Geographic Information: Value, Pricing, Production, and Consumption

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION: Value, Pricing, Production, and Consumption......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 8
References......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 11
About the Authors......Page 12
chapter one: Introduction......Page 14
1.1 What is geographic information?......Page 15
1.2 Is geographic information unique?......Page 20
1.3 Valuing information......Page 22
1.4 The debate on charging for public sector geographic information......Page 24
1.5 Overview of the contents......Page 28
References......Page 33
chapter six: Spatial data infrastructures: Policy, value, and cost–benefit......Page 0
2.1 Introduction......Page 36
2.1.1 Information value is in the eye of the beholder......Page 37
2.1.2 What type of value to measure?......Page 38
2.2 Valuing Geographic Information......Page 42
2.2.1 Value changes with time, purpose, and use......Page 43
2.2.3 Value determined by class of ownership, public vs. private......Page 44
2.2.4 Summarizing issues in the GI value debate......Page 45
2.3 Value theory......Page 47
2.4 The information market and the information economy......Page 48
2.4.1 Information as an intangible asset......Page 49
2.4.2 The role of technology and infrastructure......Page 50
2.5 The value chain......Page 51
2.5.1 The information value chain......Page 52
2.5.2 Which information value chain for GI?......Page 53
2.6.1 Value of the location attribute in GI......Page 55
2.6.2 Time dependency value of GI......Page 56
2.6.3 Value determined by cost savings......Page 57
2.6.5 Value due to legal or other mandatory use requirements......Page 58
2.6.7 Value due to quality of an information resource......Page 59
2.7.2 Economic value of GI......Page 61
2.7.3 Socioeconomic value of GI......Page 62
2.7.4 Valuing the economic contribution of public sector GI......Page 63
2.7.6 Intangible benefits: value unquantifiable in monetary terms......Page 66
2.8.1 Increasing the value of GI......Page 67
2.8.2 Restricting the value of GI......Page 68
2.8.3 Value of GIS and other GI visualization systems......Page 69
References......Page 71
3.1 The turbulent interplay of price, cost, and value......Page 76
3.2 Access, demand, resource, and information supply......Page 80
3.3 Is there such a thing as an informational free lunch: the commons?......Page 83
3.4 Resourcing the interfaces between supply, demand, and update......Page 89
3.5 Can a free lunch be sustained?......Page 91
3.6 Development, exploitation, and public investment......Page 98
References......Page 101
4.1.1 First-degree price discrimination......Page 108
4.1.2 Second-degree price discrimination......Page 109
4.1.3 Third-degree price discrimination......Page 110
4.2 Extending pricing theory......Page 111
4.2.1 Zero-degree price discrimination......Page 112
4.2.2 The consequences of underfunding national map production......Page 114
4.3 Pricing contexts: issues......Page 116
4.4.1 First mover advantage......Page 118
4.4.3 Enjoying, protecting, or abusing a monopoly position......Page 119
4.5 Pricing contexts: costing mechanisms......Page 122
4.5.2 Impact of payment strategies and technologies......Page 123
4.5.3 Strategies that circumvent pricing......Page 124
4.6.1 Producers and service providers fight back......Page 125
4.6.2 Paying for exclusivity and protecting the brand......Page 126
4.7 Conclusion......Page 128
References......Page 129
5.2 The ubiquity of GI......Page 136
5.3 Sociotechnical implications of GI and GIS......Page 139
5.4 Spatial data infrastructures: governance of GI and public sector information......Page 143
5.5 GI globalization: mobility, location, and boundaries......Page 148
5.6 Repurposing of GI: benefits and risks......Page 151
5.7 Information overload, emergent societal spaces, and modernity......Page 155
5.8 GI consumption: technology and property rights issues......Page 159
References......Page 161
6.1 Introduction to policy in spatial data infrastructure......Page 172
6.1.1 Information policy......Page 174
6.1.2 Policy as product......Page 175
6.1.3 Policy as process......Page 176
6.2.1 SDI developments in the U.K.......Page 179
6.2.2 SDI developments in the U.S.......Page 181
6.2.3 Pan-European SDI developments......Page 183
6.2.4 Policy role in other SDI definitions......Page 185
6.3 Implementing SDI policy......Page 188
6.3.1 Policy vs. strategy......Page 189
6.3.2 Policy conflict and harmonization......Page 192
6.4 SDI cost–benefit issues......Page 193
6.4.1 Historical SDI CBA results......Page 194
6.4.2 SDI CBA methodologies......Page 199
6.4.2.1 Traditional cost–benefit analysis (CBA)......Page 200
6.4.2.2 Cost-effectiveness analysis methodology......Page 201
6.4.2.3 Multicriteria analysis (MCA)......Page 202
6.5 Samples of SDI CBA studies......Page 203
6.5.1 Price Waterhouse Australian SDI study (1995)......Page 204
6.5.2 OXERA economic contribution of GI (1999)......Page 205
6.5.3 PIRA European PSI exploitation report (2000)......Page 206
6.5.4 INSPIRE extended impact assessment (2004)......Page 207
6.5.5 U.S. national map cost–benefit analysis (2004)......Page 208
6.5.6 NASA/Booz Allen Hamilton: interoperability ROI (2005)......Page 210
6.6 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 212
References......Page 213
7.1 The debate is not concluded......Page 218
7.2 Google: a free lunch?......Page 222
7.3 Other fee-or-free contests and challenges......Page 223
7.4 Final lessons......Page 225
References......Page 227
Glossary and acronyms......Page 229