Geothermal Fields of India

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Abbreviations
1 Geothermal Potential Regions of India
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Distribution and Study of Geothermal Signatures
		1.2.1 The NW-SE Himalayan Arc, Northeast Region, and Andaman Nicobar Islands
		1.2.2 Son-Narmada-Tapti Lineament (So-Na-Ta)
		1.2.3 West Coast Continental Margin
		1.2.4 Gondwana Graben
	1.3 Resource Estimation and Field Development Plan
	1.4 Steps to Promote Geothermal Energy in India
		1.4.1 Resource Assessment/Pre-feasibility Study
		1.4.2 Revenue Policy
		1.4.3 Capital and Operational Expenditure Requirement for Developing Geothermal Provinces in India
		1.4.4 Challenges
	1.5 Some Financial Models of Countries Exploiting Geothermal Energy
		1.5.1 United States: Financing of Miravalles 3 Project
		1.5.2 Philippines (Asian Development Bank, 2018): Setting Up of Plant by PNOC
		1.5.3 Kenya: Setting Up Olkaria 3 Project
	1.6 Identification of Indian Geothermal Hotspots with Medium to High Power Generation Potential
	References
2 Sustainable Power Generation Cycles Using Geothermal Water
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Geothermal Power Plants
	2.3 Power Generation in Using Geothermal Water/Steam in the World
		2.3.1 Dry Steam Plants
		2.3.2 The Flash System
		2.3.3 Single Flash Cycle for Power Generation Using Geothermal Water
		2.3.4 Double Flash Cycle for Power Generation Using Geothermal Water
	2.4 Binary Cycle for Power Generation Using Geothermal Water
		2.4.1 Organic Rankine Cycle
		2.4.2 Regenerative Cycles and Organic Flash Cycle (OFC)
		2.4.3 Organic Supercritical Rankine Cycle
	2.5 Kalina Cycle for Power Generation Using Geothermal Water
		2.5.1 Conventional Kalina Cycle
	2.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Cycle for Power Generation
	2.7 Model Rankine Cycle with Geothermal Heat Pipe
	2.8 Regeneration and Combined Cycles for Power Generation Using Geothermal Water
		2.8.1 Hybrid/Combined Cycles
		2.8.2 Flash/Binary Combined Cycle
		2.8.3 Solar-Geothermal Combination Plant
		2.8.4 Fossil-Geothermal Powerplants
	References
3 Geothermal Power Production, Hybridization and Storage
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Enhanced Geothermal Systems to Improve Power Generation Using Geothermal Water
	3.3 Application of Solar-Geothermal Hybrid Systems for Enhancement of Geothermal Power Production
	3.4 Application of Biomass-Geothermal and Wind-Geothermal Hybrid Systems for Enhancement of Geothermal Power Production
	3.5 Types of Energy Storage Systems for Geothermal Energy
	References
4 Desalination of Geothermal Water for Its Application in the Irrigation Sector
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Direct–Indirect Geothermal Energy (GE) Utilization for Seawater Desalination
	4.3 Desalination Technologies
	4.4 Multi-stage Flash Distillation Desalination System
	4.5 Multiple Effect Distillation Desalination System
	4.6 Reverse Osmosis Desalination System
	4.7 Humidifier and Dehumidifier Desalination System
	4.8 Technical Feasibility of Self-powered Desalination in High Saline Geothermal and Seawater Systems
	References
5 Application of Geothermal Water for Societal Benefits
	5.1 Design for Unit Operation of Honey Processing
	5.2 Analytical Techniques for Honey Processing
		5.2.1 Chromatographic Analysis of Specific Sugar
		5.2.2 UV–Vis Spectrophotometric Analysis
		5.2.3 Refractometry
		5.2.4 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic Analysis
		5.2.5 Flame Photometry
		5.2.6 Determination of Electrical Conductivity
		5.2.7 Potentiometric Determination of pH
		5.2.8 Relative Density
	5.3 Process Dynamics of Geothermal Brine in Milk Pasteurization
		5.3.1 HTST Pasteurization
		5.3.2 Milk Pasteurization Using Geothermal Brine
	5.4 Design Architecture of a Working Model of a Pasteurization Unit
	5.5 Principals for Modelling of Greenhouse Unit
	5.6 Climate Battery: A Ground to Air Heat Transfer
	References
6 Base Metal (BM) and Rare Earth Elements (REE) Extraction Using Geothermal Water
	6.1 Introduction to Methods of BM and REE Extraction
		6.1.1 Method of Adsorption
		6.1.2 Ion-Exchange
		6.1.3 Solvent Extraction (SX)
		6.1.4 MRT—Molecular Recognition Technology
		6.1.5 Magnetic Segregation
	6.2 Extraction of Gold and Silver Using Heap Leaching with the Help of Geothermal Fluid
	6.3 Extraction of Silica from Geothermal Power Plant
	6.4 Engineering and Recovery of Helium and Lithium Extraction
	6.5 Principals and Designing of Zinc and Manganese Extraction
	6.6 Principals and Designing of Other BM and REE Extraction Techniques
	6.7 Hybrid Systems for BM and REE Extraction
	References
7 Industrial, Domestic, and Agricultural Use of Geothermal Water
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Industrial Applications of Geothermal Water
		7.2.1 Geothermal Energy for Fuel Production and Oil Enhancement
		7.2.2 Application of Geothermal Water for Space Heating and Cooling
	7.3 Application of Geothermal Water for Food Drying in the Agricultural Sector
	7.4 Application of Geothermal Water in Balneology for Therapeutic Purposes
	7.5 Application of Geothermal Water for Snow Melting
	7.6 Geothermal Energy for Cloth Washing and Drying
	References
8 Resource Assessment for Geothermal Energy Resources
	8.1 Introduction to Types of Resource Assessment Methods for Geothermal Resources
	8.2 Decline Curve Analysis Method for Geothermal Resource Assessment
		8.2.1 Anatomy of Decline Curve Analysis
		8.2.2 Primary Types of Decline Curves
		8.2.3 Decline Curve Analysis for Geothermal Wells
	8.3 Volumetric Method for Geothermal Resource Assessment
	8.4 Numerical Modelling Method for Geothermal Resource Assessment
		8.4.1 Normal Distribution
		8.4.2 Lognormal Distribution
		8.4.3 Uniform Distribution
		8.4.4 Triangular Distribution
	8.5 Application of AI and ML in Resource Assessment for Geothermal Energy
	References