Geoinformatics

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgement......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Section I: Geoinformatics......Page 18
  1.1 Mutual Relationship of Components of Geoinformatics......Page 20
Section II: Plane Surveying......Page 22
   2.1.2 Principle of Surveying......Page 24
  2.2 Definitions of Some Basic Terms......Page 25
  2.3 Concept of Errors in Surveying......Page 26
   2.3.1 Classification of Errors......Page 27
   2.3.3 Propagation of Errors......Page 28
   3.1.1 Distance Measurements by Direct Method......Page 29
   3.1.2 Distance Measurements by Indirect Methods......Page 31
   3.1.3 Distance Measurements with EDM......Page 35
  4.1 Classification of Angles and Directions......Page 36
   4.1.2 Azimuths......Page 37
   4.1.3 Deflection Angles......Page 38
   4.2.1 Main Parts of a Theodolite......Page 39
   4.2.2 Definitions of Some Technical Terms......Page 40
   4.2.3 Geometry of Theodolite......Page 41
   4.2.5 Horizontal Angle Measurement with a Theodolite......Page 42
   4.2.7 Miscellaneous Field Operations with a Theodolite......Page 44
  4.3 Magnetic Compass......Page 45
   4.3.2 Local Attraction......Page 46
   5.1.1 Direct Differential Levelling......Page 47
   5.1.2 Indirect or Trigonometric Levelling......Page 52
   5.1.3 Barometric Levelling......Page 53
  6.2 Concept of Contours and Contour Gradient......Page 54
  6.3 Characteristics of Contours......Page 56
   6.4.2 Indirect Method......Page 58
  6.5 Uses of Contours......Page 59
  7.1 Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 60
  7.3 Plane Table and Accessories......Page 61
  7.6 Setting up the Plane Table......Page 63
  7.7 Orienting the Plane Table......Page 64
   7.8.2 Intersection......Page 66
   7.8.4 Resection......Page 67
  7.9 Errors in Plane Tabling......Page 71
  8.2 Types of Traverses......Page 72
   8.2.2 Closed Traverse......Page 73
  8.4 Traverse Procedure......Page 74
  8.5 Computation of Coordinates......Page 75
   8.6.1 Bowditch’s Method......Page 77
   8.6.2 Graphical Method......Page 78
Section III: Photogrammetry......Page 80
  9.1 Types of Photogrammetry......Page 82
  9.3 Merits and Demerits of Photogrammetry......Page 83
  9.4 Limitation of Photogrammetry in Land Surveying......Page 84
  10.1 Aerial Photographs......Page 85
   10.2.1 Photocoordinate System......Page 88
   10.2.2 Definitions of Technical Terms......Page 90
   10.2.4 Scale of a Vertical Photograph......Page 91
   10.2.5 Ground Coordinates from a Vertical Photograph......Page 93
   10.2.6 Relief Displacement on a Vertical Photograph......Page 94
   10.3.1 Overlaps......Page 95
   10.3.2 Computation of Flight Plan......Page 97
  11.1 Stereoscopic Vision and Depth Perception......Page 100
  11.2 Stereoscopic Viewing of Photographs......Page 101
  11.3 Parallax in Stereoscopic Views......Page 103
   11.3.3 Measurement of Parallax......Page 104
   11.3.4 Concept of Floating Mark in Measurement of Parallax......Page 105
  11.4 Aerial Photointerpretation......Page 106
Section IV: Remote Sensing......Page 108
  12.1 Principle of Remote Sensing......Page 110
  12.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Remote Sensing......Page 111
  12.4 Applications of Remote Sensing......Page 112
  13.1 Electromagnetic Energy......Page 113
  13.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum and its Characteristics......Page 114
  13.3 Electromagnetic Energy Interaction......Page 115
  13.4 Resolution......Page 117
  13.5 Image Histogram......Page 118
  13.6 Pure and Mixed Pixels......Page 119
  14.1 Broad Classifications of Sensors and Platforms......Page 121
   14.2.1 Land Observation Satellites and Sensors......Page 122
   14.2.2 High Resolution Sensors......Page 123
   14.2.4 Radarsat-1......Page 124
   14.2.5 Weather Satellites......Page 125
  15.1 Data Reception, Transmission, and Processing......Page 127
   15.2.1 Digital Data......Page 128
   15.2.2 Tape Format......Page 129
   15.2.3 Data Products......Page 131
  16.1 Image Interpretation......Page 132
   16.1.2 Image Characteristics......Page 133
   16.1.5 Image Interpretation Keys......Page 134
  16.2 Digital Image Processing (DIP)......Page 135
   16.2.3 Image Transformation......Page 136
   16.2.4 Image Classification......Page 137
   16.2.6 Data Merging and GIS Integration......Page 139
   16.3.3 Panchromatic Image......Page 140
   16.3.4 Multispectral Image......Page 141
   16.3.5 Colour Composite Image......Page 142
  17.1 More about The Application of Remote Sensing Data......Page 146
  17.2 Land Use and Land Cover Mapping......Page 147
  17.3 Ground Water Mapping......Page 148
  17.4 Disaster Management......Page 150
Section V: Geographic Information System......Page 152
  18.1 Definition of GIS......Page 154
  18.2 Components of GIS......Page 155
  18.3 Understanding the GIS......Page 156
  19.1 Input Data and Sources......Page 157
   19.2.7 Attribute Data Tagging......Page 158
  19.3 Layer Concept of Data Storage in GIS......Page 159
  19.5 Georeferencing of GIS Data......Page 160
  19.7 Spatial Data Models and Structure......Page 161
  19.8 GIS Database and Database Management System......Page 162
  19.9 Topology......Page 163
  19.10 Types of Output Products......Page 165
  19.11 Spatial Data Analysis......Page 166
  20.1 Problem Identification......Page 167
  20.4 Identifying Implementation Problem......Page 168
  20.6 Project Evaluation......Page 169
   20.7.1 Site Suitability for Urban Planning......Page 170
   20.7.2 Road Accident Analysis......Page 171
Section VI: Global Positioning System......Page 174
  21.2 Advantages of GPS over Traditional Surveying......Page 176
  21.4 GPS a New Utility......Page 177
  22.1 Principles of GPS Working......Page 178
   22.1.2 Measuring Distance from a Satellite......Page 179
   22.1.3 Atomic Clock and Determination of Position......Page 181
  23.0 Introduction......Page 182
  23.1 Space Segment......Page 183
   23.1.2 Satellite Signals......Page 184
  23.2 Control Segment......Page 185
   23.2.1 Master Control Station......Page 186
  23.3 User Segment......Page 187
  24.1 GPS Receivers and its Features......Page 188
   24.1.1 Surveying Receivers......Page 189
   24.1.2 Receivers by Method of Operation......Page 190
  24.2 GPS Errors......Page 191
  25.2 GPS Surveying Techniques......Page 192
   25.2.1 Rapid-static GPS Surveying......Page 193
   25.2.2 Stop-and-Go GPS Surveying......Page 194
   25.2.3 Kinematic GPS Surveying......Page 195
  25.3 Real-time GPS Surveying and Mapping Techniques......Page 196
   25.3.2 RTK-GPS Technique......Page 197
Index......Page 200