Geology and Mineralogy Considered With Reference to Natural Theology; The Evolution Debate, 1813-1870

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
INTRODUCTION TO VOLUMES II AND III......Page 7
PREFACE.......Page 17
NOTICE.......Page 20
CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.......Page 23
CHAPTER I. Exlent of the Province of eology.......Page 29
CHAPTER II. Consistency of Geological Discoveries with Sacred History.......Page 35
CHAPTER III. Proper Subjects of Geological Inquiry.......Page 56
CHAPTER IV. Relation of Unstratified to Stratified Rocks.......Page 60
CHAPTER V. Volcanic Rocks, Basalt, and Trap.......Page 67
CHAPTER VI. Primary Stratified Rocks.......Page 70
CHAPTER VII. Strata of the Transition Series.......Page 79
Remains of Vegetables in the Transition Series.......Page 82
CHAPTER VIII. Strata of the Secondary Series.......Page 85
CHAPTER IX. Strata of the Tertiary Series.......Page 93
Anthracotherium.......Page 97
Cheropotamus.......Page 98
Adapis.......Page 99
Mammalia of the Miocene Period.......Page 104
Mammalia of the Pliocene Periods.......Page 107
CHAPTER X. Relations of the Earth and its Inhabitants to Man.......Page 112
CHAPTER XI. Supposed Cases of Fossil Human Bones.......Page 116
CHAPTER XII. General History of Fossil Organic Remains.......Page 119
Cases of Animals destroyed suddenly.......Page 132
CHAPTER XIII. Aggregate of Animal Enjoyment increased, and that of Pain diminished, by the existence of Carnivorous Races.......Page 138
SECTION I. FOSSIL MAMMALIA.—DINOTHERIUM.......Page 143
SECTION II. MEGATHERIUM.......Page 146
Head.......Page 151
Lower Jaw.......Page 154
Bones of the Trunk.......Page 155
Anterior Extremity.......Page 156
Posterior Extremities.......Page 159
Sony Armour.......Page 162
Conclusion......Page 165
 SECTION III. FOSSIL SAURIANS.......Page 167
SECTION IV. ICHTHYOSAURUS.......Page 169
Head.......Page 171
Teeth.......Page 172
Eyes.......Page 173
Jaws.......Page 175
Vertebræ.......Page 177
Ribs.......Page 179
Sternum.......Page 180
Paddles.......Page 181
SECTION V. INTESTINAL STRUCTURE OF ICHTHYOSAURUS AND OF FOSSIL FISHES.......Page 185
Spiral Disposition of Small Intestines.......Page 190
Impressions of the Mucous Membrane on Coprolites.......Page 191
Intestinal Structure of Fossil Fishes.......Page 194
SECTION VI. PLESIOSAURUS.......Page 198
Head.......Page 199
Neck.......Page 200
Back and Tail......Page 201
Ribs.......Page 203
Extremities.......Page 205
SECTION VII. MOSASAURUS, OR GREAT ANIMAL OF MAESTRICHT.......Page 209
SECTION VIII. PTERODACTYLE.......Page 214
SECTION IX. MEGALOSAURUS.......Page 224
SECTION X. IGUANODON.......Page 229
Teeth.......Page 233
SECTION XI. AMPHIBIOUS SAURIANS ALLIED TO CROCODILES.......Page 237
SECTION XII. FOSSIL TORTOISES, OR TESTUDINATA.......Page 242
SECTION XIII. FOSSIL FISHES.......Page 249
Sauroid Fishes in the Order Ganoid.......Page 257
Fishes in Strata of the Carboniferous Order.......Page 261
Fishes of the Magnesian Limestone, or Zechstein.......Page 263
Fishes of the Muschelkalk, Lias, and Oolite Formations.......Page 264
Fishes of the Chalk Formation.......Page 266
Fishes of the Tertiary Formations.......Page 267
Family of Sharks.......Page 269
Fossil Spines, or Ichthyodorulites.......Page 270
Fossil Rays.......Page 273
Conclusion.......Page 274
CHAPTER XV. Proofs of Design in the Fossil Remains of Mollusks......Page 276
SECTION I. FOSSIL UNIVALVE AND BIVALVE SHELLS.......Page 277
SECTION II. FOSSIL REMAINS OF NAKED MOLLUSKS, PENS, AND INK-BAGS OF LOLIGO.......Page 283
NAUTILUS.......Page 290
Mechanical Contrivances in the Nautilus.......Page 293
SECTION IV. AMMONITES.......Page 309
Geological Distribution of Ammonites.......Page 310
External Shell......Page 312
Transverse Plates, and Air Chambers.......Page 320
Siphuncle.......Page 325
Theory of Von Buch.......Page 327
Conclusion.......Page 329
SECTION V. NAUTILUS SYPHO, AND NAUTILUS ZIC ZAC.......Page 331
SECTION VI. CHAMBERED SHELLS ALLIED TO NAUTILUS AND AMMONITE.......Page 335
Orthoceratite, Pl. 44, Fig. 4.......Page 336
Baculite.......Page 338
Hamite.......Page 339
Scaphite.......Page 340
Turrilite.......Page 341
SECTION VII, Belemnitc,......Page 342
Conclusion.......Page 348
Nummulites.......Page 351
 FOSSIL ANNELIDANS.......Page 356
 FOSSIL CRUSTACEANS.......Page 357
Trilobites.......Page 358
Eyes of Trilobites.......Page 364
FOSSIL ARACHNIDANS.......Page 371
 Fossil Spiders.......Page 372
Fossil Scorpions.......Page 373
FOSSIL INSECTS.......Page 375
General Conclusions.......Page 378
CHAPTER XVII. Proofs of Design in the Structure of Fossil Radiated Animals, or Zoophytes.......Page 380
ECHINIDANS AND STELLERIDANS.......Page 381
CRINOIDEANS.......Page 382
Encrinites Moniliformis.......Page 386
Pentacrinite.......Page 396
Vertebral Column.......Page 397
Side Arms.......Page 400
Stomach.......Page 401
Body, Arms, and Fingers.......Page 403
SECTION II. FOSSIL REMAINS OF POLYPES.......Page 404
SECTION I. GENERAL HISTORY OF FOSSIL VEGETABLES.......Page 412
SECTION II. VEGETABLES IN STRATA OF THE TRANSITION SERIES.......Page 419
Equisetaceœ.......Page 420
Ferns.......Page 421
Lepidodendron.......Page 425
Sigillaria.......Page 428
Favularia. Megaphyton. Bothrodendron. Ulodendron.......Page 432
Stigmaria.......Page 433
Conclusion.......Page 436
Fossil Coniferæ.......Page 440
Fossil Cycadeæ.......Page 446
Mode of increase by Buds the same in recent and fossil Cycadeæ.......Page 454
 Fossil Pandaneæ.......Page 458
SECTION IV. VEGETABLES IN STRATA OF THE TERTIARY SERIES.......Page 461
Fossil Palms.......Page 465
Fossil Trunks of Palm Trees.......Page 467
 Fossil Palm leaves.......Page 471
Fossil Fruits of Palms.......Page 472
Conclusion.......Page 474
CHAPTER XIX. Proofs of Design in the Dispositions of Strata of the Carboniferous Order.......Page 477
CHAPTER XX. Proofs of Design in the Effects of Disturbing Forces on the Strata of the Earth.......Page 491
CHAPTER XXI. Advantageous Effect of Disturbing Forces in giving Origin to Mineral Veins.......Page 498
CHAPTER XXII. Adaptations of the Earth to afford supplies of water through the medium of Springs.......Page 505
Artesian Wells.......Page 510
CHAPTER XXIII. Proofs of Design in the Structure and Composition of unorganized Mineral Bodies.......Page 520
CHAPTER XXIV. Conclusion.......Page 528
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.......Page 543
ERRATA.......Page 547