Geohazards and Disaster Risk Reduction: Multidisciplinary and Integrated Approaches

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I: Geohazards and Disaster Prevention: Approaches and Case Studies
	Chapter 1: Social Vulnerability and Geohazards: Review and Implications
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Extreme Geohazards: Mechanism and Characteristics
			1.2.1 Flood Due to Extreme Water Events
			1.2.2 Earthquake
			1.2.3 Landslide
			1.2.4 Sinkhole (Natural and Anthropogenic)
			1.2.5 Subsidence
		1.3 Societal Impacts of Geo-Disasters
			1.3.1 Before Disaster
				1.3.1.1 Perception of Disaster Risk
				1.3.1.2 Disaster Preparedness
				1.3.1.3 Responses to Warning Communication
			1.3.2 During Disaster
				1.3.2.1 Housing and Homelessness
				1.3.2.2 Residence in Areas at High Risk of Disaster Effects
				1.3.2.3 Financial Effects
			1.3.3 After Disaster
				1.3.3.1 Difficulty of Obtaining and Receiving Aid
				1.3.3.2 Lack of Access to Housing
				1.3.3.3 Stress Associated with Lack of Resources
				1.3.3.4 Greater Prevalence of Distress and Depression
				1.3.3.5 Posttraumatic Stress
				1.3.3.6 Physical Health and Health Problems
		1.4 Case Studies of the Social and Economic Impact of Geo-Disasters
			1.4.1 Hurricane Katrina (Levee System Failure): New Orleans Case Study
				1.4.1.1 During Disaster (from Perspectives of Damage, Evacuation)
				1.4.1.2 After Disaster (from the Perspective of Posttraumatic Stress)
			1.4.2 Socioeconomic Impacts of Haiti Earthquake
				1.4.2.1 Shelter
				1.4.2.2 Impact on the Economy
				1.4.2.3 Impact on Education
			1.4.3 The Economic Loss due to Newcastle Earthquake
			1.4.4 Sinkholes
		1.5 Discussion on Differential Impacts of Geohazards in Social Vulnerability
		1.6 Conclusion and Recommendation
		References
	Chapter 2: Representations of Catastrophe Victims in Journalistic Narration: L´Aquila Earthquake of 2009
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Semantic Evolution of the Word ``Victim´´
		2.3 Representation of Victims as Martyrs: The Case of L´Aquila Earthquake
		2.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Perception of the Self-Exposure to Geohazards in the Italian Coastal Population of the Adriatic Basin
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Methods
			3.2.1 Study Areas
		3.3 Data Collection
		3.4 Data Analysis
		3.5 Results and Discussion
			3.5.1 Influence of Personal Factors and Climate Risk Awareness on the Perception of Self-Exposure to Geohazards
				3.5.1.1 Lignano Sabbiadoro (Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region)
				3.5.1.2 Montemarciano (Marche Region)
				3.5.1.3 Brindisi (Puglia Region)
			3.5.2 Influence of the Proximity to the Coast on the Perception of Self-Exposure to Geohazards
				3.5.2.1 Lignano Sabbiadoro (Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region)
				3.5.2.2 Montemarciano (Marche Region)
				3.5.2.3 Brindisi (Puglia Region)
			3.5.3 Overview on Factors Influencing the Perception of Self-Exposure to Geohazards Along the Italian Adriatic Coasts
		3.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Urban Transformation, Collective Memory, and Disaster Preparedness: A Case from Turkey
		4.1 Introduction
			4.1.1 Urban Transformation and Disaster Management
			4.1.2 Disaster Preparedness
			4.1.3 Past Experiences and Collective Memory of Disasters
			4.1.4 The 1999 Marmara Earthquake
			4.1.5 Earthquakes in Balkesir
			4.1.6 Research Question and Method
			4.1.7 Findings of Household Characteristics
			4.1.8 Findings Related to Disaster Preparedness
		4.2 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Perceptions and Practices of Disaster Governance in Countries with Long History of Centralized Administration: A Ca...
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Literature Overview
			5.2.1 Disaster Management and Preparedness
			5.2.2 The Role of Local Governments/Municipalities in Disaster Preparedness
		5.3 Research Methods and Techniques
			5.3.1 Purpose and Problem of the Research
			5.3.2 Research Method and Process
		5.4 Findings
			5.4.1 Risk Analysis: ``It Has a Cost´´
			5.4.2 Database on Disadvantaged Groups: ``I Don´t Think We Have a Healthy Data´´
			5.4.3 Information on Disaster Material Requirements: ``We Provide Whatever Assistance Is Requested from Us´´
			5.4.4 Awareness-Raising Activities: ``A New Generation Is Coming with Its Consciousness Right Now´´
			5.4.5 Disaster Response Plan: ``That Plan Will Come from AFAD and We Will Be Involved in It´´
			5.4.6 Disasters and Inter-Institutional Cooperation: ``We Mobilize Very Well When Necessary´´
			5.4.7 The Central Role of AFAD: ``We Learned This on August 17th´´
			5.4.8 Cooperation with Civil Society: ``Let Me Be Clear, NGOs Are Not Very Active´´
		5.5 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 6: Reducing the Risk from Asbestos in the Built Environment During Natural Hazard Events
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Types of Asbestos
		6.3 Sources of Asbestos
		6.4 Uses of Asbestos
		6.5 Asbestos as a Hazard
		6.6 Reducing the Asbestos Threat from Earthquakes, Cyclones, Floods, and Tsunamis
			6.6.1 Elements of Disaster Risk Management
			6.6.2 Preparedness and Risk Reduction
			6.6.3 Asbestos-Aware Response and Recovery
		6.7 Conclusions
		References
Part II: Climate Change Perspectives
	Chapter 7: Communicating Weather Risk in the Twenty-First Century: Approaches Using Video Games and Virtual Reality
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Data and Methodology
		7.3 Results
		7.4 Discussion
		7.5 Conclusions
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 8: Assessing Coastal Flood Impact on Buildings: A Climate Change Perspective from the Developing Nation
		8.1 Understanding the Impact of Changing Climate on Coastal Flooding
		8.2 Assessing Coastal Flood Impact: A Perspective from a Developing Nation
			8.2.1 Climate Change and Disaster Mitigation Policy of the Government
			8.2.2 Challenge in Estimating Coastal Flood Impact in a Data-Scarce Region
		8.3 Multivariate Building Damage Assessment Model for Vernacular Buildings
			8.3.1 Research Methodology
			8.3.2 Results and Discussion
			8.3.3 Analysing Spatial Damage Post-Cyclone Yass
		8.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Coping with Disasters: What Place Names Can Tell Us About Anthropocene and Climate Change
		9.1 Nomina Sunt Consequentia Rerum: A Name, A Destiny
		9.2 An Ethnographic Case: La Saxe
		9.3 Recurring Events
		9.4 Saints and Holy Places
		9.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 10: Climate Change and the Rising Disaster Risk in Africa
		10.1 Climate Change
			10.1.1 Climate Change Mitigation
			10.1.2 Adaptation
			10.1.3 Loss and Damage
		10.2 Disaster Risk
		10.3 Climate Change´s Impacts on Disaster Risk in Africa
			10.3.1 100 Years of Climate-Related Disasters in Africa: 1920-2019
			10.3.2 The ENSO Events: 1920-2019
			10.3.3 ENSO and the Anthropogenic Changing Climate
			10.3.4 Neo-normal Disaster Risk Paradigm
				10.3.4.1 Being Overtaken by Events
				10.3.4.2 Heightened Vulnerability, Exposure and Dwindling Coping Capacities
				10.3.4.3 Neo-normal Disaster Risk Paradigm: A Prophecy Comes True
			10.3.5 Re-conceptualising Resilience in Neo-normal Disaster Risk Paradigm
			10.3.6 Re-politicising CCA and DRR to Counter Neo-normal Disaster Risk Paradigm
		10.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Water and Geohazards in Lower Casamance: Risk Perception and Prevention Strategies of the Populations in the Baïla...
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Study Area
		11.3 Data and Methods
			11.3.1 Choice of Villages for the Survey
			11.3.2 Choice of the Population to Be Interviewed and Analysis of the Research
		11.4 Results and Discussion
			11.4.1 Risks in the Baïla Marigot Basin
				11.4.1.1 Perceptions of Variations in the Precipitation Regime
				11.4.1.2 Perceptions of Water Storage and Quality Characteristics in the Baïla Marigot
				11.4.1.3 Perceptions of Degradation of Other Natural Resources and Other Constraints in the Baïla Marigot Basin
			11.4.2 Strategies and Action Plans for Prevention and Preparedness of Local Communities
				11.4.2.1 Strategies for Dealing with Climate Risks in the Area
				11.4.2.2 Water Resources Management Strategies in the Area
		11.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: The Risk of Marine Erosion in Tunisian Beaches: A Retrospective Reading for a Prospective Vision
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Beaches that Apparently Nothing Predisposed to Important Marine Erosion
		12.3 A Risk Not Limited to Managed Coasts and Perceived for More than a Century
			12.3.1 Various Evidences and Indicators
			12.3.2 What Conclusions?
		12.4 An Inexorable Growing Risk, Especially Since the 1980s
			12.4.1 A Growing Human Responsibility
			12.4.2 An Erosion at Rapid Pace
		12.5 The Documents Do Not Reveal Everything and Can Sometimes Mislead
			12.5.1 The Corniche Beach of Bizerte
			12.5.2 The Case of the Skanès Coast
		12.6 A Negative Assessment at Different Levels: Beaches Often Unarmed to Face the Challenges of the Future
			12.6.1 With Regard to the General State of the Beaches
			12.6.2 With Regard to the Evolution of the Occupation of the Coast and the Attitude of Officials and Decision-Makers
				12.6.2.1 About Coast Occupation´s Evolution and Decision-Makers´ Attitude
				12.6.2.2 Delay in Soft Protection Methods´ Adoption and Prospective Approaches
		12.7 Conclusion: Tunisia´s Sandy Beaches Leave Weak in the Fight Against the Predicted Sea-Level Rise
		References
	Chapter 13: African Indigenous Understanding of Climate Change and Disaster Risk Nexus
		13.1 Indignity and the Science
		13.2 Indignity and Climate Change Discourses: Global Perspectives
			13.2.1 Indigenous Observations of Changing Climate
			13.2.2 Indigenous Resilience Practices
			13.2.3 Credibility of Indigenous Knowledge
			13.2.4 Integrating Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the Science
			13.2.5 Challenges in Integrating Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge
		13.3 African Indigenous Narrative on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Nexus
			13.3.1 The Weather Is out of Mezzan (Balance or Equilibrium)
			13.3.2 ``We Are So Tired´´
			13.3.3 More Months of Droughts than Rainfalls
			13.3.4 Extreme Rain or Dryness
			13.3.5 Superficial Rains
			13.3.6 Humankind Disturbs God and Ancestors
		13.4 Indigenous Management of Risk of Climate Change and Variability
			13.4.1 Predicting Climate Hazards
			13.4.2 African Indigenous Resilience Wisdom for Managing Climate Crisis
				13.4.2.1 Kulang´s Resilience Model
				13.4.2.2 El majel: A Coping Mechanism to Extreme Weather Events in Tunisia
				13.4.2.3 Diversifying Livelihood Options
				13.4.2.4 Collective Resilience
				13.4.2.5 Resilient Infrastructure
		13.5 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Resilience and Disaster Preparedness
	Chapter 14: Building Resilience in Times of New Global Challenges: A Focus on Six Main Attributes
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Analysis of Resilience Attributes
			14.2.1 Safety
			14.2.2 Robustness
			14.2.3 Adaptive Capacity
			14.2.4 Sustainability
			14.2.5 Governance
			14.2.6 Anamnesis
		14.3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 15: Community Resilience Through Recovery: Capacity Building and Sustainability
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Relationship Between Community-Based Recovery and Resilience
		15.3 Influential Factors in Community Recovery and Subsequent Trends
		15.4 Communities´ Recovery Experiences in GEJET
			15.4.1 Influential Factors in GEJET Recovery
		15.5 Recovery Operations and Activities
			15.5.1 Damage Reduction Measures
				15.5.1.1 Miyagi Prefecture
				15.5.1.2 Iwate Prefecture
			15.5.2 Community Activities in Affected Areas
				15.5.2.1 Miyagi Prefecture
				15.5.2.2 Iwate Prefecture
		15.6 Recovery Trends
		15.7 Opportunities and Challenges of GEJET
		15.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 16: Community Resilience Through Local Action: AKAH´s Winter Preparedness and Avalanche Readiness Programme
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 The Aga Khan Agency for Habitat (AKAH)
		16.3 Snow Avalanche: Dominant Winter Hazard
		16.4 AKAH´s Winter Preparedness and Avalanche Readiness Programme
		16.5 Programme Framework
			16.5.1 Pre-Avalanche Season
				16.5.1.1 Identifying and Prioritising Avalanche-Prone Settlements
				16.5.1.2 Village Disaster Management Plan (VDMP)
				16.5.1.3 Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)/Volunteers
				16.5.1.4 Community Awareness and Education
				16.5.1.5 Emergency Communication
				16.5.1.6 Weather Monitoring Posts (WMPs)
				16.5.1.7 Capacity Building and Drills
				16.5.1.8 Stockpiles
				16.5.1.9 Mitigation Projects
				16.5.1.10 Self-Evaluation Exercise
			16.5.2 During an Avalanche Season
				16.5.2.1 Weather and Avalanche Advisory Service
				16.5.2.2 Monitoring of WMP Performance
			16.5.3 Post-Avalanche Season
				16.5.3.1 Reflection and Learning
		16.6 Recommendation and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Civic Resilience: Botanical Gardens in North America, Birth, Development, and Environmental Awareness
		17.1 Introduction: Origins of the `Columbian Exchange´
		17.2 Botanical Gardens
		17.3 The Network
		17.4 Botanical Gardens in New York
		17.5 Botanical Gardens and the City
		17.6 The Botanical Garden: An Urban Artwork
		17.7 Actions in the Garden
		17.8 Some Experiences, in Europe and America
		17.9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Measuring Willingness to Pay for Community-Based Resilience Training in the Southeast USA
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Review of Economic Analyses of Community-Based Resilience Programs
		18.3 Why Use Contingent Valuation for Valuing Community-Based Resilience Programs
		18.4 Contingent Valuation Estimation and Design
		18.5 Estimation Strategy for WTP
		18.6 Parameter Estimates for Explanations of Being WTP
		18.7 WTP Estimates and Aggregation
		18.8 Discussion
		18.9 Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 19: Where There Is Smoke: Normalizing Community Preparedness and Geohazard Resilience: A Wildfire Perspective
		19.1 Introduction
			19.1.1 The Big Picture: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
		19.2 Some Theory of Motivation
			19.2.1 Importance of the Social Microclimate
			19.2.2 Dependent Others
			19.2.3 The Awareness-Preparedness Gap
		19.3 Giving People Time: Workplace Leave
		19.4 Giving People Money: Financial Incentives and Awards
			19.4.1 Rewarding Best Practice
			19.4.2 Fire-Safe Seminars
			19.4.3 Value Adding
			19.4.4 Insurance Premiums
			19.4.5 Civic Awards: From Individuals to Whole Towns
			19.4.6 Farmers
		19.5 The Social Microclimate
		19.6 Decision-Making, Adaptive Rewards, and Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA)
			19.6.1 In Summary
		References
	Chapter 20: Istanbul Resilience Approach Against Earthquake
		20.1 The Authenticity of Modern-Day Is the Urban Life
		20.2 Urban Resilience Characteristics
		20.3 What Is Urban Resilience?
		20.4 When Does Earthquake as a Natural Event Turn into Disaster?
		20.5 lstanbul and Earthquake
		20.6 Some Projects and Implementations for Istanbul Against Earthquake
		20.7 Istanbul Must Foster Its Resilient Ability, Capability, or Capacity
			20.7.1 Check the Earthquake Realities of Istanbul
			20.7.2 Check the Potential Secondary Hazards and Disaster Risk Dynamics Related to Earthquake
			20.7.3 Check the Urban Resilience Characteristics of Istanbul for Earthquake Threat
		20.8 Istanbul Resilience Approach Against Earthquake
		20.9 Istanbul Sustainable Resilience Strategy Against Earthquake
		References
Part IV: Pandemic, Vulnerabilities and Ethics
	Chapter 21: The Covid-19 Protection Index (CPI) as a Way to Identify Vulnerabilities and Disparities Across Brazilian Territor...
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Methodology
		21.3 CPI Applications
			21.3.1 Mapping the Vulnerable Regions
			21.3.2 Simulating the Pandemic in Unequal Territories
			21.3.3 Territorial Vulnerabilities and Covid-19 Vaccination
		21.4 Final Considerations
		Supplementary Material
		References
	Chapter 22: The Social Vulnerability Index: A Literature Review
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Case Studies on the Construction of a Social Vulnerability Index on National and Local Scales
		22.3 Case Studies on Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and Natural Hazards
		22.4 Case Studies on the Social Vulnerability Index to COVID-19
		22.5 Brief Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 23: Geoethics, Environmental Law and the Necessary Dialogue Between Knowledges
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Towards a Definition of Geoethics
		23.3 Geoethics, Morality and Environmental Law
		23.4 Anthropocene and Ecological Humanism
		23.5 The Contribution of Geoethics
		23.6 The Necessary Interaction Between Disciplines
		23.7 Geoethics and Law
		23.8 Conclusions
		References