Geotechnical engineering

Preface to The Third Edition......Page 8
Preface to The First Edition......Page 10
Purpose and Scope of the Book......Page 12
Contents......Page 14
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2 Development of Soil Mechanics......Page 23
1.3 Fields of Application of Soil Mechanics......Page 24
1.4 Soil Formation......Page 25
1.5 Residual and Transported Soils......Page 27
1.6 Some Commonly Used Soil Designations......Page 28
1.7 Structure of Soils......Page 29
1.9 Major Soil Deposits of India......Page 30

References......Page 31
Questions......Page 32
2.1 Composition of Soil......Page 33
2.2 Basic Terminology......Page 34
2.3 Certain Important Relationships......Page 38
2.4 Illustrative Examples......Page 42
References......Page 48
Questions and Problems......Page 49
3.2 Soil Colour......Page 51
3.4 Specific Gravity of Soil Solids......Page 52
3.5 Water Content......Page 55
3.6 Density Index......Page 58
3.7 In-Situ Unit Weight......Page 62
3.8 Particle Size Distribution (Mechanical Analysis)......Page 66
3.9 Consistency of Clay Soils
......Page 79
3.10 Activity of Clays......Page 92
3.11 Unconfined Compression Strength and Sensitivity of Clays......Page 93
3.13 Illustrative Examples......Page 94
References......Page 109
Questions And Problems......Page 110
4.2 Field Identification of Soils......Page 113
4.4 Engineering Soil Classification—Desirable Features......Page 115
4.5 Classification Systems—More Common Ones......Page 116
4.6 Illustrative Examples......Page 126
Summary of Main Points......Page 130
Questions and Problems......Page 131
5.2 Soil Moisture and Modes of Occurrence......Page 133
5.3 Neutral and Effective Pressures......Page 135
5.4 Flow of Water Through Soil-Permeability......Page 137
5.5 The Determination of Permeability......Page 142
5.6 Factors Affecting Permeability......Page 151
5.8 Permeability of Layered Soils......Page 155
*5.9 Capillarity......Page 157
5.10 Illustrative Examples......Page 168
Summary of Main Points......Page 181
References......Page 182
Questions and Problems......Page 183
6.2 Flow Net for One-Dimensional Flow......Page 186
6.3 Flow Net for Two-Dimensional Flow......Page 189
6.4 Basic Equation for Seepage......Page 193
*6.5 Seepage Through Non-Homogeneous and Anisotropicsoil......Page 197
6.6 Top Flow Line in an Earth Dam......Page 199
*6.7 Radial Flow Nets......Page 208
6.8 Methods of Obtaining Flow Nets......Page 211
6.9 Quicksand......Page 213
6.10 Seepage Forces......Page 214
6.12 Illustrative Examples......Page 215
References......Page 220
Questions and Problems......Page 221
7.2 Compressibility of Soils......Page 223
7.3 A Mechanistic Model for Consolidation......Page 241
7.4 Terzaghi’s Theory of One-Dimensional Consolidation......Page 245
7.5 Solution of Terzaghi’s Equation for One-Dimensional Consolidation
......Page 249
7.6 Graphical Presentation of Consolidation
Relationships......Page 252
7.7 Evaluation of Coefficient of Consolidation From Oedometer Test Data
......Page 255
*7.8 Secondary Consolidation......Page 259
7.9 Illustrative Examples......Page 261
References......Page 269
Questions and Problems......Page 270
8.2 Friction......Page 274
8.3 Principal Planes and Principal Stresses—Mohr’s Circle......Page 276
8.4 Strength Theories for Soils......Page 281
8.5 Shearing Strength—A Function of Effective Stress......Page 284
*8.6 Hvorslev’s True Shear Parameters......Page 285
8.7 Types of Shear Tests Based on Drainage Conditions......Page 286
8.8 Shearing Strength Tests......Page 287
*8.9 Pore Pressure Parameters......Page 301
*8.10 Stress–Path Approach......Page 303
8.11 Shearing Characteristics of Sands......Page 306
8.12 Shearing Characteristics of Clays......Page 311
8.13 Illustrative Examples......Page 318
Summary of Main Points......Page 333
References......Page 334
Questions and Problems......Page 335
9.2 Infinite Slopes......Page 339
9.3 Finite Slopes......Page 346
9.4 Illustrative Examples......Page 363
Summary of Main Points......Page 370
Questions and Problems......Page 371
10.1 Introduction......Page 373
10.2 Point Load......Page 374
10.3 Line Load......Page 382
10.4 Strip Load......Page 384
10.5 Uniform Load on Circular Area......Page 387
10.6 Uniform Load on Rectangular Area......Page 391
10.7 Uniform Load on Irregular Areas—Newmark’s Chart......Page 395
10.8 Approximate Methods......Page 398
10.9 Illustrative Examples......Page 399
Summary of Main Points......Page 407
References......Page 408
Questions and Problems......Page 409
11.2 Data for Settlement Analysis......Page 411
11.3 Settlement......Page 414
*11.4 Corrections to Computed Settlement......Page 420
*11.5 Further Factors Affecting Settlement......Page 422
11.6 Other Factors Pertinent to Settlement......Page 425
11.8 Contact Pressure and Active Zone From Pressure Bulb Concept
......Page 428
11.9 Illustrative Examples......Page 432
Summary of Main Points......Page 440
References......Page 441
Questions And Problems......Page 442
12.2 Compaction Phenomenon......Page 444
12.3 Compaction Test......Page 445
12.4 Saturation (Zero-Air-Voids) Line......Page 446
12.5 Laboratory Compaction Tests......Page 447
12.6 In-Situ Or Field Compaction......Page 453
*12.7 Compaction of Sand......Page 458
12.8 Compaction Versus Consolidation......Page 459
12.9 Illustrative Examples......Page 460
Summary of Main Points......Page 466
Questions and Problems......Page 467
13.2 Types of Earth-Retaining Structures......Page 470
13.3 Lateral Earth Pressures......Page 472
13.4 Earth Pressure at Rest......Page 473
13.5 Earth Pressure Theories......Page 475
13.6 Rankine’s Theory......Page 476
13.7 Coulomb’s Wedge Theory......Page 491
13.8 Stability Considerations for Retaining Walls......Page 523
13.9 Illustrative Examples......Page 535
Summary of Main Points......Page 557
References......Page 559
Questions and Problems......Page 560
14.1 Introduction and Definitions......Page 562
14.2 Bearing Capacity......Page 563
14.4 Bearing Capacity From Building Codes......Page 564
14.5 Analytical Methods of Determining Bearing Capacity......Page 567
14.6 Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity......Page 590
14.7 Safe Bearing Capacity......Page 592
14.8 Foundation Settlements......Page 593
14.9 Plate Load Tests......Page 595
*14.11 Bearing Capacity from Model Tests—Housel’s approach......Page 600
14.13 Bearing Capacity of Sands......Page 601
14.15 Recommended Practice (I.S)......Page 606
14.16 Illustrative Examples......Page 607
Summary of Main Points......Page 622
References......Page 623
Questions and Problems......Page 625
15.2 General Types of Foundations......Page 628
15.3 Choice of Foundation Type and Preliminary Selection......Page 634
15.4 Spread Footings......Page 638
15.5 Strap Footings......Page 651
15.6 Combined Footings......Page 652
15.7 Raft Foundations......Page 655
*15.8 Foundations on Non-Uniform Soils......Page 660
15.9 Illustrative Examples......Page 662
Summary of Main Points......Page 668
References......Page 669
Questions and Problems......Page 670
16.2 Classification of Piles......Page 672
16.3 Use of Piles......Page 674
16.4 Pile Driving......Page 675
16.5 Pile Capacity......Page 677
16.6 Pile Groups......Page 698
16.7 Settlement of Piles and Pile Groups......Page 704
*16.8 Laterally Loaded Piles......Page 706
*16.9 Batter Piles......Page 707
16.10 Design of Pile Foundations......Page 709
16.12 Illustrative Examples......Page 710
Summary of Main Points......Page 714
References......Page 715
Questions and Problems......Page 716
17.2 Classification of the Methods of Stabilisation......Page 718
17.3 Stabilisation of Soil Without Additives......Page 719
17.4 Stabilisation of Soil With Additives......Page 723
17.5 California Bearing Ratio......Page 731
*17.6 Reinforced Earth and Geosynthetics......Page 737
17.7 Illustrative Examples......Page 739
References......Page 742
Questions and Problems......Page 743
18.2 Site Investigation......Page 745
18.3 Soil Exploration......Page 747
18.4 Soil Sampling......Page 753
18.5 Sounding and Penetration Tests......Page 759
18.6 Indirect Methods—Geophysical Methods......Page 767
18.7 The Art of Preparing a Soil Investigation Report......Page 771
18.8 Illustrative Examples......Page 773
Summary of Main Points......Page 775
References......Page 776
Questions and Problems......Page 777
19.1 Introduction......Page 779
19.2 Design Aspects of Caissons......Page 780
19.3 Open Caissons......Page 784
19.4 Pneumatic Caissons......Page 785
19.5 Floating Caissons......Page 787
19.6 Construction Aspects of Caissons......Page 789
19.7 Illustrative Examples on Caissons......Page 791
19.8 Well Foundations......Page 796
19.9 Design Aspects of Well Foundations......Page 799
*19.10 Lateral Stability of Well Foundations......Page 810
19.11 Construction Aspects of Well Foundations......Page 823
19.12 Illustrative Examples on Well Foundations......Page 826
Summary of Main Points......Page 829
References......Page 830
Questions and Problems......Page 831
20.1 Introduction......Page 833
20.2 Fundamentals Of Vibration......Page 836
20.3 Fundamentals Of Soil Dynamics......Page 849
20.4 Machine Foundations—Special Features......Page 861
20.5 Foundations For Reciprocating Machines......Page 867
20.6 Foundations for Impact Machines......Page 870
20.7 Vibration Isolation......Page 879
20.8 Construction Aspects of Machine Foundations......Page 883
20.9 Illustrative Examples......Page 884
Summary of Main Points......Page 894
References......Page 895
Questions and Problems......Page 896
Answers to Numerical Problems......Page 898
Objective Questions......Page 901
Answers to Objective Questions......Page 917
Appendix A: A Note on S.I. Units......Page 922
Appendix B: Notation......Page 926
Author Index......Page 940
Subject Index......Page 942