Geothermal Energy: Utilization, Technology and Financing

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Figures
Tables
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
Authors
1 Introduction to Geothermal Energy Resources
	1.1 Basic Concepts and Classification of Geothermal Resources
	1.2 Thermal Properties of Rocks
	1.3 Geothermal Technology of the World
		1.3.1 Geothermal Technology
			1.3.1.1 Geothermal Electricity
			1.3.1.2 Geothermal Heating and Cooling
		1.3.2 Global Direct Use of Geothermal Energy
		1.3.3 Stages of Construction and Cost of Setting Up a Geothermal Power Plant
	1.4 Geothermal Energy Potential of India
		1.4.1 History
		1.4.2 The Major Geothermal Manifestations of India
			1.4.2.1 Puga Geothermal Field, Leh District, Ladakh, J&K
			1.4.2.2 Chumathang Geothermal Field, Leh District, Ladakh, J&K
			1.4.2.3 Tatapani Geothermal Field, Balrampur District, Chhattisgarh
		1.4.3 Potential Geothermal Resources and Their Prioritization
	1.5 Steps to Promote Geothermal Energy in India
		1.5.1 Monetary Policies
		1.5.2 Decreasing Investment Funding Costs/Risk Prevention
			1.5.2.1 Challenges
	1.6 Zoning of Geothermal Provinces in India
	1.7 Some Financial Models of Countries Exploiting Geothermal Energy
		1.7.1 United States: Financing of Miravalles III Project
		1.7.2 Philippines (Asian Development Bank, 2018): Setting Up of Plant By PNOC
		1.7.3 Kenya: Setting Up Olkaria III Project
	References
2 Enhanced Geothermal Systems
	2.1 Introduction to EGS
		2.1.1 Overview
		2.1.2 Thermal Gradient
	2.2 Issues and Challenges for Subsurface Designing of EGS Systems
	2.3 Geothermal Drilling Technology for EGS
		2.3.1 Advanced Drilling Technologies
		2.3.2 Evolutionary Oil and Gas Well-Drilling Technologies
			2.3.2.1 Expandable Tubulars
			2.3.2.2 Under-Reamers
			2.3.2.3 Low-Clearance Casing Design
			2.3.2.4 Drilling-With-Casing
			2.3.2.5 Well Design Variations
			2.3.2.6 Multilateral Completions/Stimulating Through Sidetracks and Laterals
		2.3.3 Revolutionary Technologies
	2.4 Power Production and Hydraulic Stimulation for EGS
		2.4.1 Using Dense Fluid for Hydraulic Stimulation
		2.4.2 Using Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as a Working Fluid
		2.4.3 Software Packages Used for EGS Investigation
	2.5 Influence of Micro-Seismic Events in EGS
		2.5.1 Micro-Seismic Events and Stimulation of Enhanced Geothermal System
	References
3 Direct Applications: Application of Geothermal Water for Sericulture, Aquaculture, and Honey Processing
	3.1 Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy Around the World
	3.2 Application of Geothermal Water for Sericulture
		3.2.1 Steps of Processing Through Geothermal Water
	3.3 Application of Geothermal Water for Aquaculture
		3.3.1 Stage 1: Estimation of Heat Transfer Between the Water Channel and the Walls
		3.3.2 Stage 2: Heat Transfer Estimation of Water in Raceway
		3.3.3 Stage 3: The Heat Flow From the Water Surface to the Atmosphere Is Calculated Using Radiation
		3.3.4 Stage 4: Heat Resistance and Total Heat Dissipation Estimation Each Month With Only Water Condition
		3.3.5 Stage 5: Calculation of the Time Taken to Cool Or Heat the Device Without the Use of Biomass
		3.3.6 Stage 6: Estimation of Heat Flow From the Biomass By Conduction and Displacement
	3.4 Application of Geothermal Water for Honey Processing
		3.4.1 Energy and Materials Balance
		3.4.2 Required Heating Medium Quantity
		3.4.3 Heat Flow Coefficient Calculation
		3.4.4 Heat Flow Surface Area Calculation
		3.4.5 Calculating the Necessary Heating Time
		3.4.6 Processing
			3.4.6.1 Uncapping
			3.4.6.2 Extractor
			3.4.6.3 Processing
	3.5 Case Studies
		3.5.1 Puga
			3.5.1.1 Methods
			3.5.1.2 Societal Benefits
		3.5.2 Manikaran
			3.5.2.1 Methods Adopted
			3.5.2.2 Societal Benefits
	References
4 Indirect Applications: Application of Geothermal Water for Milk Pasteurization, Cloth and Food Drying, Desalination, and Space Heating and Cooling
	4.1 Indirect Applications of Geothermal Water Around the World
	4.2 Application of Geothermal Water for Milk Pasteurization
	4.3 Application of Geothermal Water for Cloth and Food Drying
		4.3.1 Food Drying
		4.3.2 Cloth Dryer
	4.4 Application of Geothermal Water for Desalination
		4.4.1 Multi-Stage Flash Distillation
		4.4.2 Multi-Effect Distillation
		4.4.3 Vapour-Compression Evaporation
		4.4.4 Cogeneration System for Power and Water Desalination
	4.5 Application of Geothermal Water for Space Heating and Cooling
		4.5.1 Ground Source Heat Pump
		4.5.2 Geothermal Space Cooling
		4.5.3 Cooling Source
		4.5.4 Absorption Chillers
		4.5.5 Distribution System
		4.5.6 Energy Transfer Station (ETS)
		4.5.7 Geothermal Heating
		4.5.8 Heat Exchangers
		4.5.9 Control Unit
		4.5.10 Energy Meters
	4.6 Case Studies
		4.6.1 Bakreswar
			4.6.1.1 Methods
			4.6.1.2 Societal Benefits
		4.6.2 Tatapani
			4.6.2.1 Methods
			4.6.2.2 Social Benefits
		4.6.3 Iceland Deep Drilling Project
			4.6.3.1 Method
	References
5 Machine Learning Techniques for Geothermal Energy Sector
	5.1 Introduction to Machine Learning Techniques
	5.2 Application of Machine Learning Technique in Estimation of Geothermal Temperature Distribution
	5.3 Subsurface Characterization Using Machine Learning Technique
	5.4 Application of Machine Learning Technique in Geothermal Drilling
	5.5 Application of Machine Learning Technique in Reservoir Modelling
	5.6 Application of Machine Learning Technique in Geothermal Power Generation
		5.6.1 Prediction of Geographical Suitability of Geothermal Power Plants
	5.7 Challenges and Issues in Adapting Machine Learning for the Geothermal Energy Sector
	5.8 Case Studies
		5.8.1 Case Study 1: Drilling
		5.8.2 Case Study 2: Fault Detection
	References
6 Financing in Geothermal Energy Exploration and Exploitation
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Early-Stage Financing
		6.1.2 Late Development Financing
		6.1.3 Construction and Operating Financing
	6.2 Sources of Funding for Geothermal Projects in India
		6.2.1 Business and Accounting Model
	6.3 Economic Drivers of a Geothermal Project
		6.3.1 Equity Funding
		6.3.2 Debt Funding
	6.4 Basic Structure of a Financial Model
	6.5 Financial Funding in Various Countries
		6.5.1 Indonesia
		6.5.2 The Philippines
		6.5.3 Iceland
	References
7 Impact of Geothermal Energy On Climate Change and Tackling It With Machine Learning
	7.1 Introduction to Climate Change
		7.1.1 Goal 13: Climate Change
	7.2 Mitigation and Geothermal Energy
	7.3 Factors Influencing Adaptation and Mitigation
	7.4 Application of Machine Learning in Climate Change Mitigation
		7.4.1 Gradient Descent Method
		7.4.2 Gaussian Processes
		7.4.3 Non-Linear, Non-Gaussian Inferences
		7.4.4 Deep Learning Approaches
	References
Index