Genetic Methods and Tools for Managing Crop Pests

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
Editor and Contributors
Part I: Genetic Tools and Techniques
	1: Newer Genetic Tools, Techniques, Vectors, Promoters, and Molecular Markers for Genetic Engineering of Herbivorous Insects
		1.1 Introduction
			1.1.1 The Meaning of Transposon
			1.1.2 Gene Targeting Vector
			1.1.3 Gene Cloning
		1.2 Class I (Retrotransposons)
		1.3 Class II (DNA Transposons)
		1.4 Autonomous and Non-Autonomous Transposition
		1.5 Transposable Elements for Nondrosophilid Insects
		1.6 P Elements
		1.7 History
		1.8 Gene Isolation
		1.9 Gene Targeting
		1.10 Transformation
			1.10.1 Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Is Attached to a Carrot Cell
		1.11 Selection
		1.12 Regeneration
		1.13 Confirmation
		1.14 Gene Tagging with Transposable Elements
		1.15 Enhancer Trapping
		1.16 Homologous Recombination
		1.17 Genetic Engineering in Nondrosophilid Insects
			1.17.1 Genetic Transformation of Nondrosophilid Insects
			1.17.2 Transposable Elements Used for Nondrosophilid Insect Transformation
				1.17.2.1 piggyBac
				1.17.2.2 Hermes
				1.17.2.3 Mariner
				1.17.2.4 Minos
			1.17.3 Transposable Elements in New Hosts
		1.18 Genetic Markers
		1.19 Markers
		1.20 Other Approaches to Genetic Engineering in Insects: FLP/FRT
			1.20.1 Recombinase in Nondrosophilid Insects
			1.20.2 RNA-Mediated Interference (RNAi) in Insects
			1.20.3 Examples of Insect Genetic Engineering for Insect Population Control
		1.21 Conclusion
		References
			Further Reading
	2: Innovative Molecular Approaches for Pest Management
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 DNA Barcoding
			2.2.1 Background
			2.2.2 Cytochrome c Oxidase I (COX1)
			2.2.3 Genome Editing
			2.2.4 Basic Mechanism of Genome Editing
			2.2.5 Meganucleases
			2.2.6 Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)
			2.2.7 Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)
		2.3 CRISPR/Cas9
		2.4 Applications of Gene Editing Technology for Insect Control
		2.5 Conclusion
		References
			Further Reading
			Important Web Links
	3: Modern Molecular Tools for Insect Diagnostics
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Why Molecular Markers?
		3.3 What Are Molecular Markers?
		3.4 Comparative Analysis of Molecular Markers
		3.5 DNA Barcoding
		3.6 Formulating the Barcode
		3.7 DNA Barcodes: Unique to every Aspect of Life
		3.8 Wide Profile of the Uses of DNA Barcode
		3.9 Examples
		3.10 The Use of RFLPs in Insect Diagnostics
		3.11 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs)
			3.11.1 The Basics of RAPDs
			3.11.2 RAPDs for Insect Studies
			3.11.3 Concluding the RAPDs
		3.12 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
		3.13 AFLPs in Entomology
		3.14 Concluding the AFLPs
		3.15 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)
			3.15.1 General Outlines of Microsatellites
			3.15.2 Why toUse SSRs?
			3.15.3 Methods of Detecting SSRs
			3.15.4 The Use of SSRs in Entomology
			3.15.5 Concluding the SSRs
		3.16 Allozymes: The Protein-Based Markers
			3.16.1 Outlines of Allozymes
			3.16.2 Allozymes in Entomology
			3.16.3 Concluding the Allozymes
		3.17 Mitochondrial (mt) DNA
			3.17.1 mtDNA
			3.17.2 mtDNA in Entomology
		References
			Further Reading
	4: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and IOT in Pest Management
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Data Set: Data Preprocessing and Augmentation
		4.3 Deep Learning
		4.4 Overall CNN Architecture
		4.5 Training Region Proposal Network
		4.6 Training Overall Model
		References
			Further Reading
Part II: Genetic Tools for Improving Efficiency of Beneficial Insects
	5: Genetic Tools for Integrated Management of Pests on Honeybees in the Tropics
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Apis Species Diversity
		5.3 Pests of Honeybees
		5.4 Pest Complex of Honeybees
			5.4.1 Mites
			5.4.2 Life Cycle of Tropilaelaps Mites
			5.4.3 Life Cycle of V. destructor
			5.4.4 Life Cycle of A. tumida (SHB)
			5.4.5 Life Cycle of GWM
			5.4.6 Life Cycle of Wasps and Hornets
			5.4.7 Colony Collapse Disorder
		5.5 Molecular Methods of Pest Management
			5.5.1 Modern Approaches
			5.5.2 Genetic Control
		5.6 Identification and Screening of Bee Stressors: Pests, Parasites, Pathogens, and Beneficial Microbes
		5.7 Sound Molecular Tools
		5.8 Management of HBTM
		5.9 Resistant Bees
		5.10 Management of Tropilaelaps Mites
		5.11 Mite-Resistant Honeybees
		5.12 Hygienic Behavior
		5.13 Grooming Behavior
		5.14 Management of Varroa Mites
		5.15 Bees Expressing the Varroa-Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) Trait
		5.16 Low Mite Fecundity
		5.17 Management of Small Hive Beetles
			5.17.1 Genetic Control
			5.17.2 The Use of Recent Advanced Genetic Tools for the Control of Honeybee Pests
			5.17.3 SIT (Sterile Insect Technique)
			5.17.4 Gene Drive
			5.17.5 RNAi
			5.17.6 Genome Editing
			5.17.7 Gene Pyramiding
		5.18 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
			Further Reading
	6: Genetics and Genomics of Bombyx mori L.
		6.1 Introduction
			6.1.1 Silk Production
			6.1.2 Silkworm Genomics
			6.1.3 Silkworm Genetics
			6.1.4 Silkworm Genetic Resources
		6.2 Silkworm Breed Improvement
			6.2.1 Breeding Plans
			6.2.2 Inbreeding
			6.2.3 Congenic Breeding
			6.2.4 Hybridization
			6.2.5 Traits of Significance
			6.2.6 Combining Ability
			6.2.7 Bivoltine Hybrids: Sustainable Productivity
			6.2.8 Appropriate Breeding Strategies
			6.2.9 Breakthrough in Polyvoltine Breeding: Crossbreeds with Superior Fibre Quality
			6.2.10 Improvement of Pure Mysore and Nistari
		6.3 Breeding for Disease Resistance/Tolerance
			6.3.1 Immune Responses in Silkworm
			6.3.2 Disease Resistance/Tolerance
				6.3.2.1 Tolerance to BmNPV
				6.3.2.2 Tolerance to BmIFV
				6.3.2.3 Resistance to BmBDV
				6.3.2.4 Multi-viral Resistance/Tolerance
		6.4 Breeding for Tolerance to Abiotic Factors
			6.4.1 Breeding for Thermo-tolerance
				6.4.1.1 Thermo-tolerance Assessment
			6.4.2 Breeding for High Humidity Tolerance
				6.4.2.1 Validation of Markers for High Humidity and High Temperature
			6.4.3 Silkworm Hybrids for Fluoride Pollution
				6.4.3.1 International Hybrid Testing
		6.5 Molecular Approaches in Silkworm Breed Improvement
			6.5.1 Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)
			6.5.2 SNP Genotyping and Association Mapping
			6.5.3 Transcriptomic Approaches
			6.5.4 Transgenic Silkworm Techniques
			6.5.5 Application of Genome Editing Tools
		6.6 Perspectives
		References
			Further Reading
	7: Enhancing Genetic Efficiency of Natural Enemies of Crop Pests
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Emerging Technologies in Augmentation of Natural Enemies
			7.2.1 Genetic Enhancement of Natural Enemies
			7.2.2 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Techniques
		7.3 Use of Genetic Improvement in Biological Control
		7.4 Constraints Upon Genetic Improvement Programmes
		7.5 Spider Web DNA: A New Spin on Non-invasive Genetics of Predator and Prey
		7.6 Molecular Approaches for the Improvement of Natural Enemies
			7.6.1 Factors Affecting Natural Enemies
				7.6.1.1 Climatic Conditions
				7.6.1.2 Host Range
				7.6.1.3 Chemical Pesticides
				7.6.1.4 Time Taken to Induce Mortality
		7.7 Approaches to Conserving Natural Enemy Populations
			7.7.1 Methods
			7.7.2 Plant-Provided Foods
			7.7.3 Food Sprays
			7.7.4 Alternative Prey/Hosts
			7.7.5 Artificial Open Rearing Systems
			7.7.6 Pest-in-First Techniques
			7.7.7 Mixed Diet Effects
			7.7.8 Oviposition Sites and Shelters
			7.7.9 Vegetation Diversity
		7.8 Conservation of Naturally Occurring Natural Enemies in Greenhouses
		7.9 Induced Plant Responses
		7.10 Semiochemicals
		7.11 Pesticide Side Effects
		7.12 Climate and Light Adaptations
		7.13 Food Web Complexities
		7.14 Conclusions
		7.15 What Genetic Information Do we Need?
			7.15.1 Genome Assembly
			7.15.2 Gene Discovery
			7.15.3 Genome Editing for Exploratory Research
			7.15.4 Microbiomes
		7.16 How Can Genetics Be Used to Improve Biological Control?
			7.16.1 Artificial Selection
			7.16.2 Genomic Selection
			7.16.3 Field Monitoring of Genetic Variation, Performance and Ecological Risk
			7.16.4 Microbiome Manipulation
				7.16.4.1 Developing Insecticide Resistance in Insect and Mite
		7.17 Conclusion
		References
			Further Reading
Part III: Genetic Interventions Against Pests in Asia and Africa
	8: Application of Genetic Engineering Technologies to Manage Crop Pests and Diseases in Vietnam
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Bt Gene Transfer for Management of Pests
			8.2.1 The European Maize Borer and the Fall Armyworm on Maize
		8.3 Management Practices
			8.3.1 The European Maize Borer
			8.3.2 The Fall Armyworm
		8.4 Maize Lines with Insect-Resistant Gene (CryIAc) by Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens
			8.4.1 Transformation of Lepidopteran Resistance Gene (CryIAc) into Maize
			8.4.2 Transformation of Lepidopteran Resistance Gene (CryIAc) into Maize
			8.4.3 Analyzing Transgenic Plants in T0 and T1 Generation
			8.4.4 Bt Maize for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy
			8.4.5 Bt Gene Transfer for the Management Sugarcane Borer Complex
			8.4.6 The Yellow Top Borer
			8.4.7 The Sugarcane Top Borer
			8.4.8 The Spotted Borer
			8.4.9 The Pink Stem Borer
			8.4.10 Management Practices for Controlling the Borer Complex
		8.5 Transformation of Bt Gene into Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum)
			8.5.1 Transformation of E. Coli Strain Containing Plasmid Vector pCRY1B-1Ab
			8.5.2 Transformation of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Carrying Plasmid pCAMBIA3301-cry1Ab and A. Tumefaciens Carrying Plasmid pCRY...
			8.5.3 The Effect of 2,4-D, BAP, and NAA on the Callus Formation of Leaf Tissue
			8.5.4 Genetically Engineering Sugarcane Callus through Agrobacterium tumefaciens
			8.5.5 Bt Sugarcane for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy on the Sugarcane Borer Complex
		8.6 RNAi Technology for Management of the Tobacco Virus Complex in Vietnam
			8.6.1 The Complex Viral Disease on Tobacco in Vietnam
			8.6.2 Management Practices for the Tobacco Viral Disease Complex
		8.7 Multi-Fragment Transgenic Nicotiana Tabacum Plants Exhibit Broad Spectrum Resistance to Multiple Viruses (TMV, CMV, TYLCV,...
			8.7.1 Designing of Multi-Fragment RNAi Gene Transfer Vector
			8.7.2 Creating and Analyzing Transgenic Tobacco Plants in T0 and T1 Generation
			8.7.3 GM Tobacco for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy on Tobacco Virus Complex
		References
			Further Reading
	9: Advances, Prospects and Limitations of Genetic Tools for Pest Management Strategies in Sri Lanka
		9.1 Introduction
			9.1.1 Agriculture in Sri Lanka: An Overview
			9.1.2 Major Agricultural Pests
			9.1.3 Pest Control Strategies: Limitations
			9.1.4 Modern Genetic Tools
			9.1.5 The Use of Transgenic Plants
			9.1.6 Global Adaptation and Cultivation of Transgenic Crops
		9.2 Developing Transgenic Crops
		9.3 Application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
		9.4 Potential Uses of Bt Transgenic Approaches in Sri Lanka
		9.5 Sterile Insect Technique
		9.6 The Use of Gene Editing in Sterile Insect
		9.7 RNAi Technology or Gene Silencing
		9.8 Policies and Regulations for Biosafety in Sri Lanka
		References
			Further Reading
	10: Management of Pests Using Genetic Tools in Africa
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Pesticides to Control Crop Pests
			Box 10.1 GM Crop Scenario in Selected African Countries
		10.3 Genetic Tools and Techniques
		10.4 Advanced Genetic Tools
			10.4.1 Engineered Host Resistance
			10.4.2 Genetic Engineering of Insects
			10.4.3 Sterile Insect Technology (SIT)
			10.4.4 CRISPR
			10.4.5 RNA Interference (RNAi)
		10.5 Biosafety Policies in Africa
		10.6 Challenges in Adoption and Use of Genetic Tools
		10.7 Conclusion
		References
			Further Reading
Part IV: Genetic Tools for the Management of Plant Feeding Mites, Nematodes and Insect Vectors of Viral Diseases
	11: Genetic Tools for the Management of Phytophagous Mites
		11.1 Introduction
		References
			Further Reading
	12: Management of Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera Spp.) Using Biotechnological Approaches
		12.1 Introduction
			12.1.1 Bioecology and Host Range
		12.2 Novel Biotechnological Approaches
			12.2.1 Natural Resistance Genes in Plants
				12.2.1.1 Utilization of Proteinase Inhibitor Coding Genes and Nematicidal Proteins
			12.2.2 RNAi Strategy to Suppress Nematode Parasitism Genes
			12.2.3 Genome Editing Technologies: A Potential Perspective for Nematode Resistance
		12.3 Conclusion andFuture Perspectives
		References
	13: Genetic and Molecular Approaches for Management of Potato Viral Diseases and Their Vectors
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Virus Diseases of Potato in India
		13.3 Insects as Vectors
		13.4 Aphids
		13.5 Whiteflies
		13.6 Thrips
		13.7 Management of Potato Viral Diseases Through Conventional Approaches
		13.8 Molecular Approaches
			13.8.1 Cross-Protection
			13.8.2 Viral-Coat-Protein-Mediated Protection (CPMP)
			13.8.3 Resistance Through Expression of Antisense RNA
			13.8.4 Resistance Through Expression of Viral Replication-Associated Proteins
			13.8.5 Expression of Other Viral and Non-viral Sequences
		13.9 Cross-Protection by RNA Silencing
			13.9.1 RNA Interference (RNAi)
			13.9.2 CRISPR
		References
			Further Reading
Part V: Genetic Approaches and Mechanisms Against Insect Pests
	14: Genetic Variation and Molecular Tools for the Management of Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Lep...
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Why Genetic and Molecular Tools?
		14.3 Genetic Diversity
		14.4 Molecular Tools for Management
			14.4.1 Resistant Populations of L. orbonalis
			14.4.2 Genes Governing L. orbonalis Resistance
			14.4.3 Gene Silencing by RNA Interference
			14.4.4 Genome-Editing Approach
			14.4.5 Transgenic Approaches
			14.4.6 Release of Insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal (RIDL) Gene
		14.5 Homing Endonucleases
		14.6 Genetic Inheritance and Inheritability of Insecticides Resistance
		References
			Further Reading
	15: Management of Noctuid Pests Using Genetic Tools
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)
			15.2.1 Distribution of Fall Armyworm
				15.2.1.1 Noctuid Pest
		15.3 Bollworm or Corn Earworm: Helicoverpa Zea (Boddie)
			15.3.1 Adoption of Bt Technology
			15.3.2 Bt Toxins
			15.3.3 Resistance to Bt Toxins
			15.3.4 Challenges for H. zea IRM
				15.3.4.1 Pyramiding
				15.3.4.2 Intrinsic Resistance Dilution
				15.3.4.3 Gene Editing
					Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
			15.3.5 Interdisciplinary Research: Theoretical, Laboratory, and Field
				15.3.5.1 Scaling up Fitness Costs to Population Level
			15.3.6 Policies and Regulations
			15.3.7 RNA Interference
				15.3.7.1 RNAi: Next-Generation Pest Control Strategy
					RNAi Silencing in Insects
					Systemic RNAi in Insects
					Cellular Uptake of dsRNA in Insects
					Challenges for Successful RNAi in Insects
					Chemical Hydrolysis of dsRNA by Insects´ Gut pH
					Amount of dsRNA Molecules
					Life Stage of Insects
					Mode of dsRNA Delivery Methods
						Soaking or Incubation
						Injection
					Feeding
					Target Gene Selection
						Off-Target Effect of the Target Gene
					Host-Induced RNAi for Insect Pest Control
		References
			Further Reading
	16: Genetics and Management of Pest Fruit Flies
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Current Status
		16.3 Fruit Fly Genetics
		16.4 Dominant Lethal Mutations (DLM)
		16.5 Hybrid Sterility
		16.6 Population Genetics
		16.7 Mathematical Models for SIT
		16.8 Population and Behavioural Ecology
		16.9 SIT-Resistant Strain
		16.10 Management
		16.11 Methyl Eugenol and Protein Bait in Traps
		16.12 Food Lure
		16.13 Monitoring Fruit Flies
		16.14 Area-Wide Management
		16.15 Case Studies
		References
			Further Reading
	17: Molecular Insights into Wing Polymorphism and Migration Patterns of rice Planthoppers
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Molecular Mechanism underlying Wing Polyphenism in rice planthoppers
		17.3 Molecular Markers to Infer Migratory Pattern in Planthoppers
		17.4 Migration Patterns
		References
			Further Reading
	18: Genetic Engineering Technologies for Management of Crambid Pests
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Transgenic Plants
			18.2.1 Field Performance
			18.2.2 Effect of Transgenic on Environment
				18.2.2.1 Gene Flow
				18.2.2.2 Resistance Development
				18.2.2.3 Effect on Nontarget Organisms
		18.3 RNAi against Crambids
		18.4 Genome Editing
		18.5 Gene Pyramiding
		18.6 Hearing Sensitivity
		References
			Further Reading
	19: Intervention of Modern Genetic Tools for Managing Insect Pests of Fruit Crops
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Genetics in Biological Pest Control
		19.3 Managing Invasive Species
		19.4 Genomic Leap Forward
		19.5 Genetics-Based Methods
			19.5.1 Sterile Insect Techniques (SITs)
				19.5.1.1 Induced Sterility
				19.5.1.2 Precision-Guided Sterile Insect Technique
				19.5.1.3 Sex Reversal by Manipulating a Male-Determining Factor
				19.5.1.4 Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management
				19.5.1.5 Improved SIT
			19.5.2 Using Insects Homozygous for a Repressible Dominant Lethal
			19.5.3 Engineered Strains of Pest Species
				19.5.3.1 Developing Lethality on Females
				19.5.3.2 Using Transposable Elements as Potential Vectors for Transformation
			19.5.4 Transgenic Crops
			19.5.5 Primary Resistance Management Method
			19.5.6 Gene Silencing
			19.5.7 Genome-Editing-Based Methods
				19.5.7.1 Gene Drive
					CRISPR-Based Gene Drive
					Medea Gene Drive System
					Safe Gene Drive
					Y-Chromosome Shredding
					Resistance Evolution in a Cas9-Based Sex Conversion-Suppression Gene Drive
				19.5.7.2 Genome-Editing Mutagenesis
					Gene Editing
					Recreating Mutant Alleles in Drosophila
					CRISPaint Homology-Independent Knockin Method
					Genome-Editing Mutagenesis
					Sex Reversal by a Gene-Edited Mutation
			19.5.8 Autocidal Insect Control Techniques
				19.5.8.1 Inherited Sterility
				19.5.8.2 Conditional Lethal Mutations
				19.5.8.3 Behavioral Changes
				19.5.8.4 Hybrid Sterility
				19.5.8.5 Simply Inherited Mutations
				19.5.8.6 Genetic-Sexing Techniques
			19.5.9 Genomics Approach
			19.5.10 Population Genetics Methods
			19.5.11 Precision Insect Pest Control Using Microbes
		19.6 Present Status
		19.7 Limitations
		19.8 New Vision
		19.9 Future Prospects
		References
			Further Reading
	20: Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Tools for Longhorn Beetles
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Morphology-Based Taxonomy
		20.3 DNA Barcoding
			20.3.1 DNA Barcoding Stimulates the Taxonomic Study
			20.3.2 DNA Barcoding of Insects
			20.3.3 Importance of DNA Barcoding in Insect
			20.3.4 DNA Barcode-Based Identification
			20.3.5 Problems in DNA Barcoding
			20.3.6 Barcode of Life Data System
			20.3.7 DNA Barcoding of Longhorn Beetles
		20.4 PCR-Based Identification of the Longhorn Beetles
			20.4.1 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
			20.4.2 RAPD Markers in Insect Identification
			20.4.3 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)
			20.4.4 Multiplex PCR
		20.5 Identification by Microsatellite Markers and Other Novel Technologies
		References
			Further Reading
	21: Molecular Characterization and Genetic Interventions in an Invasive Spiralling Whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus Russell
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Distribution
		21.3 Morphology, Biology, Damage, and Host Range
			21.3.1 Morphology
			21.3.2 Biology
			21.3.3 Damage
				21.3.3.1 Direct Damage
				21.3.3.2 Indirect Damage
			21.3.4 Host Range
		21.4 Ecology
		21.5 Genetic Diversity
		21.6 Plant Gene in Whiteflies
		21.7 Endosymbionts Infection
		21.8 Management
			21.8.1 Cultural Control
			21.8.2 Parasitoids
			21.8.3 Predators
			21.8.4 Entomopathogens
			21.8.5 Chemical Control
		References
			Further Reading
	22: Recent Genetic Tools for the Management of Stored Product Pests
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Wide Hybridization
		22.3 Case Studies
			22.3.1 Breeding Food Legumes for Resistance to Storage Insect Pests
		22.4 Why Breeding Crops for Resistance against Storage Insect Pests?
		22.5 Sources of Resistance to Storage Insect Pests
		22.6 Mechanisms of Seed Resistance to Storage Insect Pests
		22.7 Potential of Breeding Legumes for Resistance to Storage Insect Pests
		22.8 Limitations of Breeding Legume Crops for Storage Insect Pest Resistance
		22.9 RNA Interference (RNAi) Technology
		22.10 The Tribolium Castaneum Chitin Synthase Genes
		References
			Further Reading
	23: Genetic Tools for Insecticide Resistance Management
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 RNA Interference (RNAi) Technology
		23.3 RNAi Machinery
		23.4 RNAi Delivery
		23.5 RNAi Technology in Insecticide Resistance
		23.6 CRISPR-Cas9 System
		References
			Further Reading
	24: Genetic Improvement of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) for Insect Resistance: Strategies and Achievements
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Major Constraints
		24.3 Strategies Applied for Pigeonpea Improvement
			24.3.1 Integrated Pest Management
			24.3.2 Breeding Approaches
			24.3.3 Biotechnological Approaches
		24.4 Conclusion
		References
			Further Reading
	25: Bruchid Resistance Studies in Black Gram Using Molecular Tools
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Evaluation of Black Gram Genotypes
		25.3 Stock Culture of Callosobruchus sp.
		25.4 Free-Choice Test
		25.5 No-Choice Test
		25.6 Characters Recorded
		25.7 Seed Characters
		25.8 Statistical Analysis
		25.9 Molecular Studies
			25.9.1 Isolation of Genomic DNA by CTAB Method
			25.9.2 Protocol
				25.9.2.1 Modified Doyle and Doyle (1987) Methodology
			25.9.3 DNA Quantification
			25.9.4 Amplification of DNA Using Polymerase Chain Reaction
			25.9.5 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
			25.9.6 Loading the PCR Products
			25.9.7 Scoring
			25.9.8 Analysis
			25.9.9 Selection of Primers
			25.9.10 Cluster Analysis
		25.10 Screening of Black Gram Genotypes against Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus sp.)
			25.10.1 Ovipositional Preference
			25.10.2 Oviposition
			25.10.3 Adult Emergence
			25.10.4 Adult Emergence (%)
			25.10.5 Developmental Period (Days)
			25.10.6 Weight Loss (%)
			25.10.7 Seed Damage
			25.10.8 Dobie Susceptibility Index
			25.10.9 Growth Index
			25.10.10 Test Weight (g)
			25.10.11 Seed Coat Thickness (mm)
			25.10.12 Crude Protein
			25.10.13 Correlation Studies
			25.10.14 Path co-Efficient Analysis
			25.10.15 Direct Effect
			25.10.16 Indirect Effect
				25.10.16.1 Number of Eggs Laid
				25.10.16.2 Adults Emerged
				25.10.16.3 Adult Emergence
				25.10.16.4 Development Days
				25.10.16.5 Weight Loss
				25.10.16.6 Molecular Studies Using SSR Markers
					SSR Analysis
					Polymorphism of SSR Markers
					Marker Informativeness
					UPGMA Cluster Analysis Based on SSR Markers
			25.10.17 Bruchid Resistance Studies
		25.11 Genetic Divergence Based ON Microsatellite Markers
			25.11.1 Marker Informativeness
			25.11.2 UPGMA Cluster Analysis Based on SSR Markers
		References
			Further Reading
	26: Inducing Insect Resistance in Sesame by Innovative Genetic Manipulation Using Mutagens
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Management of Sesame Pest Complex by Host Plant Resistance
		26.3 Breeding Methods
		26.4 Induced Resistance by Mutagens
		26.5 Improved Sesame Mutant Varieties
		26.6 Induced Resistance in Sesame against Webworm and Other Pests
		26.7 Mutagenesis
		26.8 Field Screening
			26.8.1 Leaf Damage
			26.8.2 Flower Damage
			26.8.3 Capsule Damage
		26.9 Multi-Location Testing
		26.10 Bases of Resistance
		References
			Further Reading
	27: Advances in Insect Resistance Breeding against Brown Planthopper and Gall Midge in Rice
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Genetics of Plant Resistance: A Panglossian Approach
			27.2.1 Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens)
				27.2.1.1 Nature and Mechanism of Resistant Genes
				27.2.1.2 Mechanisms and Genetics of BPH Resistance in Rice
					Subduing of Serotonin Biosynthesis
					Combined Micro-RNA and Transcriptome Analysis
					Lectin Receptor Kinases Mediated Resistance
					Molecular Mechanism of Insect Resistance in Rice
			27.2.2 Gall Midge
		27.3 Conclusion
		References
			Further Reading
	28: Adoption of Molecular Tools for Combatting the Arthropod Pests
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 Gene Silencing by RNA Interference
		28.3 Execution of Genome Editing and Importance
			28.3.1 Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN)
			28.3.2 Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)
			28.3.3 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and Associated Proteins (CRISPR/Cas9)
			28.3.4 Oligonucleotide-Directed Mutagenesis
			28.3.5 Homing Endonucleases (HENs)
		28.4 Transgenic Approaches in Insects
		References
			Further Reading