Geriatric Imaging

Geriatric Imaging\n	Copyright Page\n	Dedication\n	Foreword I\n	Foreword II\n	Preface\n	Contents\n	1: Epidemiology of Ageing (Socioeconomic Impact)\n		1.1	 An Ageing Population\n			1.1.1	 The Demographic Transition\n			1.1.2	 Baby Boomers\n			1.1.3	 The Role of Medicine\n			1.1.4	 Age-Related Diseases: Public Health Burden and Costs\n		1.2	 Profiles of Select Conditions\n			1.2.1	 Heart Disease and Stroke\n				1.2.1.1 Disease Burden\n				1.2.1.2 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment\n				1.2.1.3 Costs\n			1.2.2	 Cancer\n				1.2.2.1 Disease Burden\n				1.2.2.2 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment\n				1.2.2.3 Costs\n			1.2.3	 Diabetes Mellitus\n				1.2.3.1 Disease Burden\n				1.2.3.2 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment\n				1.2.3.3 Costs\n			1.2.4	 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\n				1.2.4.1 Disease Burden\n				1.2.4.2 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment\n				1.2.4.3 Costs\n			1.2.5	 Osteoarthritis\n				1.2.5.1 Disease Burden\n				1.2.5.2 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment\n				1.2.5.3 Costs\n			1.2.6	 Osteoporosis\n				1.2.6.1 Disease Burden\n				1.2.6.2 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment\n				1.2.6.3 Costs\n			1.2.7	 Alzheimer’s Disease\n				1.2.7.1 Disease Burden\n				1.2.7.2 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment\n				1.2.7.3 Costs\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Part I: Musculoskeletal\n		2: Diagnostic Algorithm in the Elderly\n			2.1	 Introduction\n			2.2	 General Considerations\n				2.2.1	 Clinical Traits\n				2.2.2	 Technical Choices\n				2.2.3	 Use of Contrast Media\n			2.3	 Traumatic Diseases\n			2.4	 Nontraumatic Diseases\n			References\n		3: Metabolic\n			3.1	 Introduction\n			3.2	 Osteoporosis\n				3.2.1	 Definition and Classification\n				3.2.2	 Pathogenesis and Risk Factors\n				3.2.3	 Clinical Aspects and Complications\n				3.2.4	 Epidemiology and Economic Burden: Disease and Complications\n				3.2.5	 Diagnosis\n					3.2.5.1 Conventional Radiography\n						Axial Skeleton\n						Appendicular Skeleton\n					3.2.5.2 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry\n					3.2.5.3 Vertebral Fractures\n					3.2.5.4 Quantitative Computed Tomography\n						Axial QCT\n						Peripheral QCT\n					3.2.5.5 Magnetic Resonance\n					3.2.5.6 Quantitative Ultrasound\n			3.3	 Osteomalacia\n				3.3.1	 Diagnosis\n			3.4	 Paget Disease\n				3.4.1	 Diagnosis\n			3.5	 Sarcopenia\n				3.5.1	 Diagnosis\n			References\n		4: Imaging of Insufficiency Fractures\n			4.1	 Introduction\n			4.2	 Imaging Insufficiency Fractures\n				4.2.1	 Radiography\n				4.2.2	 Bone Scintigraphy\n				4.2.3	 Computed Tomography\n				4.2.4	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			4.3	 Fracture Sites\n			References\n		5: Imaging of Osteoarthritis\n			5.1	 Introduction\n			5.2	 Conventional Radiography and Tomosynthesis\n				5.2.1	 Conventional Radiography\n				5.2.2	 Summary\n			5.3	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n				5.3.1	 Methodological Aspects\n				5.3.2	 Choice of Pulse Sequences for OA Imaging\n				5.3.3	 Semiquantitative MRI Whole-Organ Scoring\n				5.3.4	 Cartilage Compositional Imaging\n				5.3.5	 Quantitative Cartilage Morphometry\n				5.3.6	 Summary\n			5.4	 Ultrasound\n			5.5	 Tomosynthesis\n			5.6	 Computed Tomography\n			5.7	 Nuclear Medicine\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		6: Noninfectious Arthritis\n			6.1	 Introduction\n			6.2	 Rheumatoid Arthritis\n			6.3	 Spondyloarthritis\n				6.3.1	 Ankylosing Spondylitis\n				6.3.2	 Psoriatic Arthritis\n				6.3.3	 Undifferentiated Spondyloarthritis\n			6.4	 Gout\n			6.5	 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease (CPPD)\n			References\n		7: Infection and Miscellaneous\n			7.1	 Introduction\n			7.2	 Spinal Epidural Infections\n				7.2.1	 Epidemiology\n				7.2.2	 Routes of Contamination\n				7.2.3	 Clinical Features\n				7.2.4	 Imaging Findings\n					7.2.4.1 Radiography\n					7.2.4.2 Computed Tomography\n					7.2.4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n					7.2.4.4 Etiological Diagnosis\n					7.2.4.5 Nuclear Medicine\n			7.3	 Peripheral Osteomyelitis\n				7.3.1	 Imaging of Peripheral Osteomyelitis\n			7.4	 Septic Arthritis\n			7.5	 Peripheral Osteoarticular TB\n				7.5.1	 Appendicular Skeleton\n				7.5.2	 Tuberculous Arthritis\n			7.6	 Diabetic Foot: Differentiating Osteomyelitis from Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy\n			References\n		8: Bone Tumors\n			8.1	 Introduction\n			8.2	 Primary Tumors (Figs.  8.1 and 8.2)\n				8.2.1	 Diagnosis\n				8.2.2	 Staging\n					8.2.2.1 Localization\n					8.2.2.2 General Staging\n				8.2.3	 Treatment Effectiveness and Follow-Up\n				8.2.4	 Most Frequent Examples\n					8.2.4.1 Malignant\n					8.2.4.2 Benign Tumors\n			8.3	 Metastases\n				8.3.1	 Introduction\n				8.3.2	 Imaging Techniques\n					8.3.2.1 Radionuclide Scintigraphy\n					8.3.2.2 Computed Tomography\n					8.3.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n						MR Sequences\n						Fat and Water\n						T1-Weighted Spin-Echo Sequences\n						Chemical Shift Imaging\n						Fat Suppression Techniques\n						Bone Trabeculae\n						Diffusion\n						Contrast Medium\n						Evaluation of Vertebral\n						Monitoring Tumor Response to Treatment\n					8.3.2.4 PET with Fluorodeoxyglucose (18 FDG-PET)\n			Conclusion\n			References\n	Part II: Cardiovascular\n		9: Introduction Cardiovascular Ageing\n			References\n		10: Atherosclerotic Heart Disease\n			10.1	 Normal Age-Related Changes of the Coronary Arteries\n			10.2	 Coronary Artery Disease\n				10.2.1	 Epidemiology and Economic Impact\n				10.2.2	 Pathophysiology\n				10.2.3	 Concepts of Risk Stratification\n			10.3	 Diagnostic Imaging of the Coronary Arteries\n				10.3.1	 Invasive Techniques\n					10.3.1.1 Conventional Coronary Angiography\n					10.3.1.2 Intravascular Ultrasound\n					10.3.1.3 Optical Coherence Tomography\n					10.3.1.4 Coronary Angioscopy\n				10.3.2	 Noninvasive Imaging Techniques\n					10.3.2.1 Coronary CT Angiography\n					10.3.2.2 Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring\n					10.3.2.3 Ultrasound: Carotid Intima–Media Thickness\n					10.3.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n					10.3.2.5 Nuclear Imaging\n						Coronary FDG Positron Emission Tomography\n						Other Radioactive Tracers for Plaque Imaging\n			Conclusions\n			References\n		11: Congestive Heart Failure\n			11.1	 Clinical Overview\n			11.2	 Echocardiography\n				11.2.1	 Introduction\n				11.2.2	 Left Ventricular Volumes, Ejection Fraction, and Systolic Function\n				11.2.3	 Diastolic Function\n				11.2.4	 Determining Etiology of Cardiomyopathy\n					11.2.4.1 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy\n					11.2.4.2 Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathy\n						Idiopahtic Dilated Cardiomyopathy\n						Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy\n						Differentiating Restrictive Cardiomyopathy and Pericardial Constriction\n				11.2.5	 New Uses: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy\n				11.2.6	 Limitations\n			11.3	 Cardiac MRI\n				11.3.1	 Introduction\n				11.3.2	 Left Ventricular Volumes, Ejection Fraction, and Systolic Function\n				11.3.3	 Diastolic Function\n				11.3.4	 Determining Etiology of Cardiomyopathy\n					11.3.4.1 Ischemic and Dilated Cardiomyopathies\n					11.3.4.2 Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathy\n						Myocarditis\n						Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy\n						Amyloid\n						Hemochromatosis\n						Pericardial Constriction\n				11.3.5	 Novel Uses in Heart Failure: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy\n				11.3.6	 Limitations of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			11.4	 Cardiac Multi-detector Computed Tomography\n				11.4.1	 Clinical Use in Heart Failure\n				11.4.2	 Limitations\n			11.5	 Radionuclide Ventriculography\n			11.6	 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Molecular Imaging\n			Conclusions\n			References\n		12: Valvular Heart Disease\n			12.1	 Introduction\n			12.2	 Anatomy of the Cardiac Valves\n			12.3	 Valvular Heart Disease\n				12.3.1	 Pathophysiology\n					12.3.1.1 Mitral Stenosis\n					12.3.1.2 Mitral Regurgitation\n					12.3.1.3 Aortic Stenosis\n					12.3.1.4 Aortic Regurgitation\n					12.3.1.5 Right-Sided Valve Disease\n				12.3.2	 Echocardiography\n					12.3.2.1 Mitral Stenosis\n					12.3.2.2 Mitral Regurgitation\n					12.3.2.3 Aortic Stenosis\n					12.3.2.4 Aortic Regurgitation\n					12.3.2.5 Right-Sided Valve Disease\n			12.4	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n				12.4.1	 Technique\n				12.4.2	 Applications\n			12.5	 Computed Tomography\n				12.5.1	 Technique\n				12.5.2	 Applications\n			References\n		13: Central and Peripheral Vessels\n			13.1	 Introduction\n			13.2	 Technical Considerations\n				13.2.1	 Computed Tomography\n					13.2.1.1 Introduction\n					13.2.1.2 Principles\n					13.2.1.3 Image Processing\n				13.2.2	 Magnetic Resonance\n					13.2.2.1 Introduction\n					13.2.2.2 Principles\n						Non-contrast MRA with Time-of-Flight Sequences\n						Contrast-Enhanced MRA with T1-Weighted 3D Gradient-Echo Sequences\n				13.2.3	 Ultrasonography\n					13.2.3.1 Introduction\n					13.2.3.2 Principles\n				13.2.4	 Other Techniques\n			13.3	 Imaging of Carotid Arteries\n				13.3.1	 Introduction\n				13.3.2	 Imaging Diagnostic Flow Chart\n				13.3.3	 From Stenosis Degree to Vulnerable Plaque\n				13.3.4	 Carotid Artery Stenosis Quantification\n				13.3.5	 Carotid Artery Plaque Characterization\n			13.4	 Central Vessels\n				13.4.1	 Aorta\n					13.4.1.1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm\n					13.4.1.2 Aortic Dissections\n				13.4.2	 Pulmonary Arteries\n					13.4.2.1 Pulmonary Hypertension\n					13.4.2.2 Pulmonary Embolism\n			13.5	 Peripheral Vessels\n				13.5.1	 Lower Extremities\n				13.5.2	 Upper Extremities\n			Conclusions\n			References\n	Part III: Respiratory\n		14: Airway Disease\n			14.1	 Introduction\n			14.2	 Paraphysiologic Modifications of Elderly Airways\n			14.3	 Classification\n			14.4	 Imaging Modalities\n			14.5	 Upper Airway Diseases in the Elderly\n				14.5.1	 Nonneoplastic Tracheobronchial Disease\n					14.5.1.1 Focal Nonneoplastic Diseases\n						Secretions\n						Broncholithiasis\n						Stenoses\n						Tuberculosis\n					14.5.1.2 Diffuse Nonneoplastic Diseases\n						Tracheobronchomegaly\n						Tracheal and Main Bronchial Diverticula\n						Tracheobronchomalacia\n						Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica\n						Tracheobronchial Amyloidosis\n						Wegener Granulomatosis\n						Bronchial Anthracofibrosis\n				14.5.2	 Neoplastic Tracheobronchial Diseases\n					14.5.2.1 Primary Malignant Tumors\n					14.5.2.2 Secondary Malignant Tumors\n					14.5.2.3 Benign Tumors\n			14.6	 Lower Airway Diseases in the Elderly\n				14.6.1	 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\n					14.6.1.1 Physiopathology and Diagnosis\n				14.6.2	 Bronchiectasis\n				14.6.3	 Asthma\n					14.6.3.1 Physiopathology and Diagnosis\n				14.6.4	 Bronchiolitis\n					14.6.4.1 Aspiration Bronchiolitis\n					14.6.4.2 Infectious Bronchiolitis\n				14.6.5	 Complications\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		15: Infectious Diseases\n			15.1	 Incidence, Etiology, and Epidemiology\n				15.1.1	 Pulmonary Infections\n				15.1.2	 Tuberculosis\n			15.2	 Clinical and Pathological Anatomy\n				15.2.1	 Pulmonary Infections\n				15.2.2	 Tuberculosis\n			15.3	 Role of Diagnostic Imaging\n			15.4	 Radiological Findings\n				15.4.1	 Pulmonary Infections\n					15.4.1.1 Focal Infiltrates\n					15.4.1.2 Diffuse Infiltrates\n					15.4.1.3 Nodular Infiltrates\n				15.4.2	 Tuberculosis\n			15.5	 Differential Diagnosis\n			Conclusions\n			References\n		16: Diffuse Lung Diseases\n			16.1	 Introduction to Diffuse Lung Diseases\n			16.2	 Radiological “Tools of the Trade”: HRCT\n				16.2.1	 The HRCT Old Era\n				16.2.2	 The HRCT New Era\n					16.2.2.1 Multiplanar Reconstruction (MPR)\n					16.2.2.2 Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP)\n					16.2.2.3 Minimum Intensity Projection (minIP)\n					16.2.2.4 Volume Rendering (VR)\n					16.2.2.5 Pattern Approach to Diffuse Lung Diseases\n			16.3	 Reticular Pattern\n				16.3.1	 Definition\n				16.3.2	 Reticular Pattern with Distortion (Irregular, Fibrosing)\n					16.3.2.1 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)\n					16.3.2.2 Idiopathic Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP)\n					16.3.2.3 Secondary NSIP (Collagen Vascular Diseases, Drug Toxicity)\n				16.3.3	 Reticular Pattern Without Distortion (Smooth)\n					16.3.3.1 Hydrostatic Pulmonary Edema\n				16.3.4	 Reticular Pattern Without Distortion (Nodular)\n					16.3.4.1 Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis (LC)\n			16.4	 Nodular Pattern\n				16.4.1	 Definition\n				16.4.2	 Random Nodules\n					16.4.2.1 Hematogenous Metastases\n					16.4.2.2 Miliary Tuberculosis\n				16.4.3	 Lymphatic Nodules\n					16.4.3.1 Silicosis and Coal Worker Pneumoconiosis (CWP)\n				16.4.4	 Centrilobular Nodules\n					16.4.4.1 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP), Subacute\n			16.5	 Alveolar Pattern\n				16.5.1	 Acute Alveolar Pattern\n					16.5.1.1 Acute Exacerbation of IPF and NSIP\n					16.5.1.2 Acute Infections\n				16.5.2	 Chronic Alveolar Pattern\n					16.5.2.1 Chronic Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia\n					16.5.2.2 Chronic Infection (Atypical Mycobacteriosis)\n					16.5.2.3 Organizing Pneumonia: Idiopathic and Secondary\n			16.6	 Cystic Pattern\n				16.6.1	 Cysts with Thick Walls\n					16.6.1.1 Cystic Bronchiectasis\n					16.6.1.2 Cystic Metastases\n				16.6.2	 Cysts with Tiny (or No) Walls\n					16.6.2.1 Emphysema\n			References\n		17: Pleural Disease\n			17.1	 Benign Pleural Disease\n				17.1.1	 Pleural Effusion\n					17.1.1.1 Radiological and Sonographic Features\n				17.1.2	 Empyema\n				17.1.3	 Pneumothorax\n					17.1.3.1 Radiological Features\n				17.1.4	 Pleural Plaques\n					17.1.4.1 Radiological Features\n				17.1.5	 Fibrothorax\n			17.2	 Malignant Pleural Disease\n				17.2.1	 Primary Tumors\n					17.2.1.1 Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma\n						Epidemiology and Etiology\n						Clinical Features\n						Pathological Features\n						Radiographic Features\n						CT Features\n						MRI Findings\n						Diagnostic Thoracoscopy\n						Prognosis and Staging\n					17.2.1.2 Localized Fibrous Tumor\n						Radiological Features\n					17.2.1.3 Pleural Sarcoma\n				17.2.2	 Secondary Tumors\n					17.2.2.1 Pleural Metastases\n					17.2.2.2 Pleural Lymphoma\n					17.2.2.3 Invasive Thymoma\n			References\n		18: Thromboembolic Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension\n			18.1	 Thromboembolic Disease\n				18.1.1	 Chest X-Ray\n				18.1.2	 Lung Scintigraphy\n				18.1.3	 Ultrasound of the Lower Limbs\n				18.1.4	 Computed Tomography\n				18.1.5	 Other Diagnostic Techniques\n				18.1.6	 PE in Acute COPD Exacerbation\n				18.1.7	 Tumor Embolism\n			18.2	 Pulmonary Hypertension\n				18.2.1	 Chest X-Ray\n				18.2.2	 The Role of Computed Tomography\n					18.2.2.1 Vascular Signs: The Main Pulmonary Artery\n					18.2.2.2 Cardiac Signs\n					18.2.2.3 Lung Parenchymal Signs\n				18.2.3	 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)\n				18.2.4	 PH in Connective Tissue Disease (CTD)\n				18.2.5	 PH Due to Lung Disease or Hypoxia (COPD: Interstitial Lung Disease)\n				18.2.6	 PH Associated with Left Heart Disease\n			References\n		19: Neoplastic Disease\n			19.1	 Introduction\n			19.2	 Radiologic Imaging\n				19.2.1	 Adenocarcinoma\n				19.2.2	 Squamous Cell Carcinoma\n				19.2.3	 Large Cell Carcinoma\n				19.2.4	 Small Cell Lung Cancer\n			19.3	 Percutaneous Biopsy\n			19.4	 Follow-up of Pulmonary Nodules\n			19.5	 Staging\n				19.5.1	 T Descriptor (TNM VII Staging System)\n					19.5.1.1 Tumor Size\n					19.5.1.2 Additional Ipsilateral Nodules\n					19.5.1.3 Pleural and Pericardial Invasion\n				19.5.2	 M Descriptor (TNM VII Staging System)\n				19.5.3	 N Descriptor (TNM VII Staging System)\n			19.6	 Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA), Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, and Imaging\n				19.6.1	 RFA\n				19.6.2	 Radiotherapy\n				19.6.3	 Chemotherapy\n			19.7	 Metastasis\n			19.8	 Benign Tumors\n				19.8.1	 Hamartoma\n				19.8.2	 Solitary Fibrous Tumors\n				19.8.3	 Endobronchial Lipomas\n				19.8.4	 Solitary Bronchial Papilloma\n			References\n	Part IV: Head and Neck\n		20: Lesions of the Skull Base\n			20.1	 Introduction\n			20.2	 Infection/Inflammation\n				20.2.1	 Sinusitis\n				20.2.2	 Necrotizing Otitis Externa\n				20.2.3	 Chronic Otomastoiditis\n				20.2.4	 External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma\n			20.3	 Trauma\n			20.4	 Tumors\n				20.4.1	 Anterior Skull Base\n					20.4.1.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma\n					20.4.1.2 Olfactory Neuroblastoma\n				20.4.2	 Central Skull Base\n					20.4.2.1 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma\n					20.4.2.2 Plasmacytoma\n					20.4.2.3 Chordoma\n					20.4.2.4 Chondrosarcoma\n					20.4.2.5 Metastases\n				20.4.3	 Posterolateral Skull Base (Temporal Bone)\n					20.4.3.1 Inner Ear and Cerebellopontine Angle\n						Vestibular Schwannoma\n						Meningioma\n						Epidermoid Cyst\n					20.4.3.2 External Auditory Canal and Middle Ear\n						Paraganglioma\n						Adenomatous Tumors\n						Neurogenic Tumors\n						Hemangioma\n						Malignant Tumors\n					20.4.3.3 Jugular Foramen\n			20.5	 Otodystrophies and Fibro-Osseous Lesions\n				20.5.1	 Paget Disease\n				20.5.2	 Fibrous Dysplasia\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		21: Head and Neck Neoplastic Disease\n			21.1	 Introduction\n			21.2	 Choice of Imaging Modality and Technique\n				21.2.1	 Computed Tomography\n					21.2.1.1 CT Technique\n				21.2.2	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n					21.2.2.1 MRI Technique\n				21.2.3	 Positron-Emission Tomography-CT\n					21.2.3.1 PET-CT Technique\n				21.2.4	 Ultrasonography\n				21.2.5	 Radiography\n			21.3	 Anatomy and Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Neoplasia\n				21.3.1	 Oral and Oropharyngeal Tumors\n					21.3.1.1 Anatomy of the Oral and Oropharyngeal Area\n					21.3.1.2 Benign Lesions and Pseudomass of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx\n					21.3.1.3 Malignant Lesions of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx\n						Cancer of the Tonsils\n						Cancer of the Base of Tongue\n						Cancer of the Palate\n				21.3.2	 Nasopharyngeal Tumors\n					21.3.2.1 Anatomy\n					21.3.2.2 Benign Lesions and Pseudomass of the Nasopharynx\n					21.3.2.3 Malignant Tumors of the Nasopharynx\n				21.3.3	 Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Tumors\n					21.3.3.1 Anatomy of the Larynx and Hypopharynx\n					21.3.3.2 Pseudomass of the Larynx\n					21.3.3.3 Malignant Lesions of the Larynx and Hypopharynx\n						Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer\n				21.3.4	 Sinonasal Tumors\n					21.3.4.1 Sinonasal Anatomy\n					21.3.4.2 Benign Lesions and Pseudomass of the Sinonasal Area\n						Sinusitis\n					21.3.4.3 Malignant Sinonasal Lesions\n				21.3.5	 Skull Base Tumors\n					21.3.5.1 Anatomy of the Skull Base\n					21.3.5.2 Benign Lesions and Pseudomass of the Skull Base\n						Normal Jugular Bulb\n						Glomus Tumor\n					21.3.5.3 Malignant Lesions of the Skull Base\n				21.3.6	 Salivary Gland Tumors\n					21.3.6.1 Anatomy of the Salivary Glands\n					21.3.6.2 Benign Lesions and Pseudomass of the Salivary Glands\n						Inflammatory Disease\n						Benign Tumors\n					21.3.6.3 Malignant Lesions of the Salivary Glands\n			21.4	 Perineural Spread\n			21.5	 Nodal Disease\n			21.6	 Unknown Primary\n			21.7	 Imaging in the Posttreatment Setting\n				21.7.1	 Post-radiotherapy\n				21.7.2	 Post-surgery\n			Conclusion\n			References\n	Part V: Neuroradiology\n		22: Neoplastic Diseases of the Central Nervous System\n			22.1	 Introduction\n			22.2	 Clinical Presentations\n				22.2.1	 Issues Related to Management\n			22.3	 Imaging Techniques\n				22.3.1	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n					22.3.1.1 Conventional MRI\n						Lesion Characterization\n					22.3.1.2 Post-contrast Imaging\n					22.3.1.3 Advanced MRI Techniques\n						Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging\n						Perfusion-Weighted Imaging\n						MR Spectroscopy\n			22.4	 Classification\n				22.4.1	 Primary Neoplastic Lesions\n					22.4.1.1 Intra-axial Neoplasms\n						Glioblastoma Multiforme\n						Anaplastic Astrocytoma\n						Oligodendroglioma and Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma\n						Primary Lymphoma\n					22.4.1.2 Extra-axial Tumors\n						Meningiomas\n						Acoustic Schwannoma\n						Sellar and Parasellar Neoplasms\n							Pituitary Adenomas\n							Craniopharyngioma\n							Neoplastic Lesions of Nonpituitary Origin\n				22.4.2	 Metastases\n					22.4.2.1 Intraparenchymal Metastases\n					22.4.2.2 Extra-axial Metastases\n			22.5	 Neoplastic Disease of the Spine and Spinal Cord\n				22.5.1	 Extradural Tumors\n					22.5.1.1 Metastatic Disease to the Spine and Extradural Space\n				22.5.2	 Intradural Extramedullary Tumors\n					22.5.2.1 Primary Intradural Extramedullary Tumors\n						Nerve Sheath Tumor\n						Meningioma\n					22.5.2.2 Secondary Intradural Extramedullary Tumors (Leptomeningeal Deposits)\n				22.5.3	 Intramedullary Tumors\n					22.5.3.1 Primary Intramedullary Tumors\n						Astrocytoma\n						Ependymoma\n					22.5.3.2 Metastatic Disease to the Spinal Cord\n			22.6	 Tumor Mimics\n				22.6.1	 Radiation Necrosis\n				22.6.2	 Sarcoidosis\n				22.6.3	 Abscesses\n				22.6.4	 Tuberculosis\n			22.7	 Summary\n			References\n		23: Cerebrovascular Disease\n			23.1	 Introduction\n			23.2	 Neuroimaging in Hemorrhagic Stroke\n				23.2.1	 Hemorrhage on CT\n				23.2.2	 Hemorrhage on MRI\n					23.2.2.1 Intracranial Hemorrhage on T1- and T2-Weighted Images\n					23.2.2.2 Hemorrhage on FLAIR and GRE Images and Role in SAH\n				23.2.3	 Cerebrovascular Causes of Intracranial Hemorrhage\n					23.2.3.1 Hypertensive Hematoma\n					23.2.3.2 Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy\n					23.2.3.3 Cerebral Microbleeds\n					23.2.3.4 Iatrogenic Causes of Hematoma and Bleeding Diathesis\n					23.2.3.5 AVM and Cavernous Angioma\n					23.2.3.6 Neoplasia and Other Causes of Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage\n			23.3	 Neuroimaging in Ischemic Stroke\n				23.3.1	 Ischemic Infarction on CT\n				23.3.2	 Ischemic Infarction on MRI\n					23.3.2.1 Acute Infarction on Diffusion-Weighted Images\n					23.3.2.2 Acute Infarction and Abnormal Vessels on Conventional MRI\n					23.3.2.3 Subacute and Chronic Infarction\n					23.3.2.4 Increased Sensitivity of DWI and the Definition of TIA\n				23.3.3	 Hemorrhagic Transformation of Ischemic Infarction\n					23.3.3.1 Hemorrhagic Transformation on CT and Conventional MRI\n					23.3.3.2 Hemorrhagic Transformation on DWI\n			23.4	 Vascular Imaging for Cerebrovascular Disease\n				23.4.1	 MR Angiography in Cerebral Ischemia\n				23.4.2	 CT Angiography in Cerebral Ischemia\n				23.4.3	 Ultrasonography and Digital Subtraction Angiography\n				23.4.4	 SAH and Imaging Intracranial Aneurysm\n			23.5	 Stroke Subtype and Patterns of Ischemic Stroke\n				23.5.1	 Large-Artery Atherosclerosis Stroke Subtype\n				23.5.2	 Cardioembolic Stroke Subtype\n				23.5.3	 Small-Vessel Occlusion Lacunar Stroke Subtype\n				23.5.4	 Uses and Limitations of Stroke Subtype Classification\n				23.5.5	 Other Distinct Patterns of Infarction\n					23.5.5.1 Watershed Infarcts\n					23.5.5.2 Moyamoya Pattern\n			23.6	 Functional and Advanced Imaging Methods in Cerebral Ischemia\n				23.6.1	 Pathophysiology of Ischemic Cerebral Perfusion\n					23.6.1.1 Perfusion CT\n					23.6.1.2 Perfusion-Weighted MRI\n					23.6.1.3 Arterial Spin Labeling\n				23.6.2	 Perfusion Imaging as a Marker of Ischemic Penumbra\n			23.7	 Neuroimaging in Cerebral Venous Thrombosis\n				23.7.1	 Venous Infarction and CVT on CT\n				23.7.2	 Venous Infarction and CVT on MRI\n				23.7.3	 Other Methods of Venography\n			23.8	 Therapeutic Neurointervention for Cerebrovascular Disease in the Elderly\n				23.8.1	 Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: Endovascular Coiling\n				23.8.2	 Ischemic Stroke: Acute Therapy\n				23.8.3	 Ischemic Stroke: Carotid Stenting\n			23.9	 Challenges in Imaging of the Elderly and Choice of Imaging Protocols\n				23.9.1	 Challenges in Diagnostic Imaging in the Elderly\n				23.9.2	 Choice Between MRI and CT Imaging Protocols\n			23.10	 Summary and Conclusion\n			References\n		24: Dementing Disorders\n			24.1	 Introduction\n			24.2	 Imaging Modalities and Protocols\n				24.2.1	 Computed Tomography\n				24.2.2	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n				24.2.3	 Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography\n			24.3	 Image Analysis of Structural Neuroimaging\n				24.3.1	 Cortical Atrophy\n				24.3.2	 Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy\n				24.3.3	 Vascular Pathology\n				24.3.4	 Macrohemorrhage and Cerebral Microbleeds\n				24.3.5	 Serial Imaging\n			24.4	 Normal Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Presenting with Dementia\n				24.4.1	 Normal Aging\n				24.4.2	 Alzheimer’s Disease\n				24.4.3	 Frontotemporal Lobe Dementia\n				24.4.4	 Dementia Associated with Parkinsonian Syndromes\n					24.4.4.1 Dementia with Lewy Bodies\n					24.4.4.2 Multisystem Atrophy\n					24.4.4.3 Corticobasal Degeneration\n					24.4.4.4 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy\n				24.4.5	 Vascular Dementia\n			24.5	 Dementia Associated with Inflammation and Infection\n				24.5.1	 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy\n				24.5.2	 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis\n				24.5.3	 HIV Encephalitis\n				24.5.4	 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease\n				24.5.5	 Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis\n			24.6	 Toxic-Induced Dementia\n			24.7	 Summary and Conclusion\n			References\n		25: Movement Disorders\n			25.1	 Overview\n			25.2	 Disorders with Primarily Parkinsonism and Extrapyramidal Symptoms\n				25.2.1	 Parkinson Disease\n				25.2.2	 Multiple System Atrophy with Predominant Parkinsonism (MSA-P: Striatonigral Degeneration)\n				25.2.3	 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy\n				25.2.4	 Corticobasal Degeneration\n			25.3	 Disorders with Involuntary Movement\n				25.3.1	 Huntington Disease\n				25.3.2	 Chorea Acanthocytosis\n				25.3.3	 Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome\n				25.3.4	 Fahr Disease\n				25.3.5	 Non-ketotic Hyperglycemic Chorea Hemiballismus\n			25.4	 Disorders Mainly Presenting Ataxia\n				25.4.1	 Multiple System Atrophy\n					25.4.1.1 MSA with Parkinsonism (MSA-P: Striatonigral Degeneration)\n						MSA with Cerebellar Ataxia (MSA-C: Olivopontocerebellar Degeneration)\n					25.4.1.2 Cortical Cerebellar Atrophy\n				25.4.2	 Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Atrophy\n					25.4.2.1 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 (SCA1)\n					25.4.2.2 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2)\n					25.4.2.3 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3: Machado-Joseph Disease)\n					25.4.2.4 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 (SCA6)\n					25.4.2.5 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7 (SCA7)\n					25.4.2.6 Other Spinocerebellar Ataxias\n					25.4.2.7 Dentatorubral-Pallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA)\n				25.4.3 Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Atrophy\n					25.4.3.1 Friedreich Ataxia\n					25.4.3.2 Early-Onset Ataxia with Ocular Motor Apraxia and Hypoalbuminemia (EAOH)\n			25.5	 Disorders Mainly Associated with Motor Weakness\n				25.5.1	 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)\n				25.5.2	 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with Dementia (ALS-D)\n				25.5.3	 Progressive Muscular Atrophy\n				25.5.4	 Primary Lateral Sclerosis\n			25.6	 Imaging for Evaluation of Diseases with Movement Disorders\n				25.6.1	 Conventional MRI\n				25.6.2	 MR Spectroscopy\n				25.6.3	 Diffusion/Diffusion Tensor Imaging\n				25.6.4	 Susceptibility-Weighted Images\n			References\n	Part VI: Gastrointestinal\n		26: Dysfunctional Disorders of the Pharynx and the Esophagus: VFSS and VFMSS\n			26.1	 Introduction\n			26.2	 VFSS: Technique\n			26.3	 VFSS: Normal and Pathological Aspects\n				26.3.1	 Primary Presbyphagia\n				26.3.2	 Secondary Presbyphagia\n			26.4	 VFMSS: Technique\n			26.5	 VFMSS: Normal and Pathological Aspect\n			26.6	 VFMSS: Compensatory Postures\n			References\n		27: Peritonitis\n			27.1	 Introduction\n			27.2	 Physiology of the Peritoneum\n			27.3	 Classification\n			27.4	 Pathophysiologic Intra-abdominal Changes in the Older Adult\n			27.5	 Diagnosis\n			27.6	 Challenges to Diagnosis in the Older Adult\n			27.7	 Imaging Techniques\n			27.8	 Common Causes of Acute Peritonitis in the Elderly Patients\n			27.9	 Uncommon Causes of Acute Peritonitis in the Elderly Patients\n			References\n		28: Ischemic Bowel Disease\n			28.1	 Introduction\n			28.2	 Acute Mesenteric Ischemia\n				28.2.1	 Etiology\n				28.2.2	 Presentation\n				28.2.3	 Diagnosis\n					28.2.3.1 Arterial AMI\n					28.2.3.2 Venous AMI\n					28.2.3.3 Failed Perfusion Without Reperfusion (NOMI) and Failed Perfusion with Reperfusion\n			28.3	 Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia\n				28.3.1	 Presentation\n				28.3.2	 Diagnosis\n			28.4	 Ischemic Colitis or IC\n				28.4.1	 Etiology\n				28.4.2	 Presentation\n				28.4.3	 Diagnosis\n			References\n		29: Bowel Obstruction\n			29.1	 Small Bowel Obstruction\n				29.1.1	 Terminology and Clinical Issues\n					29.1.1.1 Simple SBO\n					29.1.1.2 Decompensated SBO\n					29.1.1.3 Complicated SBO\n					29.1.1.4 Vascular Changes due to Reaction\n					29.1.1.5 Vascular Changes due to Strangulation\n					29.1.1.6 Volvulus\n					29.1.1.7 Closed Loop\n					29.1.1.8 Intussusception\n				29.1.2	 Imaging\n					29.1.2.1 Radiographic and Ultrasound Findings of Simple SBO\n					29.1.2.2 CT Findings of Simple SBO\n					29.1.2.3 Decompensated SBO Imaging Findings\n					29.1.2.4 CT Findings of Decompensated SBO\n					29.1.2.5 Strangulation of the Small Intestine\n					29.1.2.6 Imaging Findings of Volvulus, Closed-Loop Obstruction, and Intussusception\n				29.1.3	 Differentials\n			29.2	 Large Bowel Obstruction\n				29.2.1	 Terminology and Clinical Issues\n				29.2.2	 Imaging\n				29.2.3	 Differentials\n				29.2.4	 Acute Pseudo-obstruction of the Large Bowel\n			29.3	 Current Role of Plain Film in the Study of the Acute Intestinal Behaviors\n				29.3.1	 Acute Intestinal Behaviors\n					29.3.1.1 Reflex Spastic Ileus\n					29.3.1.2 Reflex Hypotonic Ileus\n					29.3.1.3 Paralytic Ileus\n					29.3.1.4 Mechanical Ileus\n			References\n		30: Inflammatory Bowel Disease\n			30.1	 Introduction\n			30.2	 Inflammatory Bowel Disease\n				30.2.1	 Epidemiology\n			30.3	 Clinical Manifestations and Prognosis\n				30.3.1	 Crohn Disease\n				30.3.2	 Ulcerative Colitis\n			30.4	 Imaging Technique and Findings\n				30.4.1	 Crohn Disease\n					30.4.1.1 Barium Contrast Examinations\n					30.4.1.2 Ultrasound\n					30.4.1.3 CT and MRI\n				30.4.2	 Ulcerative Colitis\n					30.4.2.1 Barium Studies\n					30.4.2.2 Ultrasound\n					30.4.2.3 CT and MRI\n			30.5	 Differential Diagnosis\n			30.6	 Comparison of Diagnostic Modalities in IBD\n			References\n		31: Gastrointestinal Tumors\n			31.1	 Introduction\n			31.2	 Esophageal Tumors\n				31.2.1	 Benign Tumors\n				31.2.2	 Malignant Tumors\n			31.3	 Gastric Tumors\n				31.3.1	 Benign Tumors\n				31.3.2	 Malignant Tumors\n			31.4	 Small Bowel Tumors\n				31.4.1	 Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions\n				31.4.2	 Primary Malignant Diseases\n				31.4.3	 Secondary Malignant Tumors\n			31.5	 Large Bowel Tumors\n				31.5.1	 Benign Tumors\n				31.5.2	 Malignant Tumors\n			31.6	 The Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors\n			References\n	Part VII: Urogenital\n		32: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostatic Tumor\n			32.1	 Introduction\n			32.2	 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia\n				32.2.1	 Imaging\n					32.2.1.1 Ultrasound of the Prostate and of the Bladder Wall\n					32.2.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n				32.2.2	 Evaluation of the Efficacy of Medical Treatment\n				32.2.3	 Arterial Embolization\n				32.2.4	 Minimally Invasive Procedures\n			32.3	 Prostate Tumor\n				32.3.1	 Imaging\n					32.3.1.1 Ultrasound\n					32.3.1.2 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound\n					32.3.1.3 Elastography\n					32.3.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n					32.3.1.5 Nuclear Medicine\n						Localization of Prostate Cancer\n						Staging Prostate Cancer\n						Evaluation of Lymph Node Metastases\n						Evaluation of Bone Metastases\n						Detection of Disease Recurrence\n			32.4	 Conclusions and Recommendations\n			References\n		33: Renal Tumors in the Elderly\n			33.1	 Introduction\n			33.2	 Imaging Features\n			33.3	 Clinical and Pathological Features\n			Conclusions\n			References\n	Part VIII: Hematologic/Lymphatic\n		34: Age-Related Physiological Changes of the Bone Marrow and Immune System\n			34.1	 Bone Marrow\n			34.2	 Bone Marrow Fat\n				34.2.1	 MR Spectroscopy\n				34.2.2	 Other Methods of Quantifying Marrow Fat\n				34.2.3	 Imaging of Age-Related Physiological Changes in Bone Marrow Fat\n			34.3	 Bone Marrow Perfusion\n				34.3.1	 Bone Perfusion Assessed by MRI\n				34.3.2	 Bone Perfusion Assessed by PET Imaging\n				34.3.3	 Imaging of Age-Related Physiological Changes in Bone Marrow Perfusion\n			34.4	 Bone Marrow Diffusion\n				34.4.1	 Imaging of Age-Related Physiological Changes in Bone Marrow Diffusion\n			34.5	 Bone Marrow Metabolism\n				34.5.1	 Imaging of Age-Related Physiological Changes in Bone Marrow Metabolism\n			34.6	 Immune System\n				34.6.1	 Imaging of Age-Related Physiological Changes in the Immune System\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		35: Age-Related Pathological Changes of the Bone Marrow and Immune System\n			35.1	 Introduction\n			35.2	 Aplastic Anemia\n			35.3	 Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma\n			35.4	 Amyloidosis\n			35.5	 Leukemia\n			35.6	 Lymphoma\n			35.7	 Myelofibrosis\n			35.8	 Bone Marrow Transplantation\n			References\n	Part IX: Breast\n		36: Benign Breast Diseases\n			36.1	 Introduction\n			36.2	 Types of Benign Breast Diseases Seen in the Elderly\n				36.2.1	 Sebaceous Cyst\n					36.2.1.1 Clinical Presentation\n					36.2.1.2 Imaging\n					36.2.1.3 Management\n				36.2.2	 Lipoma\n					36.2.2.1 Clinical Presentation\n					36.2.2.2 Imaging\n					36.2.2.3 Management\n				36.2.3	 Hamartoma\n					36.2.3.1 Clinical Presentation\n					36.2.3.2 Imaging\n					36.2.3.3 Management\n				36.2.4	 Mammary Duct Ectasia\n					36.2.4.1 Clinical Presentation\n					36.2.4.2 Imaging\n					36.2.4.3 Management\n				36.2.5	 Cysts\n					36.2.5.1 Clinical Presentation\n					36.2.5.2 Imaging\n					36.2.5.3 Management\n				36.2.6	 Intraductal Papilloma\n					36.2.6.1 Clinical Presentation\n					36.2.6.2 Imaging\n					36.2.6.3 Management\n				36.2.7	 Fat Necrosis\n					36.2.7.1 Clinical Presentation\n					36.2.7.2 Imaging\n					36.2.7.3 Management\n				36.2.8	 Postsurgical Scar\n					36.2.8.1 Clinical Presentation\n					36.2.8.2 Imaging\n					36.2.8.3 Management\n				36.2.9	 Adenomyoepithelial Tumor\n					36.2.9.1 Clinical Presentation\n					36.2.9.2 Imaging\n					36.2.9.3 Management\n				36.2.10 Gynecomastia\n					36.2.10.1 Clinical Presentation\n					36.2.10.2 Imaging\n					36.2.10.3 Management\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		37: Malignant Breast Tumors\n			37.1	 Introduction\n			37.2	 Types of Breast Cancer Seen in the Elderly\n				37.2.1	 Invasive Ductal Carcinoma\n				37.2.2	 Invasive Lobular Carcinoma\n				37.2.3	 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ\n				37.2.4	 Papillary Carcinoma\n				37.2.5	 Mucinous Breast Carcinoma\n				37.2.6	 Male Breast Carcinoma\n			37.3	 Staging of Breast Cancer\n			37.4	 Treatment of Breast Cancer\n				37.4.1	 Local Control of Breast Cancer with Surgery and Radiation Therapy\n				37.4.2	 Endocrine or Hormonal Therapy\n				37.4.3	 Chemotherapy\n				37.4.4	 Targeted Treatments\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		38: Artifacts and Pitfalls in Breast Imaging\n			38.1	 Introduction\n			38.2	 Classification of Artifacts\n				38.2.1	 Artifacts in Analog and Digital Mammography\n					38.2.1.1 Film-Related Artifacts\n					38.2.1.2 Equipment-Related Artifacts\n					38.2.1.3 Patient-Related Artifacts\n					38.2.1.4 Mammogram Interpretation Pitfalls\n				38.2.2	 Artifacts in Breast Ultrasound\n					38.2.2.1 Grayscale Ultrasound Artifacts\n					38.2.2.2 Color Doppler Ultrasound Artifacts\n					38.2.2.3 Silicone Implant-Related Artifacts\n					38.2.2.4 Breast Ultrasound Interpretation Pitfalls\n				38.2.3	 Artifacts and Pitfalls in Breast MRI\n					38.2.3.1 Patient-Related MRI Artifacts\n						Motion Artifacts\n						Metallic Artifacts\n						Positioning\n					38.2.3.2 Sequence-Related MRI Artifacts\n						Phase Wrap Artifacts\n						Chemical Shift Artifacts\n						Zebra (Phase Interference) Artifacts\n					38.2.3.3 Equipment-Related MRI Artifacts\n						Inadequate Fat Suppression\n						Coil Burning\n					38.2.3.4 Pitfalls in Breast MRI\n				38.2.4	 Artifacts and Pitfalls in Nuclear Medicine\n					38.2.4.1 Conventional Scintimammography\n						Artifacts due to Inherent Anatomy\n						Artifacts due to Imaging Techniques\n						Artifacts/Pitfalls due to Tracer Uptake in Benign Breast Lesions\n						Pitfalls due to Inherent Resolution of the Imaging Devices\n					38.2.4.2 Positron Emission Mammography\n						Artifacts due to Nonspecific Tracer Uptake in Normal Tissue or Normal Anatomical Variants\n						Artifacts/Pitfalls due to Nature of Breast Lesions\n					38.2.4.3 Radioguided Occult Lesion Localization and Sentinel Node Imaging or Lymphoscintigraphy\n			Conclusion\n			References\n	Part X: Interventional Procedures\n		39: Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty in Geriatric Patients\n			39.1	 Introduction\n			39.2	 Patient Selection\n			39.3	 Vertebroplasty, Kyphoplasty, and Newer Vertebral Augmentation Procedures\n			39.4	 Indications and Contraindications\n			39.5	 Complications\n			39.6	 Specific Issues with the Geriatric Population\n				39.6.1	 Adequate Identification of Fractures\n				39.6.2	 Analgesia\n				39.6.3	 Patient Positioning\n				39.6.4	 Procedural Sedation\n				39.6.5	 Post-procedural Care\n			39.7	 Effectiveness of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures\n			39.8	 Follow-Up and Risk of Subsequent Fractures\n			39.9	 Current Controversy\n				39.9.1	 Concerns with the Critical Reports\n				39.9.2	 Concerns with the Timing of Treatment\n				39.9.3	 Concerns with the Patient Population\n				39.9.4	 Concerns with Evaluating the Effects of Treatment\n			39.10	 Cost Considerations\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		40: Percutaneous Imaging-Guided Facet and Other Joint Injections\n			40.1	 Introduction\n			40.2	 Spinal Facet Joint Injection\n				40.2.1	 Anatomy\n				40.2.2	 Indications\n				40.2.3	 Contraindications\n				40.2.4	 Drugs and Equipment\n				40.2.5	 Technique\n					40.2.5.1 Cervical Facet Joint Injection\n					40.2.5.2 Thoracic Facet Joint Injection\n					40.2.5.3 Lumbar Facet Joint Injection\n					40.2.5.4 Periarticular Injection\n				40.2.6	 Post-procedure Care and Complications\n				40.2.7	 Results\n			40.3	 Sacroiliac Joint Injection\n				40.3.1	 Anatomy\n				40.3.2	 Indications\n				40.3.3	 Contraindications\n				40.3.4	 Technique\n				40.3.5	 Post-procedure Care and Complications\n				40.3.6	 Results\n			40.4	 Hip Joint Injection\n				40.4.1	 Technique\n				40.4.2	 Post-procedure Care and Complications\n				40.4.3	 Results\n			40.5	 Shoulder Joint Injection\n				40.5.1	 Technique\n				40.5.2	 Complications\n				40.5.3	 Shoulder Hydrodilatation (Distension Arthrography)\n				40.5.4	 Results\n			40.6	 Knee Joint Injection\n				40.6.1	 Technique\n				40.6.2	 Complications\n				40.6.3	 Results\n			40.7	 Other Joints\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		41: Provocative Discography\n			41.1	 Introduction\n			41.2	 Anatomy\n			41.3	 Pathophysiology\n			41.4	 Indications and Contraindications\n				41.4.1	 Indications\n				41.4.2	 Contraindications\n			41.5	 Technique\n				41.5.1	 Pre-procedure Assessment\n				41.5.2	 Equipment\n				41.5.3	 Cervical Discography\n				41.5.4	 Thoracic Discography\n				41.5.5	 Lumbar Discography\n				41.5.6	 Recovery\n			41.6	 Interpretation\n				41.6.1	 Disc Morphology\n				41.6.2	 Pain Provocation\n				41.6.3	 Pressure-Controlled Manometric Discography\n				41.6.4	 MRI Correlation\n				41.6.5	 Surgical Outcomes\n			41.7	 Complications\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		42: Percutaneous Biopsy\n			42.1	 Introduction\n			42.2	 Patient and Imaging Assessment\n			42.3	 Methods\n				42.3.1	 Guidance Modality\n				42.3.2	 Biopsy Needles\n			42.4	 Organ-Specific Biopsy Approach\n				42.4.1	 Liver Biopsy\n				42.4.2	 Renal Biopsy\n				42.4.3	 Adrenal Biopsy\n				42.4.4	 Splenic Biopsy\n				42.4.5	 Pancreatic Biopsy\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		43: Percutaneous Abscess Drainage\n			43.1	 Introduction\n			43.2	 Patient and Imaging Assessment\n			43.3	 Methods\n				43.3.1	 Guidance Modality\n				43.3.2	 Approach\n				43.3.3	 Catheter Types\n				43.3.4	 Techniques\n			43.4	 Post-placement Management\n			43.5	 Drainage Outcome and Success\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		44: Percutaneous Gastrostomy and Gastrojejunostomy and Splanchnic Neurolysis\n			44.1	 Percutaneous Gastrostomy and Gastrojejunostomy\n				44.1.1	 Introduction\n				44.1.2	 Patient and Imaging Assessment\n				44.1.3	 Methods\n					44.1.3.1 Patient Preparation and Determining Access Window\n					44.1.3.2 Imaging Modality\n					44.1.3.3 Equipment\n					44.1.3.4 Gastropexy\n					44.1.3.5 Catheter Placement\n				44.1.4	 Catheter Care\n				Conclusion\n			44.2	 Splanchnic Neurolysis\n				44.2.1	 Introduction\n				44.2.2	 Patient/Imaging Assessment\n				44.2.3	 Methods\n				44.2.4	 Outcomes\n				Conclusion\n			References\n	Index