Geochemistry: Pathways and Processes, Second Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 16
What Is Geochemistry?......Page 18
Geochemical Systems......Page 21
An Example: Comparing Thermodynamic and Kinetic Approaches......Page 22
Notes on Problem Solving......Page 26
Problems......Page 27
Elements, Atoms, and the Structure of Matter......Page 29
Bonding......Page 41
Suggested Readings......Page 49
Problems......Page 51
Temperature and Equations of State......Page 52
The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 54
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 56
Reprise: The Internal Energy Function Made Useful......Page 59
Auxiliary Functions of State......Page 61
Cleaning Up the Act: Conventions for E, H, F, G, and S......Page 64
Composition as a Variable......Page 65
Conditions for Heterogeneous Equilibrium......Page 69
Summary......Page 70
Suggested Readings......Page 71
Problems......Page 72
What Is a Solution?......Page 73
Solutions That Behave Ideally......Page 79
Solutions That Behave Nonideally......Page 83
Activity in Electrolyte Solutions......Page 85
Solubility......Page 88
Suggested Readings......Page 93
Problems......Page 94
What Is Diagenesis?......Page 96
Kinetic Factors in Diagenesis......Page 97
Kinetics of Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation......Page 104
Suggested Readings......Page 109
Problems......Page 110
Organic Matter in the Global Carbon Cycle......Page 111
Fate of Primary Production: Degradation and Diagenesis......Page 113
Factors Controlling Accumulation and Preservation......Page 115
Chemical Composition of Biologic Precursors......Page 120
Biomarkers......Page 122
Application of Biomarkers to Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions......Page 123
Summary......Page 125
Suggested Readings......Page 126
Problems......Page 127
Fundamental Solubility Equilibria......Page 128
Rivers as Weathering Indicators......Page 136
Agents of Weathering......Page 138
Oxidation-Reduction Processes......Page 141
Summary......Page 150
Suggested Readings......Page 151
Problems......Page 153
Composition of the Oceans......Page 154
Composition of the Atmosphere......Page 158
Carbonate and the Great Marine Balancing Act......Page 160
Global Mass Balance and Steady State in the Oceans......Page 169
Gradual Change: The History of Seawater and Air......Page 176
Suggested Readings......Page 183
Problems......Page 185
Determining When a System Is in Equilibrium......Page 186
Changing Temperature and Pressure......Page 189
A Graphical Look at Changing Conditions: The Clapeyron Equation......Page 193
Reactions Involving Fluids......Page 194
Standard States and Activity Coefficients......Page 196
Solution Models: Activities of Complex Mixtures......Page 198
Thermobarometry: Applying What We Have Learned......Page 199
Summary......Page 201
Suggested Readings......Page 202
Problems......Page 203
G-X2 Diagrams......Page 205
Derivation of T-X2 and P-X2 Diagrams......Page 207
T-X2 Diagrams for Real Geochemical Systems......Page 208
Thermodynamic Calculation of Phase Diagrams......Page 213
Binary Phase Diagrams Involving Fluids......Page 214
P-T Diagrams......Page 216
Summary......Page 218
Suggested Readings......Page 221
Problems......Page 222
Effect of Temperature on Kinetic Processes......Page 223
Diffusion......Page 225
Nucleation......Page 227
Growth......Page 233
Some Applications of Kinetics......Page 236
Summary......Page 240
Suggested Readings......Page 241
Problems......Page 243
Reservoirs in the Solid Earth......Page 244
Fluxes in the Solid Earth......Page 250
Melting in the Mantle......Page 254
Differentiation in Melt-Crystal Systems......Page 260
The Behavior of Trace Elements......Page 265
Volatile Elements......Page 272
Summary......Page 276
Suggested Readings......Page 277
Problems......Page 279
Historical Perspective......Page 280
What Makes Stable Isotopes Useful?......Page 281
Geologic Interpretations Based on Isotopic Fractionation......Page 283
Summary......Page 298
Suggested Readings......Page 299
Problems......Page 301
Principles of Radioactivity......Page 303
Geochronology......Page 307
Geochemical Applications of Induced Radioactivity......Page 316
Radionuclides as Tracers of Geochemical Processes......Page 319
Suggested Readings......Page 327
Problems......Page 329
Why Study Cosmochemistry?......Page 330
Origin and Abundance of the Elements......Page 331
Chondrites as Sources of Cosmochemical Data......Page 335
Cosmochemical Behavior of Elements......Page 337
Condensation of the Elements......Page 340
Infusion of Matter from Outside the Solar System......Page 344
The Most Volatile Materials: Organic Compounds and Ices......Page 347
A Time Scale for Creation......Page 349
Estimating the Bulk Compositions of Planets......Page 350
Summary......Page 357
Suggested Readings......Page 358
Problems......Page 359
Appendix A: Mathematical Methods......Page 360
Appendix B: Finding and Evaluating Geochemical Data......Page 365
Appendix C: Numerical Values of Geochemical Interest......Page 368
Glossary......Page 370
Index......Page 376