Geological Resources of Tierra del Fuego (Springer Geology)

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
An Introduction to the Geology of Tierra del Fuego
	1 Introduction
	2 Mesozoic Rifting Stage and Back-Arc Basin Development
	3 Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic Contraction: Back-Arc Basin Closure and Foreland Basin Development
	4 Oroclinal Bending and Rupture of the South America–Antarctica Continental Bridge
	5 Late Neogene–Recent Strike-Slip Faulting: The Magallanes–Fagnano Transform System
	6 Late Cenozoic Landscape Evolution of Tierra del Fuego
	References
Beatriz Mine: A Polymetallic Massive Occurrence in Tierra del Fuego
	1 Introduction
	2 Regional Geological Setting
	3 Local Geology
	4 Mineralization
		4.1 Massive Sulfide Mineralizations
		4.2 Stockwork and Dissemination
	5 Geochemical and Isotopic Data
		5.1 Chemical Data of Sulfide Minerals
		5.2 Lead and Sulfur Isotopes
	6 Final Remarks
	References
A Review of the Arroyo Rojo VMS Deposit, Tierra del Fuego
	1 Introduction
	2 Location
	3 Geological Setting
	4 Ore
	5 Research
	6 Structures and Lithology
	7 Morphology of Ore Deposits
	8 Mineralization and Textures
		8.1 Pyrite
		8.2 Sphalerite, Galena, Chalcopyrite and Pyrrhotite
	9 Hydrothermal Alterations
	10 Socioeconomical Remarks
	11 Conclusions
	References
Ornamental Rocks from Tierra del Fuego
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Description of the Studied Rocks
		3.1 Ushuaia Pluton
		3.2 Dacites of the Ushuaia Peninsula
		3.3 The Granitoids of Cerro Jeu-Jepén
		3.4 Intrusive of Mount Kranck
		3.5 Moat Dioritic Pluton
		3.6 The Lemaire Formation
		3.7 The Slates of the Yahgán Formation
		3.8 The Marine Tertiary Sandstones of the Steppe
		3.9 The Erratic Blocks of Granodioritic Composition of Punta Sinaí
	4 Petrophysical Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Aggregates in Tierra del Fuego: Morphogenesis and Distribution
	1 Introduction
	2 Glaciations and Interglacial Periods in Tierra Del Fuego
	3 Aggregates and Relief
		3.1 Landforms and Deposits of Glacial and Glacio-Fluvial Origin
		3.2 Landforms and Deposits of Marine Origin
	4 Final Remarks
	References
Didactic Tools in the Scope of Physical Geography in the Provincia de Tierra Del Fuego
	1 Introduction
	2 Ancient Dilemmas: Physical Geography Versus Human Geography
		2.1 General Versus Specific Didactics
		2.2 The Image as a Didactic Tool in Geography
	3 Image Origin
	4 Field Outputs
	5 Fieldwork
	References
Teaching Earth Sciences in the Provincial Educational System of Tierra del Fuego
	1 Introduction
	2 Project and Development
	References
History of Gold in Tierra del Fuego
	1 Introduction
	2 First Gold Background, the Protagonists
	3 Historical Notes of Julius Popper, from Bucharest, Romania to Buenos Aires, Argentina
	4 Julius Popper, Buenos Aires to Cabo Vírgenes, Santa Cruz, Argentina, and the Gold of the Patagonian Coasts 1885–1886
	5 Popper Expedition to Tierra del Fuego. First Record Gold Mines, 1886–1887
	6 Conference at the Argentine Geographic Institute (IGA), Popper 1887
	7 South Golden Washing Sites. “El Páramo” Mining Establishment. San Sebastián Police Station, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, 1887–1890
	8 Tierra del Fuego, El Páramo, and the Production of Gold. Baker, US Consular Report 1888; and Popper’s Gold Ingot, Presented at the Universal Exhibition in Paris, France 1889
	9 The Battle for the Fuegian Gold in the Beta Stream, and the Straw Scarecrows. The Moor, 01/08/1889
	10 Historical Gold Mining Labor Document, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, April 1889
	11 The “Gold Harvester,” Popper 1889–1890
	12 Coining Tierra del Fuego
		12.1 Native Gold Coins from Tierra del Fuego
		12.2 Roman Organization and Methods in the Exploitation of Gold in El Páramo in Tierra del Fuego. Claude Domergue, Tolouse, France, 1996
		12.3 Amalgamation, Furnace, Muffle and French Foundry Crucibles. El Páramo, 1889
		12.4 Gold and Platinum Title in El Páramo, Popper-Kyle 1889–1890
		12.5 Letter from Popper to Bartolito Mitre 1892, Accompanying the Gold Coins of Tierra del Fuego
		12.6 Description of the Popper Reprimand, Juan Ángel Fariní. 1953
		12.7 Coinage of “El Páramo” 1889
		12.8 Coinage Mint House Buenos Aires
	13 Gold Coins of Popper, Historical and Numismatic Museum “Héctor Carlos Janson,” 2017
	14 Controversial Duplication of the Gram of Gold Popper, Ushuaia, 1994. Research Guevara
		14.1 First Classification of the Dies of the Gold Coins of Popper. Guevara 2002
	15 Classification of the Dies of Gold Coins Popper 1891. Update of the Synoptic Chart, Guevara 2019
	16 Numismatic Visit to the MFM, Ushuaia. Craft Dies First Token (Gold Token) Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, Hanscom/Guevara, 2004
	17 Origin and Production of Fuegian Gold in the 2nd. Popper Conference, 1891
	18 Interconfesional Mining Cemetery of the Establishment of El Páramo
	19 The Stamp of Tierra del Fuego, First and Only Local, Private and Mining Seal of 10 Gold Cents of the Argentine Republic, 1891
	20 Mysterious Death of Julius Popper, Buenos Aires 06/06/1893
		20.1 Did He Die as a Victim of a Conspiracy? the 25 Gold Mines and the Testamentary
	21 The Final Destination of the 1893 Popper Gold Mines— “in Aeternum”
		21.1 The Germans in El Páramo 1891–1904
		21.2 El Páramo, First Antecedent of the Cooperative Mining Associativism of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, 1893–1904. Guevara Research
		21.3 North American Ransom Expedition to Slogged Bay, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. First Historical Antecedent of Gold Mechanization, 1896–1897
		21.4 Transfers of the Gold Mines of Popper, Belfort, Glade, Unwir and Cullen 1902–1953
		21.5 Famatina Gold Dredger, Sloggett Bay 1905–1908
		21.6 The Return of the Croatians to Popper’S Páramo. Tadic Tadic, Mina María, and the Gold Production of the Sector, Recorded in the Official Records, 1935–1945
		21.7 Popper’s Gold Mines, Bureaucratic End October 1953
		21.8 The Golden Destiny “in Aeternum” of Tierra del Fuego
	22 Conclusions
	References
Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados Peatlands
	1 Introduction
	2 Previous Works About Peatlands Classification in Tierra del Fuego
	3 Peatlands at Isla de Los Estados
	4 Origin and Main Features of Tierra del Fuego Peatlands
	5 Plant Composition
		5.1 Harberton Bog
		5.2 Moat Bog
		5.3 Río Turbio Fen
	6 Changes in  Composition of  Peat-Forming Vegetation  over Time: The Case of Harberton Bog
	7 Peat Mining and Commercial Value
	8 Final Remarks
	References
Lakes and Glaciers from Fuegian Andes. Morphology, Distribution and Origin
	1 Introduction
	2 The Glaciers of the Argentine Sector of the Fuegian Andes
	3 Lakes in the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
		3.1 Geomorphological Distribution of Lakes
	4 Lakes in Isla de los Estados
	5 Time Windows of Lakes Formation
	6 Final Considerations
	References
Geophysical Methods Applied to the Study of Lakes and PaleoLakes in Tierra del Fuego
	1 Introduction
	2 Geologic Setting
		2.1 Udaeta Lake
		2.2 Río Valdez
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Udaeta Lake
		4.2 Río Valdez
	5 Discussion and Conclusions
		5.1 Udaeta Lake
		5.2 Río Valdez
	References
Geological and Geographic Resources Among Hunter-Gatherers of Tierra del Fuego: A View from Archaeological and Ethnographic Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Fuegian People
	3 Materials and Methods
	4 The Study of Lithic Raw Materials in Archaeological Research
	5 A History Written on the Landscape
	6 Results
		6.1 Behavior Written in Stone: Geological Resources and Hunter-Gatherer Decision-Making
		6.2 A Land Built with Stories: Exploring Narratives on Ancient Landscapes of Tierra del Fuego
	7 Discussion
	8 Conclusions
	References
Geotourism—Interpretation—Ethnogeology: Extraordinary Geological Resources in Tierra del Fuego
	1 Introduction
	2 But What Is Geological Tourism or Geotourism?
	3  All that Blitters is not Gold!
	4 Some Important Notes About Interpretation
		4.1 Visitors’ Interests
		4.2 Interpretation as a User-Friendly Management and Geoconservation Tool
		4.3 Either the Interpreter Believes It, or It Almost Certainly Will not Work
	5 What About Ethnogeology?
	6 Examples of Geotouristic Resources in Tierra del Fuego
	7 Geotouristic Heritage that Cannot Be Touched
	8 Julius Popper or the Romanian Engineer Who Cured His “Ailment” in Tierra del Fuego. Intangible Fueguine Geological Heritage. Sickness? Gold Rush
	9 Differentiating Between Geodidactic and Geotouristic Is Important
	10 Conclusions
	References
A Geological Heritage Itinerary Across the Andes in the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
	1 Introduction
	2 Geographic and Geological Context
	3 Geotourism and Sustainable Development
	4 Geoconservation and Geotourism in Tierra Del Fuego
	5 Dissemination Strategy Based on Geodiversity
	6 Work Methodology: Selection of Geodiversity Elements Suitable for Geotourism
	7 Scientific Value of Local Geodiversity
	8 Geozones with Potential Use for Geoturism
	9 Conclusions
	References
Differential Uplifting Rates Across the Magellan Fault: Interactions Between South American and Scotia Plates
	1 Introduction
	2 Geology, Tectonics and Seismicity
	3 Glaciations
	4 Climate, Tides and Waves
	5 Seismicity
	6 Methods
	7 Results
		7.1 Long-Term Uplifting Trend of Northern Tierra Del Fuego
		7.2 Holocene Sequences from Northern Tierra del Fuego
		7.3 Long-Term Uplifting Trend of Southern Tierra Del Fuego
		7.4 Holocene Sequences of Southern Tierra Del Fuego
	8 Discussion
	9 Conclusions
	References
Paleomagnetic and Magnetic Studies of Quaternary Units in Tierra del Fuego, the South Atlantic Islands and Southern Patagonia
	1 Introduction
	2 Paleomagnetic Studies of Lava Flows
	3 Paleomagnetic Studies from Glaciolacustrine Sediments
	4 Paleomagnetism of Lake Sediments in Argentina
		4.1 First Stage
		4.2 Second Stage
	5 Paleomagnetic Studies from Sedimentary Sequences
	6 Environmental Magnetism Study of Holocene Sediments and Paleosol Sequence in Tierra del Fuego
	7 Final Remarks
	References
Provenance of the Coastal Sands of the Western Scotia Plate: Tierra del Fuego and Antarctic Peninsula
	1 Introduction
	2 Geological Setting
	3 Methods
	4 Results
		4.1 Tierra Del Fuego (South American-Scotia Plates Transition)
		4.2 South Orkney and South Shetland Islands
		4.3 Antarctic Plate
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
An Overview on the Mineral Resources of the Argentine Antarctic Sector
	1 Introduction
	2 Argentine and the Sovereignty
	3 Ice as a Water Resource
	4 Mineral Resources of Antarctica
	5 What Does the Antarctic Treaty Say About Mining?
	6 Some Other Mineral Resources
		6.1 Coal
		6.2 Iron
		6.3 Copper and Lead
		6.4 Chromium
		6.5 Zinc
		6.6 Manganese Nodules
		6.7 Titanium
		6.8 Uranium
		6.9 Rare-Earth Elements
	7 Final Considerations
	References
Meteorites Found in the Argentine Antarctic Sector
	1 Synthesis
Acidity and Alkalinity as Foundational Parameters in the Ordering of Eruptive Rocks and Some Fuegian Examples
	1 Introduction
	2 A Simple Framework of Eruptive Rocks
	3 Addendum About the Potassic and Sodic Trends as Alkaline Elements in Common Minerals
	References
Correction to: Geotourism—Interpretation—Ethnogeology: Extraordinary Geological Resources in Tierra del Fuego
	Correction to:  Chapter “Geotourism—Interpretation—Ethnogeology: Extraordinary Geological Resources in Tierra del Fuego” in: R. D. Acevedo (ed.),  Geological Resources of Tierra del Fuego, Springer Geology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60683-113