden with the double infinitive
		Conditional sentences
		Main clauses following dependent clauses
	Position of the Object
	Position of the Adverb
Answers to Exercises
Verb Chart
Index
	A
	C
	D
	E
	G
	H
	I
	M
	N
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
Companion Audio Recording