Geologically Storing Carbon : Learning from the Otway Project Experience

Cover
Contents
Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Preface
Authors
Acknowledgements
1. Developing the Project
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Developing an Australian project
1.3 Developing a suitable corporate structure
1.4 Formation of CO2CRC Pilot Project LTD
1.5 Funding the project
1.6 Designing the Otway Project
1.7 Project liability and risk
1.8 Conclusions
1.9 References
2. Communications and the Otway Project
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Strategic communications and the Otway Project
2.3 Social research and the Otway Project
2.4 Operational issues relating to communications and the community
2.5 Conclusions
2.6 References
3. Government approvals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Challenges of regulating a pilot project
3.3 Impact assessment and planning approvals
3.4 Environmental authority approvals
3.5 Petroleum authority approvals
3.6 Water authority approvals
3.7 Land access and acquisition
3.8 Miscellaneous approvals
3.9 Transitional arrangements
3.10 Liability and responsibility
3.11 Stakeholder engagement
3.12 Conclusions
3.13 References
4. Design and operational considerations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Options for gas processing
4.3 Facilities and pipeline design considerations
4.4 Facilities design
4.5 Unanticipated operational problems
4.6 Conclusions
5. Characterising the storage site
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Site details
5.3 Injectivity
5.4 Capacity
5.5 Reservoir heterogeneity
5.6 Containment
5.7 Site analogue
5.8 The evolution of the static models
5.9 Conclusions
5.10 References
6. Evaluating CO2 column height retention of cap rocks
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Mercury injection capillary pressure
6.3 Methodology
6.4 Pore throat size determination
6.5 CO2 contact angle
6.6 Determination of sealcapacity or column height
6.7 Interpreting threshold(breakthrough) pressure
6.8 Results for CRC-1 and CRC-2
6.9 Conclusions
6.10 References
7. Geomechanical investigations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Key data for geomechanical assessment of the Otway site
7.3 Geomechanical workflow at the Otway site
7.4 3D geomechanical modelling
7.5 The Iona gas storage facility as an analogue for CO2 storage
7.6 Conclusions
7.7 References
8. Containment risk assessment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methodology
8.3 Risk assessment context
8.4 Storage complex
8.5 Risk items
8.6 Risk assessment output
8.7 Conclusions
8.8 References
9. Monitoring and verification
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Designing a monitoring programme
9.3 Designing the Otway monitoring programme
9.4 Evaluation of monitoring techniques
9.5 Conclusions
9.6 References
10. 2D and 3D seismic investigations for Stages 1 and 2C
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Modelling seismic response of injected CO2 in Stage 1
10.3 Modelling seismic response of CO2 leakage for 2C
10.4 Time-lapse repeatability in Stage 1
10.5 Time-lapse surface seismic monitoring for Stage 1
10.6 Downhole seismic methods for Stage 1
10.7 Laboratory studies of CO2 acoustic response as an adjunct to field studies
10.8 Conclusions
10.9 References
11. Seismic and microseismic monitoring
11.1 Introduction
11.2 High resolution travel time (HRTT) monitoring and offset VSP
11.3 Passive seismic monitoring
11.4 Microseismic monitoring using surface stations
11.5 Conclusions
11.6 References
12. Monitoring the geochemistry of reservoir fluids
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sampling the Buttress-1 well
12.3 Sampling the CRC-1 injection well
12.4 Sampling the Naylor-1 monitoring well
12.5 Injecting tracers at the CRC-1 injection well
12.6 Analytical methods
12.7 Composition of hydrocarbons
12.8 Formation water composition and behaviour
12.9 Constraining CO2 breakthrough
12.10 In-reservoir behaviour of tracers
12.11 Liquid hydrocarbons
12.12 Solid hydrocarbons
12.13 Conclusions
12.14 References
13. Monitoring groundwaters
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Monitoring groundwater level
13.3 Monitoring groundwater composition
13.4 Interpreting groundwater results
13.5 Groundwater composition
13.6 Operational issues relating to groundwater monitoring
13.7 Quality control
13.8 Conclusions
13.9 References
14. Soil gas monitoring
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Surficial geology
14.3 Soil gas sampling at Otway
14.4 Analysis of soil gas
14.5 Soil gas results
14.6 Interpretation of soil gas results
14.7 Conclusions
14.8 References
15. Atmospheric monitoring
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sensitivity
15.3 Simulated emissions and monitoring design
15.4 Background CO2
15.5 Data filtering
15.6 Bayesian inverse modelling
15.7 Conclusions
15.8 References
16. Reservoir engineering for Stage 1
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Description of field data
16.3 Well history
16.4 Well locations
16.5 Well completions
16.6 Initial pre-production conditions
16.7 Initial fluid compositions
16.8 Production data
16.9 Post-production conditions
16.10 Composition of injected gas
16.11 Downhole pressure and temperature during injection
16.12 Tracer injection
16.13 Gas and tracer sampling
16.14 Post-injection conditions
16.15 Simulation approach
16.16 Dynamic modelling process
16.17 Pre-injection modelling results
16.18 Injection and post-injection modelling results
16.19 Dynamic storage capacity of a depleted gas field
16.20 Conclusions
16.21 References
17. CO2CRC Otway Stage 2B residual saturation and dissolution test
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Test concept
17.3 Injection target
17.4 Test sequence
17.5 Downhole completion
17.6 Measurements
17.7 Surface data
17.8 Thermal logging
17.9 Noble gas tracer tests
17.10 Testing phases
17.11 Downhole data (memory gauges)
17.12 Downhole data (permanent gauges)
17.13 Pulsed neutron logging
17.14 The organic tracer test
17.15 The dissolution test
17.16 Conclusions
17.17 References
18. What was learned from the Otway Project?
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Organising a project
18.3 Managing a project
18.4 Funding a project
18.5 Project communications and collaboration
18.6 Regulating a project
18.7 Identifying a suitable project site
18.8 Deciding on project science
18.9 Deciding on project monitoring
18.10 Curating project data
18.11 Lessons for the future?
18.12 Conclusions
18.13 References
Index