GEOTHERMAL ENERGY : from theoretical models to exploration and development.

Preface
Contents
1 Thermal Structure of the Earth
	1.1 Renewable Energies, Global Aspects
	1.2 Internal Structure of the Earth
	1.3 Energy Budget of the Planet
	1.4 Heat Transport and Thermal Parameters
	1.5 Brief Outline of Methods for Measuring Thermal Parameters
	1.6 Measuring Subsurface Temperatures
	References
2 History of Geothermal Energy Use
	2.1 Early Utilization of Geothermal Energy
	2.2 History of Utilization of Geothermal Energy in the Last 150 Years
	References
3 Geothermal Energy Resources
	3.1 Energy
	3.2 Significance of “Renewable” Energy
	3.3 Status of Geothermal Energy Utilization
	3.4 Geothermal Energy Sources
	References
4 Uses of Geothermal Energy
	4.1 Near Surface Geothermal Systems
	4.2 Deep Geothermal Systems
	4.3 Efficiency of Geothermal Systems
	4.4 Major Geothermal Fields, High-Enthalpy Fields
	4.5 Outlook and Challenges
	References
5 Potential and Perspectives of Geothermal Energy Utilization
	References
6 Geothermal Probes
	6.1 Planning Principles
	6.2 Construction of Ground Source Heat Exchangers
	6.3 Dimensioning and Design of Geothermal Probes
		6.3.1 Heat Pumps
		6.3.2 Thermal Parameters and Computer Programs for the Design of Ground Source Heat Pump Systems
	6.4 Drilling Methods for Borehole Heat Exchangers
		6.4.1 Rotary Drilling
		6.4.2 Down-The-Hole Hammer Method
		6.4.3 Concluding Remarks, Technical Drilling Risks
	6.5 Backfill and Grouting of Geothermal Probes
	6.6 Construction of Deep Geothermal Probes
	6.7 Operating Geothermal Probes: Potential Risks, Malfunctions and Damages
	6.8 Special Systems and Further Developments
		6.8.1 Geothermal Probe Fields
		6.8.2 Cooling with Geothermal Probes
		6.8.3 Combined Solar Thermal – Geothermal Systems
		6.8.4 Geothermal Probe: Performance and Quality Control
		6.8.5 Thermosyphon, Heat Pipe: Geothermal Probes Operating with Phase Changes
	References
7 Geothermal Well Systems
	7.1 Building Geothermal Well Systems
	7.2 Chemical Aspects of Two-Well Systems
	7.3 Thermal Range of Influence, Numerical Models
	References
8 Hydrothermal Systems, Geothermal Doublets
	8.1 Exploration of the Geologic and Tectonic Structure of the Underground
	8.2 Thermal and Hydraulic Properties of the Target Aquifer
	8.3 Hydraulic and Thermal Range of Hydrothermal Doublets, Numerical Models
	8.4 Hydrochemistry of Hot Waters from Great Depth
	8.5 Reservoir-Improving Measures, Efficiency-Boosting Measures, Stimulation
	8.6 Productivity Risk, Exploration Risk, Economic Efficiency
	8.7 Some Site Examples of Hydrothermal Systems
	8.8 Project Planning of Hydrothermal Power Systems
	8.9 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES)
	References
9 Enhanced-Geothermal-Systems (EGS), Hot-Dry-Rock Systems (HDR), Deep-Heat-Mining (DHM)
	9.1 Techniques, Procedures, Strategies, Aims
	9.2 Historical Development of the Hydraulic Fracturing Technology, Early HDR Sites
	9.3 Stimulation Procedures
	9.4 Experience and Coping with Seismicity
	9.5 Recommendations, Notes
	References
10 Geothermal Systems in High-Enthalpy Regions
	10.1 Geological Features of High-Enthalpy Regions
	10.2 Development, Installation and Initial Commissioning of Power Plants
	10.3 Main Types of Power Plants in High-Enthalpy Fields
		10.3.1 Dry Steam Power Plant
		10.3.2 Flash Steam Power Plants
	10.4 Evolving Deficiencies, Potential Countermeasures
	10.5 Use of Fluids from Reservoirs at Supercritical Conditions
	References
11 Environmental Issues Related to Deep Geothermal Systems
	11.1 Seismicity Related to EGS projects
		11.1.1 Induced Earthquakes
		11.1.2 Quantifying Seismic Events
		11.1.3 The Basel Incident
		11.1.4 The St. Gallen Incident (E Switzerland)
		11.1.5 Observed Seismicity at Other EGS Projects
		11.1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations Regarding Seismicity Control in Hydrothermal and Petrothermal (EGS) Projects
	11.2 Interaction Between Geothermal System Operation and the Underground
	11.3 Environmental Issues Related to Surface Installations and Operation
	References
12 Drilling Techniques for Deep Wellbores
	References
13 Geophysical Methods, Exploration and Analysis
	13.1 Geophysical Pre-drilling Exploration, Seismic Investigations
	13.2 Geophysical Well Logging and Data Interpretation
	References
14 Testing the Hydraulic Properties of the Drilled Formations
	14.1 Principles of Hydraulic Well Testing
	14.2 Types of Tests, Planning and Implementation, Evaluation Procedures
	14.3 Tracer Experiments
	14.4 Temperature Evaluation Methods
	References
15 The Chemical Composition of Deep Geothermal Waters and Its Consequences for Planning and Operating a Geothermal Power Plant
	15.1 Sampling and Laboratory Analyses
	15.2 Chemical Parameters Characterizing Deep Fluids
	15.3 Graphical Representation of Deep Fluid Composition
	15.4 Estimating Reservoir Temperature from the Composition of Deep Fluids
		15.4.1 The Quartz Thermometer
		15.4.2 The K-Na Exchange Thermometer
		15.4.3 The Mg–K Thermometer
		15.4.4 Other Cation Thermometers
		15.4.5 The Ternary Giggenbach Diagram
		15.4.6 Multiple Equilibria Models for Equilibrium Temperature
	15.5 Origin of Fluids
	15.6 Saturation States, Saturation Index
	15.7 Mineral Scales and Materials Corrosion
	References