General Studies for Civil Services Preliminary Examination 2019 6 Volume Set

Volume I Genral Knowledge and Current Affairs
	Cover
	Copyright
	Brief Contents
	Preface
	Acknowledgements
	References and Suggested Readings
	About the Examination
	Eight-year Analysis of the GeneralStudies  (2011−2018)
	Contents
	Chapter 1  General Knowledge
		NATIONAL INSIGNIA AND OTHER FACTS
			NATIONAL INSIGNIA
				National Flag
					Significance of Colours
				Flag Code of India
				National Emblem
				National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana)
				National Song (Vande Mataram)
				National Calendar (Saka)
				National Animal
				National Bird
				National Flower, National Tree and National Fruit
				National Language
				National Day
				Other Important Days
				The People
				The Arts
			GENERAL ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL PARTIES
				Political Parties
					Major National Political Organizations
					Major Regional Political Organizations
					Tamil Manila Congress
					Major Alliances
					Abbreviations Used for Political Parties
			RECORD MAKERS (INDIA)
			WORLD RECORDS HELD BY INDIA
				Trade and Industry
				Agriculture/Natural Resources
				Buildings/Roads/Bridges
				Miscellaneous
				Individual Achievements
			INDIA’S SUPERLATIVES
		SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
			HISTORY OF NATIONAL POLICIESIN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ININDIA
				Key Milestones
				Policy Vision—STI 2013
				Key Elements—STI 2013
			SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (S&T) ACTIVITIES IN INDIA
				Central Government S&T Departments
			DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
				Professional S&T Bodies in India
				Important Autonomous S&T Institutions of India
				Science and Engineering Research Board
				National Geographical Information System
				National Mission on Nano Science and Technology
				National Missions on Climate Change
				National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board
					Technology Business Incubators
					Innovation and Entrepreneurship DevelopmentCentres
					i-STED (Innovation, Science and Technology Led Entrepreneurship Development): Programme
					STED Programme
					DST-Lockheed Martin India Innovation Growth Programme 2013
				National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization
				Survey of India
				National Map Policy (Rashtriya Manchitran Niti)
				National Topographical Data Base
			DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY
				Atomic Energy Commission
					R&D Sector
					Public Sector
					Allied Institutions
					Industrial Sector
					Service Organizations
				Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
					Safety of Nuclear Plants
					Nuclear Waste Management
					Nuclear Waste Treatment Methodologies
					Has the Toxic Air Pollution Increased Due to Discharge from Nuclear Facilities?
					National Security
					Status of India-US 123 Bilateral Agreement
			DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
			DEPARTMENT OF SPACE
				The ISRO
					ISRO Centres
					Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)
					Saga-220
			THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
			MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES
				The Earth System Science Organization
				Monsoon Mission Program
				National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR)
					Antarctic Research Programme
					Arctic Research Programme
					Southern Ocean Programme
					National Polar Data Centre (NPDC)
				Circumnavigation
				Navika Sagar Parikrama
			DEPARTMENT OF BIO-TECHNOLOGY
				Centres of Excellence and Innovation in Biotechnology (CEIB)
				Bioinformatics
				The Biotechnology Information System Network (BTISnet)
				The National Bio-resource Development Board (NBDB)
				International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
				Autonomous Institutions under the Department of Biotechnology
				PSUs under the Department of Biotechnology
			THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH
				List of ICMR Institutes/Centres
				India’s First in Medical Research and Technology
					First Test Tube Baby
					First Kidney Transplant
					Open Heart Surgery
					First Test Tube Calf
					First Thalassemia
			THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
				ICAR Institutions
					Four Deemed Universities
					47 ICAR Institutions
					6 National Bureaux
					25 Project Directorates
					18 National Research Centres
					Eight Zonal Project Directorates, with 633 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)
					Other Related Institutions
			INDIA’S SPACE PROGRAMME
				Indian Space Establishments
				Launch Vehicle Programme
				Satellite Programme
					1. Aryabhata
					2. Bhaskara-I
					3. Rohini
					4. APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment)
					5. Bhaskara-II
					6. SLV Mission (Satellite Launch Vehicle)
					7. IRS Mission (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)
					8. ASLV Mission (Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle)
					9. SROSS (Stretched Rohini Satellite Series)
					10. INSAT Mission (Indian National Satellite System)
					INSAT–2 Project
					IRNSS Project
				Space Research Programme
					Chandrayan Mission
					Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)
				Other Space Science Missions
					AEROSTAT
					Aditya I
					SATNAV Programme
					GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation
					Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
				Important Feats/Personalities Related to Indian Space Programmes
					India’s First Man in Space
					Kalpana Chawla (1961–2003)
					Sunita L. Williams (1965)
			INDIA’S ATOMIC RESEARCH
				Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
					BARC’s Atomic Reactors
					BARC’s Research Centres
					Advanced Knowledge and Rural Technology Implementation
			INDIA’S MISSILE PROGRAMME
				Agni System
					Variants
				Prithvi System
					Variants
				Akash System
				Trishul System
				NAG System
					Variants
				Astra Missile
				BrahMos Missile
				Other Missiles
			OTHER INDIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS
		DEFENCE AND SECURITY
			INDIAN DEFENCE
				India’s Defence Set-Up
					Organizational Set-up
				The Indian Armed Forces
					Readiness of Future Wars
					Nuclear War Readiness
				Integrated Defence Staff
				The Chiefs of Staff Committee
					Composition of COSC
					Functions of the COSC
					Republic of India
				Battle Tanks
				Chiefs of Army Staff
				Indian Air force
					No. of Commands: Seven Commands
				Organizational Structure by Squadrons
					Aircraft
				Developments in Air Force
				Chiefs of Air Staff
				Indian Navy
				Organizational Hierarchy at Indian Navy
				Naval Authorities under Administrative Control of Flag Officers Commanding Chiefs
					Aircraft Carriers
				A Peek into India’s Naval Fleet
					Air Craft Carriers: INS Viraat (UK Hermes)
					Destroyers:
					Frigates:
					Corvettes:
					Offshore Patrol Vessels:
					Minesweepers:
					Landing Ships:
					Missile Boats:
					Training Ships:
					Fleet Auxilliaries:
					Survey And Research Ships:
					Seaward Defence Forces:
				Aircrafts and Helicopters
				Chiefs of Naval Staff
				Location of Defence Establishments
				The Department of Defence Production
					Exports of Defence Equipment
					Ordnance Factory Board
					Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
					Bharat Electronics Limited
					Bharat Earth Movers Limited
					Bharat Dynamics Limited
					Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL), Mumbai
					Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineering Limited, Kolkata
					Goa Shipyard Limited
					Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited
					Hindustan Shipyard Limited
			INDIA’S INTERNAL SECURITY
				Central Police Organizations
					Intelligence Bureau (IB)
					Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
					Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPRD)
					National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
					National Investigation Agency (NIA)
					Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy (NPA), Hyderabad
					North Eastern Police Academy, Shillong
					National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science (NICFS)
					Assam Rifles (AR)
				Central Armed Police Forces
					Border Security Force (BSF)
					Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
					Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
					Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
					Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
					National Security Guard (NSG)
				State and UT Police
				Other Important Defence and Security Institutions
					Coast Guard
					National Cadet Corps (NCC)
					Territorial Army
					Home Guards
					Rapid Action Force (RAF)
					Rashtriya Rifles
					Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
				Role of Women in the Armed Forces
		EVERYDAY SCIENCE
			BRANCHES OF SCIENCES
			SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
			SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
				International System (SI)
				Non-SI Units Used Along with International System
			NUMBER SYSTEM
				Arabic Numerals
				Invention of the Decimal System
				Roman Numerals
				Mathematical Symbols
				Prefixes of SI Unit
			INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES
			SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS AND THEORIES
		INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
			THE UNITED NATIONS
				Charter of the UN
					Foundation Day of the UN
					First Regular Session of the UN
				The UN Flag and the Emblem
				Membership of the UN
				Organizations of the UN
					General Assembly
					Security Council
					The Economic and Social Council
					International Court of Justice
					Trusteeship Council
					The Secretariat
				UN Observations
					UN’s International Days
					UN’s International Years
					UN’s International Decades
					UN’s Anniversaries
					The UN’s International Weeks
				Agencies Related to the United Nations
					Different UN Agencies
					Organization of the UN
					The UN System: Principal Organs
			INDIA’S REPRESENTATION IN IMPORTANT UNITED NATION BODIES
			INDIA-UN HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (HRC)
			INDIA-WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
				United Nations MDGs
				YEAR 2013: MDG Acceleration and Beyond 2015
			SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SGDS)
			THE COMMONWEALTH
				Membership
					Member Countries (Members by Regions)
					Countries That Left the Commonwealth
				Commonwealth Secretariat
					Important meetings of the Commonwealth
					The Commonwealth Family
			CHOGM 2015
			THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
				Founder Members of the ‘NAM’
				Basic Principles of the ‘NAM’
					NAM Conference
				Organizational Structure and Membership
			INDIA AS THE FOUNDER MEMBER OF NAM
				Democracy Initiatives
			SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)
				Regional Centres
				SAARC Summits
				South Asian Free Trade Area
				Meeting of SAARC Culture Ministers
				Meeting of SAARC Energy Ministers
			INDIA AND SAARC
			THE EUROPEAN UNION
				Five ‘EU’ Institutions
				Important Treaties (Establishment)
				Member States
				Main Institutional Changes Introduced by the Lisbon Treaty
				European Community (Formerly Known as EEC)
			OTHER WORLD ORGANIZATIONS
				Caribbean Community
					Members of CARICOM
				Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
				Arab League (League of Arab States)
				Benelux Economic Union
				North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
				The Group of 77
				The Group of Seven (G-7)
				Colombo Plan
				Organization of American States (OAS)
				Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
				Association of South-East Asian Nations
				Amnesty International
				Red Cross
				World Trade Organization
					WTO’s Role
				Interpol
				Organization of the Islamic Co-operation
				Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
				Group of Eight (G8)
				Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
				Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
				Council of Europe
				The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
				Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
				Eurasian Economic Union
				Turkic Council
				African Union
				Union for the Mediterranean
				Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
				Union of South American Nations
				Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
				China–Japan–South Korea Trilateral Summits
				Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
				Australia–New Zealand–United States (ANZUS) Security Treaty
				Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
				Colombia–Indonesia–Vietnam–Egypt–Turkey–South Africa
				Next Eleven (N-11)
				Mexico–Indonesia–Nigeria–Turkey
				India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum
				E-7 (Emerging-7)
				E-9 Nations
				G-4
				Uniting for Consensus
				G-8 (Group of Eight)
				G-6 (Group of Six)
				G-(8+5)
				G-15
				G-20 (Group of 20)
				G-20 Summits
				G-24 (Group of Twenty-Four)
				World Bank
				International Monetary Fund
				Asian Development Bank
				Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectorial Technical and Economic Cooperation
			IMPORTANT TREATIES
				Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
				Izmir Treaty
				Antarctic Treaty
				Kyoto Protocol
			INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ALLIANCE (ISA)
				Libya Accord
				International Courts—At a Glance
		BASIC GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
			LANGUAGES
				Language Families: Number of Speakers
			BOOKS
				Famous Quotations
					Abraham Lincoln (1809 to 1865)
					Admiral Nelson (1758 to 1805)
					Albert Einstein (1879 to 1955)
					Albert Gyorgyi (1893 to 1986)
					Aldous Huxley (1894 to 1963)
					Alexander, the Great (356 to 323 BCE)
					Anatole France (1844 to 1924)
					Ancient Indian Proverb
					Archimedes (287 to 212 BCE)
					Aristotle (384 to 322 BCE)
					Balgangadhar Tilak (1856 to 1920)
					Benjamin D’Israeli (1804 to 1881)
					Benjamin Franklin (1706 to 1790)
					Bismarck (1815 to 1898)
					Carl Schurz (1829 to 1906)
					Charles W. Eliot (1834 to 1926)
					Christopher Wren (1632 to 1723)
					Cicero (106 to 43 BCE)
					David Thoreau Henry (1817 to 62)
					Democritus, 460 BCE
					Dr Beverly Crusher, from Star Trek
					Dr John G. Hibben (1916 to 1995)
					Edwin Aldrin (b. 1930)
					Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 to 1882)
					Epictetus
					Francis Bacon (1561 to 1626)
					Frank Tyger (1929 to 2011)
					Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 to 1900)
					Galileo Galilei (1564 to 1642)
					George Arnold (1834 to 1865)
					George Bernard Shaw (1856 to 1950)
					George Santayana (1863 to 1952)
					Goldsmith (1730 to 1774)
					Greek Proverb
					G. W. Crane
					Hobbes (1588 to 1679)
					Immanuel Kant (1724 to 1804)
					Jackie Robinson (1919 to 1972)
					Jacob Neusner (b. 1932)
					James Madison (1751 to 1839)
					Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 to 1964)
					Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 to 1778)
					Jean Riboud (1919 to 1985)
					Jesus Christ (at the time of crucifixion)
					Jesse Lee Bennett (1885 to 1931)
					Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe (1749 to 1834)
					John Keats (1795 to 1821)
					John Locke (1724 to 1804)
					John Stuart Mill (1805 to 1873)
					Jonathan Swift (1667 to 1745)
					J. W. von Goethe (1749 to 1834)
					Kahlil Gibran (1883 to 1931)
					Karl Marx (1818 to 1883)
					La Bruyere (1645 to 1696)
					Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904 to 1966)
					Lord Byron (1788 to 1824)
					Mahatma Gandhi (1869 to 1948)
					Mao Tse Tung (1893 to 1976)
					Michael Corleone, in The Godfather
					Milton (1608 to 1674)
					Mohd Ali Jinnah (1879 to 1948)
					Napoleon (1769 to 1821)
					Neil Armstrong (1930 to 2012)
					Niccolo Machiavelli (Florentine Diplomat, died in 1527)
					Niles Eldridge (b. 1943)
					Norbert Weiner (1894 to 1964)
					Orville Wright (1871 to 1948)
					Paul Valery (1871 to 1945)
					Pope (1688 to 1744)
					Rabindranath Tagore (1861 to 1941)
					Rudyard Kipling (1865 to 1936)
					Sam Houston (1793 to 1863)
					Samuel Butler (1835 to 1902)
					Sir Winston Churchill (1874 to 1965)
					Socrates (469 to 399 BCE)
					St. Andrews
					Shelley (1792 to 1822)
					Sir Isaac Newton (1642 to 1727)
					Stephen W. Hawking (b. 1942)
					Subhash Chandra Bose (1897 to 1945)
					Tennyson (1802 to 1892)
					Thomas Carlyle (1795 to 1881)
					Thomas Edison (1847 to 1931)
					Thomas Hobbes (1588 to 1679)
					Voltaire (1694 to 1778)
					Walter Lipsman (1859 to 1974)
					Wiliam Butler Yeats (1865 to 1939)
					William Wordsworth (1770 to 1850)
				Noted Works by Indian Authors (English)
				Ancient Classical Writers
				Ancient Books on Science and Medicine
				Some Famous Foreign Books
				Some Important Books
				Important Shakespeare Plays
				Famous Books/Plays
			WORLD’S GREAT PERSONALITIES (WHO’S WHO)
				Life Sketch of Great Personalities
				Abbreviated Titles of Some Well-known Figures
			WELL-KNOWN FREEDOM FIGHTERS
				International Figures
				Prominent Figures of the Indian Freedom Movement
				Exploration and Discoveries
				Women Achievers
					Nobel Peace Prize Winners: Women
					Miss Universe
					Miss World
					Women Rulers (1960 onwards)
				‘Firsts’ in the World
			PROMINENT ECONOMISTS
			SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
				Ancient Philosophers and Thinkers
			INTERNATIONAL AWARDS AND HONOURS
				Nobel Prize
					Nobel Foundation’s Prize Awarding Bodies
					Recipients of the Noble Prize in India
				Pulitzer Prize
				Ramon Magsaysay Awards
					Indians Who Received Ramon Magsaysay Awards
				Booker Prize (Man Bookers Prize)
					Recent Winners of the Man Booker Prize
				Right Livelihood Award
				Oscar Award (or Academy Award of Merit)
					Indians Films at the Oscars
				Important International Awards
			RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD
			SPORTS
				Sports Festivals
					Asian Games Record
					Olympic Mascots and Venues
					Olympics: Where and When
					Winter Olympics—Venues
					Presidents of International Olympic Committee (IOC)
			INTRODUCTION OF EVENTS IN THE OLYMPICS
				Medal Specs
				Olympics and India
				Medals Won by India (Sport wise from 1928 to 2016)
				Medals Won by India (Sport Wise from 1928 to 2016)
				Commonwealth Games
				India’s Performance Record at Commonwealth Games
				World Cup Cricket
				T-20 World Cup Cricket
				Indian Premier League
				World Cup Hockey
				Important Trophies and Associated Games
					International Trophies
					National Trophies
				Places Associated with Sports
					Special Names of Playgrounds
					Important National Sports
					Sports Stadiums of India
				Sports Authority of India
				Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education
				Important Government Schemes Relating to Sports
				National Youth Policy 2014
				National Scheme Relating to Talent Search and Training
				National Sports Development Fund
			ABBREVIATIONS
			IMPORTANT POLITICAL PARTIES
			INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES OF THE WORLD
			MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
				Important Newspapers
				Important News Agencies
				Days to Remember
					January
					February
					March
					April
					May
					June
					July
					August
					September
					October
					November
					December
				Important Symbols
				World’s Great Structures
				Terminology
	Chapter 2  Current Affairs
		NATIONAL CURRENT AFFAIRS
			ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS 2018
				Tripura
				Meghalaya
				Nagaland
				Karnataka
					State Assembly By-Polls in 2018 Results (10 Assembly Seats across 9 States)
					By-Elections to the Lok Sabha in 2018 Results
					Elections to the Rajya Sabha
			OTHER NATIONAL NEWS
				Taj Mahal Declaration
				Confining Illegal Rohingyas to Designated Camps
				Zojila Project in Leh
				Swachh Rating (Indore Cleanest City)
				No Permanent Accommodation for Ex-CMs
				New Draft National Forest Policy 2018
				SATH-E Project Roadmaps
				Key Highlights of the Project
				TB-Free India Campaign
				Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018
				Telephone Subscribers Base in India (May 2018 Report)
				Airport-like Railway Stations
			NEWS FROM STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES
				Andhra Pradesh
					TDP exits NDA at Centre
				Arunachal Pradesh
					State on the Aviation Map
					AFSPA Removed in Some Parts of the State
				Assam
					Protests against the Citizen (Amendment) Bill, 2016
				Bihar
					Back in Ranji Trophy Fold
					Special Category Status Denied
				Goa
					No Selfie Zone
					State-owned App-Based Taxi Service
				Gujarat
					Naroda Patiya Case Verdict
					Narrow-Gauge Lines to be Preserved
				Haryana
					Sports Award Controversy
				Himachal Pradesh
					Shimla Water Crisis
				Jammu & Kashmir
					Governor Rule in the State
				Karnataka
					GPS Fitted Cars on Poll Duty
					Fraud Reporting at Karnataka Bank
				Madhya Pradesh
					Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) Launched
				Maharashtra
					Statue of Shivaji
					Law to Encourage Inter-caste, Inter-religion Marriages
				Meghalaya
					AFSPA Removed
				Odisha
					Mahanadi Water Sharing Dispute
				Punjab
					Bharat Bandh Call by Dalit Organizations
				Rajasthan
				Tamil Nadu
					Sterlite Plant Controversy
				Telangana
					Demands for Growth of Telangana
					Highest Growth Rate among Indian States
				West Bengal
					West Bengal Panchayat Polls
				Andaman and Nicobar Islands
					Milan’—16 Nation Naval War Games
				Delhi
					Dust Cloud over Delhi—NCR
		INTERNATIONAL CURRENT AFFARIS
			THE TRUMP—KIM SUMMIT
				Salient Features of this 400-worded Joint Statement included the following points
			MORE POWER FOR XI JINPING IN CHINA
			DISPLACED POPULATION WORLD OVER
			CHINA’s “DEBT-TRAP DIPLOMACY”
			CHANGE OF GUARD
				South Korea—President
				Nepal—Prime Minister
				Germany—Chancellor
				Russia—President
				Spain—PM
				Malaysia
				Turkey—President
				Mexico—President
				Columbia—President
				Italy—Key Ministers
			INDIAN PRIME MINISTER’s FOREIGN VISITS AND AGREEMENTS SIGNED IN 2018
				Indonesia
				Singapore
			NATIONS OF THE WORLD
				Russia
					Floating Nuclear Power Plant
				Pakistan
					On Grey List of Terror Funding
				Chinese Investment
				USA
					Central American Migration
					‘Cal 3’ Initiative
					CAATSA Sanctions
				Macedonia
					Name Dispute
				China
					Combating Air Pollution
				UK
					Eases Visa Rules
				Maldives
					Declaration of Emergency
				Switzerland
					Financial Secrecy Index
				Saudi Arabia
					Anti-Corruption Drive
				Iran
					Invites China and Pakistan to join Chabahar Port
					Set to Boost Enrichment Capacity
				Turkey
					Waterway to Bypass Bosphorus Strait
					TANAP Gas Pipeline
				Iran
					Moqtada Al-Sadr Wins
				Israel
					US Opens Embassy in Jerusalem
				Ireland
					Abortion Legalized
				Yemen
					Hodeida Port Captured
				Guatemala
					Volcan de Fuego
			BILATERAL/MULTILATERALAGREEMENTS
				USA—Pakistan
					Reduction in Aid
				USA—Iran
					USA Quits Iran Nuclear Deal
				Bangladesh—Myanmar
					Rohingya Refugees Crisis
				China—Nepal
					India’s Monopoly on Internet Ends
				TAPI Pipeline
					Breaks Ground on Afghan Section
				Pakistan—China
					Pakistan’s Borrowing from China
				North Korea—China
					Kim’s Secret Visit to China
				India—Japan
					Strategic Dialogue
				China—Bangladesh
					To Build Economic Hub
				India—Pakistan
					Gilgit-Baltistan Order
				India—Nepal
					Janakpur-Ayodhya Bus Link
				Ethopia—Eritrea
					Chance to End Border Dispute
				North Korea—South Korea
					Historical Summit
					Economic Upturn for Koreas
			SUMMITS AND ORGANIATIONS
				European Union
					Defence Force Plan
				NATO Summit
				CPEC
					Afghanistan’s Entry
				UNICEF
					Illiteracy in Conflict-Ridden Countries
				United Nations
					New Funding for Ethiopian Crisis
		SPORTS & TOURNAMENT
			FIFA WORLD CUP 2018 (14th June—15th JulY, 2018)
				Group Stage
				Knockout Stage
					Round of 16
			COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2018 (4TH—15TH APRIL, 2018)
				Medal Tally
				India at CWG-2018
			CHAMPIONS TROPHY 2018
			UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE FOOTBALL 2018
			IPL 2018 EDITION
			TENNIS GRAND SLAMS 2018
				Australian Open 2018
				French Open 2018
				Wimbledon Open 2018
				US Open 2018
				ASIAD 2018
			TOURNAMENT RESULTS
				TENNIS
				Cricket
					Indian Domestic Tournaments
				International Series & Tournaments
					Tests
					One-Day Internationals
					Twenty-20 Internationals
				Badminton
				Golf
				Swimming
				Archery
				Athletics
				Hockey
			AWARD AND HONOURS
				Civilian Awards 2018
				Military Awards
				Literature Awards
					National
					International
				Beauty Pageant Awards
					National
					International
				Science and Technology & Other Category Awards
					National
					International
				Film/Music/Art/Culture
				Industry/Business/Corporate/Service
					National
					International
				Sports Awards
					National
					International
		INDIAN ECONOMY
			OVERVIEW OF INDIAN ECONOMY
				Economic Survey 2017–18
				Highlights of Economic Survey 2017–18
				Union Budget 2018–19
				Budget 2018–19 Highlights
				Railways Budget
				Few Initiatives in Detail
				Allocations and Updates Of Existing Schemes
			MISCELLANEOUS ECONOMIC SECTOR NEWS
				GeM 3.0 Version Launched
				Action Plan for Champion Sectors in Services
				NEIDS, 2017
				Additional World Bank Financing for PMGSY
				XV Finance Commission: High Level Group on Health Sector
				Atal Pension Yojna (APY) subscribers Bases crosses 1 Crore mark
				Innovate in India for Inclusiveness Project
Volume II Indian Polity and Governance
	Cover
	Copyright
	Contents
	Chapter 1   Indian Constitution
		THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
			HISTORICAL BACK GROUND
				The Historical Review of ConstitutionalDevelopment
				The East India Company Rule 1773–1858
					Regulating Act of 1773
					Act of Settlement, 1781
					Pitts India Act, 1784
					Act of 1786
					Charter Act of 1793
					Charter Act of 1813
					Charter Act of 1833
					Charter Act of 1853
				The Crown Rule (1858–1947)
					Indian Councils Act of 1861
					Indian Councils Act of 1892
					Government of India Act, 1919
					Government of India Act, 1935
					Provincial Autonomy
					Indian Independence Act, 1947
					Making of the Constitution (1946–1949)
				The Constituent Assembly
					Interim Government of 1946
					Changes in Constituent Assembly after IndianIndependence Act, 1947
					First Cabinet of Independent India, 1947
					Working of the Constituent Assembly
					Other functions performed by Constituent Assembly
					Committees for Procedural Matters Included
					Committees for Substantive Matters included:
				The Objectives Resolution
				Shortcomings of the Constituent Assembly
				The Foundation of the Indian Constitution
			AN ANALYSIS OF THE INDIANCONSTITUTION
				Salient Features of Constitution of India
				Strength of the Indian Constitution
			INDIAN CONSTITUTION–A LIVING LAW
				Doctrine of Liberal Interpretation
				Principle of Harmonious Construction
				Doctrine of Severability
				Doctrine of Prospective Overruling
		THE STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
			THE PREAMBLE KESHAVANADA BHARTI CASE
				The Original Preamble of the Indian Constitution
				The Preamble as Amended by the 42nd Amendment
				An Analysis of the Preamble
				Interpretation of the Preamble
			PARTS I–XXII COVERINGARTICLES 1–395
				Parts and Articles of the Constitution
				Article 368
				Secular India
				Parts and Articles of the Constitution
				Ninth Schedule of the Indian Constitution
			THE SCHEDULES
		UNION OF INDIA—ITS STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES
			THE UNION OF INDIA
			THE RE-ORGANISATION OF THE STATES
				Structure of the Union Before 1956
				Dhar Commission (1948)
				JVP Committee (1948)
				Formation of a New State
				The State Reorganization Commission (1953)
				Process for Formation of a New State
				The Structure of the Union after the Seventh Amendment
			THE PRESENT STRUCTURE OF THE UNION
				The States and the UTs
				The Relation between the Indian Unionand its States
			INDIAN FEDERALISM
				India—The Union of States
				India—A Federal State
				Non-Federal Nature of the Indian Union
				India—A Quasi-Federal State
				Security of the State
				Detailed Discussion on Federal Character of India
		INDIAN CITIZENSHIP
			NATURE OF CITIZENSHIP
				Single Citizenship
				Rights of Citizens Underthe Constitution
			CITIZENSHIP ACT AND ITSAMENDMENTS
				The Citizenship Act (1955)
				Amendment of Citizenship Act (1955)
				Citizenship (Amendment) Bill (1992)
				The Citizenship Act (2003)
				Eligibility Criteria for Dual Citizenship
				Deprivation of Indian Citizenship Under 2003 Act
				Citizenship (Amendment) Bill (2015)
			IDENTITY DOCUMENTS OF INDIA
				National Identity Card
			OVERSEAS CITIZENSHIP OF INDIA (OCI)
				Renunciation and Cancellation of Overseas Citizenship
				Benefits to be Allowed to an OCI
				Who is Eligible for the OCI Status?
				Interesting Facts on ‘OCI’
		FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS DEFINED IN THE CONSTITUTION
			THE SCOPE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
				Availability of Rights
				Definition of ‘State’ in Context of Fundamental Rights
				Provisions to Protect Rights
			CLASSIFICATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
				Right to Property: Fundamental Right or Not
				Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)
				Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)
				Limitations upon Freedom of Speech and Expression
				Limitations upon Freedom of Assembly
				Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences (Article 20)
				Freedom of Person (Article 21) and Preventive Detention (Article 22)
			DISCUSSION POINTS: IMPORTANT RELATED TOPICS
			RELAXATION FOR PROFESSIONALQUALIFICATION AS LAID DOWN BYNCTE
			RIGHT TO BE FORGOTTEN
				Right Against Exploitation (Article 23–24)
				Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beingsand Forced Labour (Article 23)
				Protection Against the Evil of Child Labour (Article 24)
				Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25–28)
				Right of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion (Article 25)
				Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs (Article 26)
				Freedom Not to Pay Taxes for Religious Promotion of Any Particular Religion (Article 27)
				Freedom as to Attendance at Religious Instruction or Religious Worship in Certain Educational Institutions (Article 28)
				Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)
				Protection of Interest of Minorities (Article 29)
				Remedies for Enforcement of Rights Conferred on Indian Citizens
				Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions (Article 30)
				Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
				Writs Mentioned in the Indian Constitution
					Habeas Corpus
					Mandamus
					Prohibition
					Quo Warranto
			DISCUSSION POINTS: CONNECTEDTO FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
				Natural Rights or Ordinary Rights
				Positive Rights and Negative Rights
				Fundamental Rights and Human Rights
				Human Rights and the Indian Constitution
				Group Rights Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes
				Reservations for Government Appointments
				Extension of the Group Rights
				Contempt of Court
				The Mandal Commission Report
				Reservations Not Available in Certain Areas
				Article 13(2) and Fundamental Rights
				Fundamental Rights as Under PILs
				Application of Fundamental Rightto Armed Forces
				Right to Property and the 44th Amendment
				Suspension of Fundamental Rights
				The 62nd Amendment and Mandal Commission Report
				Fundamental Right to Property
			EMERGENCY
				Emergency Provisions and Authoritarian Powers Emergency Rule
				Proclamation of Emergency
				History of Emergency in India
				President’s Rule
				Constituent Power vs Ordinary Legislative Power
				Authoritarian Powers
		DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES
			INTRODUCTION
			THE SCOPE OF DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES
			CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (DPSP)
				Classification of the Directive Principles
				Some other Important Directive Principles
				Significance of the Directive Principles
			DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES: IMPORTANTAMENDMENT ACTS
				The 42nd Amendment
				The 43rd and 44th Amendment
				Differentiation: Fundamental Rightsand Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
				Interrelationships
				Criticism of Directive Principles
		FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF A CITIZEN OF INDIA
			FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
				Sardar Swaran Singh Committee and the 42nd Amendment
				Constitutional Mechanism for Achieving Socio-Economic Goals
			SUPREME COURT’S NOTICE ON FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
			DISCUSSION POINTS: CONNECTEDTO FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
				Three Aspects of Relations between Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties
				Gandhiji’s View of Fundamental Duties
				Implications of Fundamental Duties
		LIST OF IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
			THE PROCEDURE OF AMENDMENT (ARTICLE 368)
				List of Imporatant Constitutional Amendments
		APPENDIX : LIST OF ARTICLES IN THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
			PART I: THE UNION AND ITSTERRITORY
				Articles
			PART II: CITIZENSHIP
			PART III: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
				General
				Right to Equality
				Right to Freedom
				Right Against Exploitation
				Right to Freedom of Religion
				Cultural and Educational Rights
				Saving of Certain Laws
				Right to Constitutional Remedies
			PART IV: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
			PART IVA: FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
			PART V: THE UNION
				Chapter I — The Executive
					The President and Vice-President
					Council of Ministers
					The Attorney General for India
					Conduct of Government Business
				Chapter II—Parliament
					General
					Officers of Parliament
					Conduct of Business
					Disqualifications of Members
					Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
					Legislative Procedure
					Procedure in Financial Matters
					Procedure Generally
				Chapter III—Legislative Powers of the President
				Chapter IV— The Union Judiciary
				Chapter V—Comptroller and Auditor General of India
			PART VI: THE STATES
				Chapter I—General
				Chapter II—The Executive
					The Governor
					Council of Ministers
					The Advocate General for the State
					Conduct of Government Business
				Chapter III—The State Legislature
					General
					Officers of the State Legislature
					Conduct of Business
					Disqualifications of Members
					Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
					Legislative Procedure
					Procedure in Financial Matters
					Procedure Generally
				Chapter IV—Legislative Power of the Governor
				Chapter V—The High Courts in the States
				Chapter VI—Subordinate Courts
			PART VII: THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE
			PART VIII: THE UNION TERRITORIES
			PART IX: THE PANCHAYATS
			PART IXA: THE MUNICiPALITIES
			PART X: THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
			PART XI: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES
				Chapter I—Legislative Relations
					Distribution of Legislative Powers
				Chapter II—Administrative Relations
					General
					Disputes relating to Waters
					Co-ordination between States
			PART XII: FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
				Chapter I—Finance
					General
					Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
					Miscellaneous financial provisions
				Chapter II—Borrowing
				Chapter III—Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits
				Chapter IV—Right to Property
			PART XIII: TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITH IN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
			PART XIV: SERVICES UNDERTHE UNION AND THE STATES
				Chapter I—Services
				Chapter II—Public Service Commissions
			PART XIVA: TRIBUNALS
			PART XV: ELECTIONS
			PART XVI: SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
			PART XVII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
				Chapter I—Language of the Union
				Chapter II—Regional Languages
				Chapter III—Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, Etc.
				Chapter IV—Special Directives
			PART XVIII: EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
			PART XIX: MISCELLANEOUS
			PART XX: AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
			PART XXI: TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS
			PART XXII: SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS
	Chapter 2  Indian Government and Administration
		THE UNION GOVERNMENT
			MACHINERY OF THE UNION GOVERNMENT
				Government Structure: Salient Features
				Basic Structure of the Indian Government
		THE PRESIDENT AND THE VICE-PRESIDENT
			THE PRESIDENT
				The Presidential Influence
				The Presidential Election
				Procedure for Impeachment of the President (Article 61)
				Presidential Immunity
				Position of the President
				Pardoning Powers of the President
				Presidential Oath
				Presidents’ Emoluments
				Power of the President
				Right of President of India to Send Messages to Houses and Address
				Special Address by the President of India
					Emergency Powers
				Important Terms
			THE VICE-PRESIDENT
				The Election
				Term of Office
				Qualifications
				Functions
				Emoluments
				Residence
		THE PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
			THE PRIME MINISTER
				Functions of the Indian Prime Minister
				Specific Duties of the Prime Minister with Respect to Furnishing Information to the President
				Appointment
				Term of Office
				Resignation of Indian Prime Minister
				Emoluments of Indian Prime Minister
			THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
				Composition
				Appointment
				Tenure
				Powers and Functions of Ministers of Council
				Relation between President and Council of Ministers
		THE PARLIAMENT
			COMPOSITION
				Membership to Parliament
				Duration of the Houses of Indian Parliament
				Emoluments
				The President and the Parliament
			THE RAJYA SABHA
				Composition
				Tenure
				The Council of States (Rajya Sabha)
				Qualification of Members
				Officers of the Rajya Sabha
				Functions
				The Election of Members of the Rajya Sabha
			THE LOK SABHA
				Composition
				The House of People (Lok Sabha)
				The Election of Members of the Lok Sabha
				Constitution
				Strength
				Powers and Authority
				Tenure
				Functions
				Sessions of Parliament
				How Population Figures are Importantin Indian Politics
			GOVERNMENT BUSINESS
				Chairman (Presiding Officer)
				Deputy Speaker
				Powers of the Lok Sabha Speakers
			LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
				Introduction and Passing of Bills
				Difference between Money Billand Financial Bill
				Special Procedure with Respect to Money Bills
				The Union List, State Listand Concurrent List
				Article 368: Power of Parliamentto Amend the Constitution
			PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTES
				Types of Committees
				Consultative Committees
				Estimates Committee
				Public Accounts Committee
				Committee on Public Undertakings
			IMPORTANT TERMS IN CONDUCT OF BUSINESS IN THE PARLIAMENT
				Roll of Members
				The Quorum
				Question Hour
				Zero Hour
				Point of Order
				Ordinary Bills
				Money Bills
				Resolution
				Guillotine
				Whip
				Closure
				Adjournment (Done by Leader of the House)
				Adjournment Sine Die
				Calling Attention
				Yielding the Floor
				Crossing the Floor
				Prorogation
				Indian Budget
				The Pre-Budget Economic Survey
				Process of Budget Approval
				Grants-in-Aid
				Vote-on-Account
				Interim Budget
				Demands for Grants with Regard to the Budget
				Special Provision with Respect to Delhi
				Important Amendments
				Important Motions in the Parliament
				Joint Sitting of Parliament
			ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP OF INDIANGOVERNMENT
				Monthly Salaries of Government Officials (Central, State and others) in India
				Ministries/Departments of the Government
					Ministries
		THE JUDICIARY
			THE STRUCTURE OF THE SUPREME COURT
				The Composition of the Supreme Court
				Seat
				Functions
				Removal of a Judge
				Parliament and the Supreme Court (Major Controversies)
				Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
				Character of Supreme Court Jurisdiction
				Hierarchy of Criminal Justice System
				Hierarchy of Civil Judicial System
				National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) (5 Dec 1995)
				Appointment
				Qualifications
				National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)
				Tenure and Remuneration
				Retirement
			THE STATE JUDICIARY (THE HCS)
				HC’s Power of Superintendence
				Status of HCs
				Composition
				Functions
			THE JUDGES OF THE HIGH COURT
				Appointment of Judges
				Qualifications
				Oath
				Term
				Salary
				Removal
				Restriction on Legal Practice
				Provision of Legal Aid
			SUBORDINATE COURTS
				Structure
				Powers of High Court
				The National Judiciary Academy
				Districts and Session Courts
				Other Subordinate Courts
				The Designation System
			FAMILY COURTS
			LOK ADALATS AND NYAYA PANCHAYATS
				Lok Adalats
				Nyaya Panchayats
				Quasi-Judicial Bodies
				Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT)
			IMPORT ANT PROCESSES IN INDIAN JUDICIARY SYSTEM
				Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
				Amicus Curiae
		THE STATE GOVERNMENT
			THE MACHINERY OF STATE GOVERNMENT
				Necessity of the State Legislature
				Basic Structure
				Union Control Over the States
				The Union Territories
				The State Executive
				The Governor
				Classification of Governor’s Orders (Article 163)
				Governor and the Cabinet
				President Vs Governor
				Powers of the Governor
				The Chief Minister
				The Council of Ministers
				Existing Ministry to Continue until its Successor Assumes Charge
		THE STATE LEGISLATURE
			THE STRUCTURE AND NATURE OF THE STATE LEGISLATURE
				The Nature of the Legislatures
			LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL (VIDHAN PARISHAD)
				Strength
				Tenure
				Qualifications for Membership
				Election of Members
				Officers of State Legislative Council
			LEGISLATIVE ASEMBLY (VIDHAN SABHA)
				Strength
				Constitution
				Tenure
				Elections
				Officers of State Legislative Assembly
				Functions
		LOCA L GOVERNMENTS
			PANCHAYATS —AS RURAL SELF-GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS
				Prior to the Gandhian Era
				During the Gandhian Era
				Status of Panchayat before 1989
				Role of Panchayats after 1989
				Signifi cance of the 73rd Amendment
			ROLE OF STATE GOVERNMENT
				Panchayat and the Environment
				Constitution and the Tribals
				The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Amendment Rules, 2012
			URBAN SELF-GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS
				First Municipal Corporation in India
				Significance of Municipal Corporations
				The 74th Amendment
				12th Schedule of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of India
				Role of Central Government
				Recruitment Rules
		IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL STATUTORY AUTHORITIES
			UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (UPSC)
				The Historical Background
				The Structure of UPSC
				Constitutional Provisions
				Independent and Neutral UPSC
				Power of UPSC
				The Classification of Civil Services
			ELECTION COMMISSION
				Historical Background
				New Initiatives
				Appointment and Tenure of Commissioners
				Article 324 of the Constitution and Role of Election Commission
				Election Commission
				Functions
				Present Perspective of the Election Commission
			FINANCE COMMISSION
				Composition
				Functions of Finance Commission
			CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION (CVC)
				Jurisdiction
		KEY FUNCTIONARIES
			THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA
			ADVOCATE GENERAL
				Appointment
				Role of Advocate General
			THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG)
				Composition of Department
				Role of the CAG
				The Appointment
				Tenure and Emoluments
			THE LOKPAL AND THE LOKAY UKTAS
				The Lokpal
				A Look at the Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill, 2013
				The Lokayuktas
		THE POLITICA L PROCESS
			GENERAL ELECTIONS
			POLITICAL PARTIES
				Criteria for Recognition of a Political Party
			INDIAN ELECTIONS—SCALE OF OPERATION
			DISCUSSION POINTS : RELATED TO INDIAN ELECTION PROCESSES
				Constituency Boundaries
				Delimitation Commission
				Single-member and Multi-member Constituencies
				Reservation of Seats
				Eligibility to Vote
			POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS
				Registration with the Election Commission
				Recognition and Reservation of Symbols
				Limit on Poll Expenses
				Splits and Mergers and Anti-Defection Law
				Supervising Elections, Election Observers
				Counting of Votes
				Media Coverage
				International Co-operation
				Reforms in Collection and Spending of Funds by the Political Parties
				Electoral Bonds
		OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
			HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
			THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ACT, 1963
			OTHER LANGUAGES
				Languages and Dialects
				Demands Received for Inclusion of 38 More Languages in Eighth Schedule
		PROVISIONS RELATING TO SPECIAL CLASSES
			WELFARE OF SCHEDULED CASTES
			STs DEVELOPMENT
				Legislative Framework for Improvementof SCs and STs
				Schemes and Programmes for SCs/STs by Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
					Scholarships
					Hostels
					Free Coaching
					Schemes for Economic Development
					Schemes for Social Empowerment
					NGOs Scheme
			WELFARE OF BACKWARD CLASSES
			WELFARE OF MINORITIES
		SPECIAL POSITION OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR IN THE INDIAN UNION
			DISCRETION OF CONFERRINGSPECIAL STATUS TO J&K STATE
			SIGNIFICANCE OF ARTICLE 370
		CENTRE–STATE RELATIONSHIPS
			DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS—CENTRE AND STATES
				Legislative Relations
				Treaty Making
				Financial Relations
				Share of States in Taxes, Cesses, and Surcharges
				Status of Central Bank
				Tax on Services
			INTER-STATE COUNCILS
				Settlement of Inter-State Disputes
				Sarkaria Commission
				North-Eastern Council (NEC)
			ZONAL COUNCILS (ZCs)
				Main Objectives
				Classification and Functions of Zonal Councils
			INTERSTATE WATER DISPUTES
				Constitutional Provisions
					Resolution of Interstate Water Disputes Through Negotiations
				Important Water Dispute Tribunals
		ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
			CONSTITUTIONAL/NONCONSTITUTIONAL/STATUTORYBODIES IN INDIA
				Constitutional Body
				Non-Constitutional Body
				Statutory Body
				Constitutional and Statutory Bodies
				Autonomous Bodies
				PSUs and Joint Ventures
		SOCIAL LEGISLATION IN INDIA
			What is Social Legislation?
			Social Legislation Generally Refers to
			Social Legislation Before Independence
			Indian Constitution and Social Legislation
			Directive Principles of State Policy
			Social Legislation Since Independence
			Important Social Security Legislations
			The Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948
			The Employees Provident Fund (and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1952
			The Employees’ Provident Fund Scheme
			The Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme
			The Employees’ Pension Scheme
			Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
			The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
			Labour Welfare Funds
			ADDITIONAL READINGS
				Alternative Methods of Dispute Resolution Outside the Established Court System
					A. Conciliation and Arbitration
Volume III Indian Economy: Economy and Social Development
	Cover
	Copyright
	Contents
	Chapter 1  Public Finance
		INTRODUCTION
			CHARACTER, SIZE, AND STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
				Character of the Indian Economy
				Size of the Indian Economy
				Sectoral Structure of Indian Economy
		NATIONAL INCOME AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES
			DEFINITION
			IMPORTANT ACRONYMS AND FORMULAE
				Remarks on the Formulae
			CONCEPTS OF NATIONAL INCOME
			CALCULATION OF NATIONAL INCOME
			INDIA’S NATIONAL INCOME ESTIMATES FOR 2017–18 (AT 2011–12 PRICES)
				Gross National Income (GNI
				Price Indices Used as Defl ators
				Estimates at per capita level
				Estimates at Current Prices
			NEW SERIES OF NATIONAL STATISTICS (BASE YEAR 2011–12)
				Historical Background
				Why Change in the Base Year is Needed?
				Guiding Principles for New Series
			ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITURES ON GDP
				Concepts of Annual Estimates of Expenditures
		POPULATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
			THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
			CORRELATION BETWEEN POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
				Indian Perspective
		NATIONAL CAPITAL FORMATION
			POPULATION AND CAPITAL FORMATION
			GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION
			CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE
				Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE)
				Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE)
			GROSS FUND CAPITAL FORMATION (GFCF)
		INDIA’S PUBLIC FINANCE
			SOURCES OF REVENUE
			ANNUAL FINANCIAL BUDGET
			PUBLIC DEBT
				Problems of Public Debt
				Some Salient Features of Public Debt in India
				Debt Management Strategy (DMS)
			PUBLIC SECTOR PLAN: RESOURCE POSITION—CENTRE AND STATES
				Centre
				States
			CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET DOCUMENTS
				The Budget Documents
				Tax Revenue and Non-Tax Revenue
			THE BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN BUDGET DOCUMENTS
				Annual Financial Statement (AFS)
				Demands for Grants
				Appropriation Bill
				Finance Bill
				Memorandum Explaining the Provisions in the Finance Bill
				Macro-economic Framework Statement
				Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement
				Medium-term Fiscal Policy Statement
			THE BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE OTHER EXPLANATORY DOCUMENTS OF THE BUDGET
				Expenditure Budget Volume-1
				Expenditure Budget Volume-2
				Receipts Budget
				Budget at a Glance
				Highlights of Budget
				Detailed Demands for Grants
				Outcome Budget
				Annual Reports
				Economic Survey
		PLANNING IN INDIA
			DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
				Important Dates
				The NITI Aayog
					Organisational Structure of NITI
					Guiding Principles of Niti Aayog
					Functions of Niti
					Role of Governance
					Justification for Replacing Planning Commission with NITI
					NITI Aayog—First Meeting
					Three-Sub Groups of Chief Ministers
					All States to Have Two Task Forces
			PLANNING COMMISSION
			FIVE-YEAR PLANS
			TWELFTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2012–17)
				End of Five Year Planning in India
				Vision Document, Strategy & Action Agenda beyond 12th Five Year Plan
		REFORMS INITIATED BY NITI AAYOG
			REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE
			REFORMING MEDICAL EDUCATION
			DIGITAL PAYMENTS MOVEMENT
			ATAL INNOVATION MISSION
			INDICES MEASURING STATES' PERFORMANCE IN HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT
			SUB-GROUP OF CHIEF MINISTERS ON SKILL DEVELOPMENT
			TASK FORCE ON ELIMINATION OF POVERTY IN INDIA
			TASK FORCE ON AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT
			TRANSFORMING INDIA LECTURE SERIES
	Chapter 2  Agriculture
		OVERVIEW
			AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
			AGRICULTURE IN INDIAN ECONOMY
			GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION IN AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS
			INVESTMENT IN AGRICULTURE
			AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
			GROWTH IN FOODGRAIN PRODUCTION
			THE INDIAN AGRICULTURAL SCENARIO
			FLAGSHIP PROGRAMMES
				Green Revolution-Krishonnati Yojana
					National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
					Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
					National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm
					National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
					National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology
					Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Marketing
				National Agriculture Market
					Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Cooperation
					Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Censusand Statistics
				Green Revolution-Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
				Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
				Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
				Direct Benefit Transfer
				Production of Fruits and Vegetables
				Horticulture Mission for North-East and Himalayan States (HMNEH)
				National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NMAET)
				Rashtriya Gokul Mission
				National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Development (NOVOD) Board
				The Cafeteria Provides Supportfor Various Important Initiatives
				National Bamboo Mission (now renamed as National Agro Forestry and Bamboo Mission)
				Revised Macro-Management of Agriculture
				Seeds
			NEW INITIATIVE
				Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan—Farmer Centric Initiatives
					PM Fasal Bima Yojana
					PM Krishi Sinchai Yojana (Drought Proofing Agriculture—PMKSY in Irrigated & Rain fed Areas)
					Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana—Organic Agriculture
					National Food Security Mission-Pulses
					Soil Health Management
					National Agriculture Market
					Harnessing Modern Technology for Extension
					Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India
					Build on India's Success in Dairy Sector
				Gram Swaraj Abhiyaan
				Neem Coated Urea
				Blue Revolution (Neel Kranti) Scheme
				Extending Green Revolution to the Eastern States
				Pulses and Oilseeds villages
				Saffron Mission in Jammu and Kashmir
				National Seed Mission
				Kisan Suvidha Mobile App
				New Mobile Apps
				mKisan Portal
				E-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)
				AGRISNET (Strengthening/Promoting Agricultural Informatics and Communication)
				National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP)
				Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS)
				Unified Package Insurance Scheme (UPIS)
				National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)
				National Project on Organic Farming
			NEW SCHEMES
				Project for Replanting and Rejuvenation of Coconut Gardens
			NATIONAL AGRICULTURE MARKET (NAM)
				Integrated Scheme for Agriculture for Agricultural Marketing (ISAM)
				The Pesticides Management Bill, 2008
				Mini Mission-II of the Technology Mission on Cotton
				Mini Mission-II of the Jute Technology Mission
		THE GREEN REVOLUTION
			THE GENESIS
			THE BENEFITS OF GREEN REVOLUTION
				Further Growth
				Arrival of Technology
		AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN INDIA
			NEED FOR REFORMS
				Marketing Reforms in Agriculture Sector
			TERMINAL MARKET COMPLEX
			AGRI-BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT THROUGH THE ADB
				Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI)
					Major functions of DMI
				Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure (AMI)
				Agricultural Marketing Reforms (MDRC)
			MARKETING EXTENSION
			MARKETING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION NETWORK (AGMARKNET)
			CONSTRUCTION OF RURAL GODOWNS
			SMALL FARMERS’ AGRI-BUSINESS CONSORTIUM (SFAC)
				Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs)
			THE CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEME FOR AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
		AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION, MICRO-MANAGEMENT, WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE
			INDIAN COOPERATIVE SECTOR
				Cooperative Education and Training
				Cooperative Education and Training Activities in the North-Eastern Region
				Women Development Activities
				Cooperative Development ProgrammesThrough the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)
					National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)
				Cooperative Storage and Cold Storage
				Cooperatives in Under-developed States
				Strengthening of National-Level Cooperative Federations
				Revitalisation of Cooperatives
				Amendment to the Constitution in Respect of Cooperatives
				Helping Farmers in Getting Remunerative Prices for Their Produce Through NAFED
				Price Support Scheme (PSS)
				Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)
			INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
				Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
				World Food Day
				Technical Cooperation Programme
				World Food Programme (WFP)
				World Bank
				Agreements/MoUs/Work Plans
				Indo-US Cooperation
				Contributions to International Organizations
				Developing Countries
				Strategic Groups
			MACRO-MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE
				Revised Macro-Management of Agriculture Scheme
			AGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE
				National Cooperative Development and Warehousing
				Central Warehousing Corporation
				State Warehousing Corporations
			ENHANCEMENT IN STORAGE
				Cold Storage
		AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
			NEED FOR MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE
				The Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering
				National Mission on Agricultura lExtension and Technology (NMAET)
				Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension Reforms Scheme (ATMA Scheme)
				Support to Community Radio Stations (CRS)
				Establishment of the Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres (ACABC)
				National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) at Hyderabad
			SUPPORT TO STATE EXTENSION PROGRAMMES FOR EXTENSION REFORMS
				The Cafeteria of Activities
			THE NATIONAL GENDER RESOURCE CENTRE IN AGRICULTURE (NGRCA)
				National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP)
				New Crop Varieties
			KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA (KRISHI EXTENSION)
				Important Highlights
		IRRIGATION
			ULTIMATE IRRIGATION POTENTIAL
			MICRO-IRRIGATION
				Need to Accord ‘Infrastructure Lending States’ to New Irrigation Technologies
			PMKSY
			PROBLEMS FACED IN PROGRESS OF IRRIGATION IN INDIA
		SEEDS
			AS CRITICAL INPUT FOR AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION
				CLASSIFICATION OF SEEDS
				NATIONAL SEEDS CORPORATION LTD. (NSC)
				SEEDNET
				SEED POLICY REFORMS
					The Seeds Bill, 2004
					Strengthening of Seeds Quality Control Organizations (State Seed Certification Agencies and State Seed Testing Laboratories)
					Policy on the Export and Import of Seeds and Planting Materials
					National Seeds Corporation
					National Seed Research and Training Centre (NSRTC)
					Amendment to NPSD
					National Seed Reserve (NSR) Programme
					SAARC Seed Bank
					OECD Seed Scheme
					National Mission on Seeds
					DPQS Scheme
				SEED PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION PROGRAMMES
					Development and Strengthening of Infrastructure Facilities for the Production/Distribution of Quality Seeds
					Bt. Cotton Seeds
				PSUs HANDLING SEEDS
		FERTILISERS
			CONSUMPTION OF FERTILISERS
				The Pattern
				Fertilizer Control Order (FCO), 1985
				Organic and Biofertilizers
				Balanced Use of Fertilisers
				Quality Control of Fertilizers
				Soil Health Management (SHM)
				Soil Health Cards
				INM and Organic Farming
				Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
				Participatory Guarantee System (PGS)—India
				Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER)
			AVAILABILITY AND PRICES
				Availability of Fertilisers
				Crop Protection Chemicals
				Indian Crop Protection Market Split (Year 2017–18)
				Fertiliser Prices
			FERTILISER SUBSIDY
				Nutrient-Based Fertiliser Subsidy
			NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
				Schemes and Programmes of Natural Resource Management (NRM) Division
					Central Sector Schemes
				Other NRM Related Interventions
				Externally Aided Projects
				National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA)
				Direct Benefit Transferin Fertiliser Sector
		PLANT PROTECTION, AGRICULTURAL CREDIT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
			PLANT PROTECTION
				Plant Quarantine
				Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
				Seed Treatment Campaign
				Implementation of the Insecticides Act
				Locust Control and Research
				Capacity Building in Plant Protection
			AGRICULTURAL CREDIT
				Institutional Arrangements
				Agriculture Credit
				Interest Subvention to Farmers
				Kisan Credit Cards Scheme
				Interest Subvention Scheme
				Extension of Interest Subvention for Post-harvest Credit
				Interest Subvention in Natural Calamities Situation
				Joint Liability Group (JLG)
				Investment in Debentures of State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (SCARDB)/State Cooperative Land Development Banks (SCLDB)
				Relief Measures for Natural Calamities
				Sarangi Committee
				Policy Initiatives for Increasing the Flow of Credit
			DISASTER MANAGEMENT
			NEW CROP VARIETIES
				Institutional Mechanism for In-house Knowledge Management Database on Agricultural Trade
			GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
				Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Policy in Agriculture
				Agricultural Trade Liberalisation
			EXTERNAL AID
		THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
			UNDERSTANDING THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN INDIA
				Evolution of PDS
			FACILITIES PROVIDED UNDER PDS
				Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)
				Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
				Validity of PDS
			OTHER ACTIVITIES UNDER PDS
				Welfare Schemes
				Open Market Sale Scheme (Domestic) OMSS (D)
				How ‘PDS’ Works in India
				Food Corporation of India
				Central Warehousing Corporation
				The Hindustan Vegetable Oils Corporation Limited (HVOC)
				Directorate of Sugar
				Directorate of Vanaspati, Vegetable Oils and Fats
				National Sugar Institute (NSI), Kanpur
				Quality Control Cell
				Indian Grain Storage Management & Research Institute (IGMRI)
				Organisational Structure of Food Corporation of India (FCI)
				State/UT Agencies for PDS
		ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, DAIRY, AND FISHERY
			LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY
				Livestock Sector
				Meat Production
				Wool Production
				Milk Production
				Poultry
				Egg Production
				Central Herd Registration Scheme (CHRS)
				E-Pashuhaat
				The NPBB&DD Scheme
				National Mission on Bovine Productivity (NMBP)
					Components of the Scheme
				National Livestock Mission
				Safety Policies and Legislation (in the Background of Avian Infl uenza)
			FISHING
				Fish Production
				Blue Revolution
				Central Plan Scheme with Central Sector Components
					The restructured Centrally Plan Scheme with Central Sector components on Blue Revolution
				National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)
				Integrated National Fisheries Action Plan-2020
				Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA)
				National Surveillance Programme for Aquatic Animal Diseases (NSPAAD)
				Research and Development
				National Policy on Marine Fisheries, 2016
		OTHER SPECIAL POLICY INITIATIVES
			REHABILITATION PACKAGE FOR DISTRESSED FARMERS
			NATIONAL POLICY FOR FARMERS, 2007 (NPF)
		GENDER PERSPECTIVES IN AGRICULTURE
			The National Gender Resource Centre for Agriculture (NGRCA
			Gender Budgeting Cell (GBC)
			The National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)
			Current Initiatives
		SHORT NOTE ON THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATION, MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE—GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
			SERVICES/ACTIVITIES
			FUNCTIONS AND ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
				List of Functional Divisions in the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
	Chapter 3  Industry and Other Important Sectors
		INDUSTRY IN INDIA
			INDUSTRIAL SCENE AT INDEPENDENCE
			GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
				The Statement of the Industrial Policy (1945)
				The Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) of 1948 and 1956
					Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948 (IPR, 1948)
				Industries (Development and Regulation) Act (IDRA), 1951
				Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956
				Monopolies Inquiry Commission (1964)
				The Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Act (1970)
				Transport Subsidy Scheme
					Quantum of Subsidy
					Freight Subsidy Scheme (FSS)
				The Industrial Policy Statements of 1973 and 1977
				The Industrial Policy Statement of 1980
				Period of Liberalization After 80’s
				Liberalization of 1990
			THE NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991
			SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES (SSEs)
				Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises under Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006
			NATIONAL MANUFACTURING POLICY (NMP), 2011
			MAJOR RECENT POLICY INITIATIVE
				North East Industrial and Investmentv Promotion Policy (NEIIPP), 2007
				Package for Special Category States of J&K, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand
				Modified Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme (MIIUS)
			MAKE IN INDIA
			STARTUP INDIA
			NATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) POLICY 2016
			TYPES OF IPRs IN INDIA
				Patent
				Design
				Trade Mark
				Geographical Indications
					Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB)
				Copyright
					Copyright Board (CRB)
				Plant Variety Protection
				Semi-Conductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design Registry (SCILDR)
				Cell for IPR Promotion and Management (CIPAM)
				International Agreements
				Global Innovation Index (GII)
				Scheme for Start-Up Intellectual Property Protection (SIPP)
			INDUSTRIAL SLOWDOWN
				Domestic
				External
			INDEX OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION (IIP)
				Background
				Salient Features of the New IIP Series
			FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
				Recent Policy Initiatives (as per FDI Policy 2016)
				Sectors Requiring Central Government Approvals (as per FDI Policy 2016)
					Upto 100%
					Beyond 74% Upto 100%
					Beyond 49% & upto 100%
					Beyond 49% & upto 74%
					Upto 51%
					Upto 49%
					Upto 26%
					Upto 20%
				Sectors under Automatic Routes
					Upto 100%
					Upto 49%
				Entry Structures
			IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON INDIAN INDUSTRIES
				(A) Major Large-Scale Industries
				(B) Public Sector Steel Plants
				(C) Principal Manufacturing Regions
				(D) Important Resources
				(E) Minor Manufacturing Regions
				(F) Minor Manufacturing Regions
				(G) Public Sector Industrial Undertakings
				(H) Cottage Industries in India
				(I) Indian Towns Associated with Industries
		INDUSTRIAL FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
			Industrial Finance Corporation of India
			The Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd.
			Industrial Development Bank of India
			State Financial Corporations
			Unit Trust of India (UTI)
			Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India (IRBI)
		FOREIGN TRADE
			INTRODUCTION
			FOREIGN TRADE POLICY, 2015–20
				Niryat Bandhu Scheme
			COMMODITY COMPOSITION OF IMPORTS
			INDIA’S SHARE IN WORLD EXPORTS
				Effect of 2007–08 Global Financial Crises
				Euro Crisis Effects on India’s Trade
				Export Diversification
			INDIA’S FOREIGN TRADE PARTNERS
				India’s Regional and Preferential Trading Arrangements
				Bilateral and Regional Cooperation
				Recent Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs)
			FOREIGN EXCHANGE SYSTEM
				Regulatory Environment Foreign Exchange Controls
				The Foreign Exchange Market
				Foreign Exchange Transactions
				Exchange Rate
				Tarapore Committee on Capital Account Convertibility
				Committee on Fuller Capital Account Convertibility
			BALANCE OF PAYMENT (BOP)
				Introduction
				India’s Balance of Payment
				The Crisis of the Early 1990s
				Overview of Balance of Payment (BoP)
				Current Account Transactions
				Capital Account Transactions
				Foreign Collaboration Policies
				India Specific Challenges
				International Comparison Level
			GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST)
				The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016
				GST Replace These Taxes
				Commodities Proposed to be Kept Outside the purview of GST
				DUAL ‘GST’ – CGST and SGST
				System of Taxation under Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST)
				Integrated GST (IGST)
					How will Imports be Taxed under GST
					How will Exports be Treated under GST
		INFRASTRUCTURE
			Defining Infrastructure
			Physical and Social Infrastructure
			Natural Monopoly Character of Infrastructure
			Construction of Infrastructure Indices
			POSTAL SERVICES
				Mobile Money Transfer Service
				Cash on Delivery
				Postal Circles
				Constitutional and Legal Provisions
				Definitive Series of Postage Stamps
				RICT Project
				Mail System
				Modernisation of Mail Transmission and Processing
				Satellite Network
				Automatic Mail Processing Centres (AMPC)
				e-Post, Pin Code and Speed Post Services
				Rural Business (RB) Division
					Payment of Various Social Security Pension Schemes
					Tie-ups by Rural Business Division
				Agency Functions
				Postal Finance Market
				National Pension Scheme (NPS)
				Jan Suraksha Schemes
				Sukanya Samriddhi Account
				Retailing of Mutual Funds
				International Money Transfer Service
				PLI and RPLI
				Core Banking Solution (CBS) Project
				Indian Post Payments Bank (IPPB)
			TELECOMMUNICATION
				Indian Telecom Sector
				Wireline vs Wireless
				Public vs Private
				Other Service Providers (OSPs)
				Cellular Mobile Telephone Service
				India’s Position in the Telecom Sector
				New Frontiers of Growth
					3G and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Services
				Value-Added Services (VAS)
				Unified License Regime (Envisaged in NTP-2012 and Issued in August 2013)
				Access Services
				National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN)
				The National Frequency Plan (NFAP)
				Wireless Monitoring Organisation (WMO)
				Universal Service Obligation Fund (USO)
				Projects in the Pipeline for 2018–19
				Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)
				Autonomous Bodies in Telecom Sector
				Statutory Bodies in Telecom Sector
				TCOES
				Aadhaar Based e-KYC for New Subscribers
				Network for Left Wing Extremism Areas
				Virtual Network Operators (VNO)
				Active Infrastructure Sharing
				Full Mobile Number Portability (MNP)
				Panic Button on All Mobiles
				Single Number 112
				Machine to Machine (M2M) Communications
				Cable TV Network for Providing Broadband Services
				Resolution of Call Drops
				Other Notable Reforms
				DigiLocker
			PMGSISHA
				e-Kranti - Electronic Delivery of Services
				IT Platform for Messages
				Government Greetings to be e-Greetings
				Biometric Attendance
				Wi-Fi in all Universities
				Secure Email within Government
				Standardize Government Email Design
				Public Wi-Fi Hotspots
				School Books to be eBooks
				SMS based Weather Information, Disaster Alerts
				National Portal for Lost & Found Children
				DigiSewak
				S3WaaS for Govt Departments Websites
				Tarang Sanchar Portal
				The Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
				Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)
				National Telecom Policy-2012 (NTP-2012)
			INDIAN RAILWAYS
				Important Facts
					Other Facts About Indian Railways
				Rail Tracks
				Administration
				Traction
				High Speed Trains
				Public Undertakings of Railways Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and Other Organisations
				Indian Railways—Research and Development
				Security in the Indian Railways—The Railway Protection Force (RPF)
			SHIPPING AND PORTS IN INDIA
				Shipping Corporation of India (SCI)
				National Waterways
				Ports of India
				Training Institutions
			PORTS–SECTOR SNAPSHOT
				Highpoints
				National Maritime Development Programme
				Policy Framework
				Areas of Maritime Interest for India
					Primary Areas
					Secondary Areas
			AIR TRANSPORT
				Key Fact
				Three Levels of Air Transport in India
				Policy Framework
				Airport Authority of India (AAI)
			CIVIL AVIATION
				SWOT Anaysis of Indian Aviation Industry
					Strengths
					Weaknesses
					Opportunities
					Threats
					Strategy Plan for Indian Aviation Industry
				Statistics of Growth
				Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS):(UDAN-Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik)
				Major Domestic Airlines of India
				Privatisation of the Indian Airports
				Creation of Heliport
				Policy Initiatives
				National Civil Aviation Policy, 2016
					Regional Connectivity Scheme
					Route Dispersal Guidelines (RDG)
					5/20 Requirement
					Bilateral Traffic Rights
					Ground Handling Policy
					Airport PPP/AAI
					Aviation Security, Immigration and customs
					Helicopters and Charters I
					Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul
					Aviation Education and Skill Building
			ROAD NETWORKS
				Policy Framework
				History
				Grand Trunk Road (G. T. Road)
				National Highways
				Efficacy of the National Highways
				National Highway and Infrastructural Development Corporation Ltd. (NHIDCL)
			SECTOR SNAPSHOT
				Highpoints
				Other Facts about Roads in India
				Classification of Roads in India and Authority Responsible
				Bharatmala Project
				Setu Bharatam Programme
				Green Highway Policy, 2015
				Road Transport
				Grand Trunk (GT) Road
				National Highways
				Road Transport and Road Safety
				National Highway Development Project (NHDP)
				Road Development
				Other National Highways Stretches
				Rural Roads
				Projects Undertaken by the Ministry Under Public/Private Partnership
				Economic Importance and Inter-State Connectivity Scheme
				Bharat Nirman Yojana
		MONEY SUPPLY AND PRICES
			WORKING GROUPS ON MONEY SUPPLY
				Price Indices That Quantify Inflation
				Rate of Inflation
				Chakravarthy Committee (1982–85)
				Causes of Inflation
			REMEDIAL MEASURES TO CONTROL INFLATION
				Short-term Measures
				Long-term Measures
				Consequences of Inflation
		BANKING SYSTEM
			DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING SYSTEM IN INDIA
				Key Fact
				Composition of Banking System
			RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI)
				Creation
				The RBI (Amendment) Act, 2006
				Organisation of Banks
				Legal Framework of the RBI
					Umbrella Acts
					Specific Functions Acts
					Individual Institutions Acts
					Banking Operations Acts
				Departments in the Bank
				Functions
				Imperial Bank of India
				Scheduled Banks
				Micro Units Development Refinance Agency (MUDRA) Bank
				Regional Rural Banks
				Co-operative Banks
				Payment Banks
				Anchor Banks
			PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS
				State Bank of India (SBI)
				New Brand Identify of SBI
				Merging of Subsidiaries of SBI into the SBI
				Nationalisation of Banks
			OTHER IMPORTANT BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
				Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)
				G-SIBS and D-SIBs
				All-India Financial Institution (FIs) and Development Finance Institutions (DFIs)
				NBFC & MFI
					Gold Loan NBFCs in India
				Micro-finance Institutions (MFIs)
				Lead Bank Scheme
					Functions
					List of Private Sector Banks
					Local Area Banks (LABs)
					Small Finance Banks (SFBs)
				Foreign Banks in India
			CASH RESERVE RATIO (CRR)
			STATUTORY LIQUIDITY RATIO (SLR)
			REPO RATE
			REVERSE REPO RATE
			CALL RATES
			MARGINAL STANDING FACILITY (MSF)
			BANK RATE
			BANKING SECTOR REFORMS IN INDIA
				RBI’s Push to Government on Banking Reforms
				Indradhanush
				The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) [Operational by March 2017]
				Banks Board Bureau (BBB)
				P.J. Nayak Committee Reforms
				Government's Share-holding in PSBs
				G. Gopalkrishna Committee
				Reforms in the Rural and Cooperative Banking Sector
				Monetary and Credit Policy
			NARASIMHAM COMMITTEE REPORT ON BANKING SECTOR REFORMS
				Securitization, Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act 2002
		INSURANCE
			INTRODUCTION
			LIFE INSURANCE CORPORATION (LIC)
			GENERAL INSURANCE CORPORATION (GIC)
				Merger of General Insurance Companies
				Insurance Sector: An Overview
					Highpoints
					Health Insurance
				Government Initiatives
				Social Security Group Scheme
				Insurance Statistics
			INSURANCE REGULATORY AUTHORITY
				IRDA Timelines
				The Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA) Bill
		INVESTMENT
			NATIONAL INVESTMENT FUND (NIF)
			UNIT TRUST OF INDIA
			GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS/FOREIGN CURRENCY CONVERTIBLE BONDS
				Recent Initiative
				ADRs/GDRs
			PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT FROM FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
			NON-RESIDENT INDIAN INVESTMENTS
			MUTUAL FUNDS
				UTI
				Recent Policy Developments
			PENSION REFORMS
				Insurance Ombudsmen
				Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)
				New Pension System (NPS)
			MAIN FEATURES AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE NEW PENSION SYSTEM
				Scope of the NPS
				Status of Implementation
					Social Security Scheme – Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana (AABY)
					Swavalamban Scheme
					Atal Pension Yojana (Social Sector Scheme Pertaining to Pension Sector) APY
		STOCK EXCHANGES
			STOCK MARKETS IN INDIA
			SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA
		MINTS AND PRESSES
		INDIAN CURRENCY
			SYMBOL FOR INDIAN RUPEE
			HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
			ACQUISITION OF SECURITY FEATURES
			INDIGENISATION
				The Decimal System
				Devaluation of Currency
			COINS
				Small Note of Coins System in India
				Coins
				The Coinage Act, 2011
				The Salient Features of the Bill Are
				Call in from Circulation the Coins of Denominations of 25 Paise and Below
				New Series of Coins
			THE SECURITY PRINTING AND MINTING CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED (SPMCIL)
	Chapter 4  Demographics
		CENSUS
			BIRTH RATE
			DEATH RATE
			DENSITY OF POPULATION
			RELATIVE GROWTH OF RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION
				Rural and Urban Population
			SEX RATIO
			LITERACY RATE
			IMPORTANT INFORMATION CONCERNING CENSUS 2011
			DEFINITIONS
				The Sample Registration System (SRS)
	Chapter 5  Sustainable Development
		UNDERSTANDING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
			SUSTAINABILITY
			DEVELOPMENT
			SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
			ECONOMIC GROWTH
			HOLISTIC DEFINITIONS OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
		ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
			INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: COORDINATING BODIES
				Legislation and Regulations
				Indian Environmental Legislations and Regulations
					Selected Policy Initiatives taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests Towards Sustainable Development
			AGENDA 21 AND INVOLVEMENT OF MAJOR GROUPS IDENTIFIED
			SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND INDIA
				Programmes and Projects
				Challenges
			FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
			INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
		GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
			SCOPE FOR LOCAL LEVEL GOVERNANCE
			SCOPE FOR NATIONAL LEVEL GOVERNANCE
			SCOPE FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
	Chapter 6  Short Notes on Poverty and Unemployment
		POVERTY
			ESTIMATED POVERTY LINES AND POVERTY RATIOS
			POVERTY LINE
				2011–12 Estimates of Poverty in India
				Timeline of Poverty Line Estimation in India
			COMPARISION OF NSS AND NAS ESTIMATES OF HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE
			METHODOLOGY OF POVERTY ESTIMATION IN OTHER COUNTIRES
			POVERTY ESTIMATES BY THE WORLD BANK
				Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
			SUGGESTED METHODOLOGY FOR MEASURMENT OF POVERTY
				Choice of Recall Period
			ESTIMATION OF POVERTY AND BPL HOUSEHOLDS
		EXPERT GROUPS FOR ESTIMATING POVERTY AND BPL FAMILIES
			TENDULKAR COMMITTEE REPORT
			SAXENA COMMITTEE REPORT
				Automatic Exclusion
				Automatic Inclusion
			S.R. HASHIM COMMITTEE REPORT
			RANGARAJAN REPORT ON POVERTY
				Comments on Rangarajan Group’s Report
			POPULATION UNDER POVERTY LINE
				Poverty Ratio for Social Groups
			AMONG RELIGIOUS GROUPS
				For Occupational Categories
				Based on the Education Level of Head of the Household
				For Categories by Age and Sex of Head of the Household
		EMPLOYMENT
			UNEMPLOYMENT
			EMPLOYMENT IN THE ORGANISED SECTOR
		SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN STATES
			Growth Related
			Poverty Related
			Health Related
			Education Related
			MGNREGS
			NRHM
			ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMMES
				Poverty Ratio for Eligibility and Entitlements under Poverty Alleviation Programmes
					What is Poverty Line?
				Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation Programmes
				Recent Employment Related Schemes and Programmes
				Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)
				National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
				Objectives of the Act
					Significant Features of the Act
					Funding the Implementation of MGNREGA
			IMPORTANT NUMEBRS ON MGNREGA
				Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAANJHI)
				Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission [National Rurban Mission (NRuM)]
			NATIONAL SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (NSAP)
				Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana (PMGAY)
	Chapter 7  Other Social Sector Initiatives and Inclusions
		SOCIO-ECONOMIC SECTORS
			HEALTH SECTOR
			NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2017
				Specific Goals and Objectives
				Policy Thrust
				Health Systems Performance
				National Health Mission (NHM)
					Institutional Mechanisms
			NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION (NRHM)
			NATIONAL URBAN HEALTH MISSION (NUHM)
			OTHER PROGRAMMES
				Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs)
				Major Public Health Programmes
				Communicable Diseases
				Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDS)
				Schemes to Improve the Health Status of Children and Women
				Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
				Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
				National Nutrition Mission (NNM)
				Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)
				Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN)
					Eligibility for Assistance under RAN
		LITERACY AND EDUCATION
			STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION
			ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
				Samagra Shiksha
				Major Features of Samagra Shiksha
					Holistic approach to education
					Administrative Reform
					Enhanced Funding for Education
					Focus on Quality of Education
					Focus on Digital Education
					Strengthening of Schools
					Focus on Girl Education
					Focus on Inclusion
					Focus on Skill Development
					Focus on Sports and Physical Education
					Focus on Regional Balance
				Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Scheme
				Scheme for Infrastructure Development in Minority Institutes (IDMI)
					Salient features
				Scheme to Provide Quality Education in Madrasas (SPQEM)
					Salient Features
			SECONDARY EDUCATION
				Schemes for Secondary Education
				Autonomous Bodies
			UNIVERSITY AND HIGHER EDUCATION
				University Grants Commission (UGC)
				List of Central Universities
					Central Universities under Ministry of HRD
					Other Central University which are not under Ministry of HRD
				Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
				Schemes for Higher Education
				Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)
				National Research Professorship (NRP)
				Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching (PMMMNMTT)
					Mission Strategies
			ADULT EDUCATION
				Saakshar Bharat
				State Resource Centre
					Scope of Work
				Jan Shikshan Sansthan
					Scope of Work
					Categorisation of Jan Shikshan Sansthans (JSSs)
				Assistance to Voluntary Agencies
					Scope of Work
					Number of Projects to be Assisted
			TECHNICAL EDUCATION
				Policy Framework
				National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology
				Major Components of the Mission
				Literacy and Education
			THE NEW EDUCATION POLICY CONSULTATION
			EDUCATION FOR GIRLS
				Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Abhiyan
				Swachh Vidyalaya
				UDAAN
					Salient Features
				Swami Vivekananda Single Girl Child Scholarship for Research in Social Sciences
				PRAGATI
			PERSONS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
				SAKSHAM
			INITIATIVES FOR THE NORTH EAST
				Ishan Uday
				Ish–an Vik–as
			ICT ENABLED ENHANCEMENT OF LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES
				SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active—Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) PROGRAMME
				National E-Library
			AUGMENTING RESEARCH
				Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Post Doctoral Fellows in Social Sciences
				AICTE Scholarship for Ph.D Studies
				Quality Improvement Program (QIP)
				List of Schemes/Programmes—Education Related
					Objectives
				Schemes to Encourage Education Among SC Students and Other Schemes
				List of Schemes/Programmes—Finance, Insurance and Social Welfare Related
				Medical Health Care and Family Welfare
				List of Schemes/Programmes—Health Related
				Rural Drinking Water—National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)
				List of Schemes/Programmes—Housing/Infrastructure Related
				List of Schemes/Programmes—Women and Children Related
				List of Schemes/Programmes—Miscellaneous
	Chapter 8  Other Social Protection Programmes
		SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMMES
			UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION AUTHORITY Of INDIA (UIDAI)
				Aadhaar’s Progress: Plumbing for Better Public Service Delivery
			BHARAT NIRMAN
			RURAL DRINKING WATER
			RURAL SANITATION: TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN (TSC)
			RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
			URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE, HOUSING AND SANITATION
				Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
				Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHIP)
				Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
				Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project
			SKILL DEVELOPMENT
				National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015
				Venture Capital Fund for Scheduled Caste Entrepreneurs
				Credit Enhancement Guarantee for Young and start-up entrepreneurs, belonging to Scheduled Castes
				Dr Ambedkar Central Sector Scheme of Interest Subsidy on Educational Loan for Overseas Studies for Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
				National Fellowship for the OBC Students
			HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER
			INEQUALITY
				Gender Development Index (GDI)
				Gender Inequality Index (GII)
				Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
			SOCIAL DEFENCE SECTOR
				National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP), 1999
				Scheme of Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP)
				National Institute of Social Defence (NISD)
				The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007
				Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP)
				Upliftment of Weaker Sections of Society
			IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
				Scheduled Castes
				Backward Classes
				Senior Citizens
				Victim of Substance Abuse
				Transgender Persons
				National Commission for Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (NCDNT)
	Glossary
		Important Terms Related to Indian Economy
		Consumer Price for Industrial Workers
Volume IV Geography and Environmental Ecoogy
	Cover
	Copyright
	Contents
	Geography
		Chapter 1  General Geography
			INTRODUCTION
				BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY
					Systematic Geography
						Physical Geography
						Cultural Geography
					Regional Geography
				METHODS OF STUDYING GEOGRAPHY
					Collecting Data
					Mapping
			BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EARTH
				SPHERES OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE
				SHAPE OF THE EARTH
				STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
					The Crust
					Discontinuities in Earth’s Structure
					Mohorovicic Discontinuity
					Gutenberg Discontinuity
					Upper Mantle
					Transition Zone
					Lower Mantle
					The Inner and Outer Core
				COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
					Minerals
				GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE EARTH
					Geological Time
					Relative Time Scale
				EARTH’S MOVEMENTS
					Rotation
					Revolution
					How Seasons Change?
					Equinoxes and Solstices
					Length of Day and Temperature
					The Celestial Sphere
					Movement of the Moon Along Its Orbit Around the Earth
				ECLIPSES AND PHASES OF THE MOON
					Eclipses
					Phases of the Moon
				UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBE
					Location
					Latitude
					Longitude
					Equator
					Prime Meridian
					Meridians
					Tropic of Cancer
					Tropic of Capricorn
					Arctic Circle
					Antarctic Circle
					Continent
					Hemisphere
					Great Circle
					Ecliptic System
					Constellations of the Zodiac
					Ascension, Declination, and Prime Meridian
				EARTH AND MOON
					The Moon
					Astronomical Data on the Moon
					Moon and Tides
				TIME
					Time Zones
					Local Time
					Standard Time
					International Date Line
			ATMOSPHERE
				INTRODUCTION
					Composition of the Atmosphere
					Atmospheric Pressure
				STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
					Atmospheric Layers
				PLANETARY AND CELESTIAL ATMOSPHERE
					Diff erence among Planets
					Probability of Life on Other Planets
					Atmospheric Extinction
				IMPORTANT PHENOMENA OF ATMOSPHERE
					Radiation Belts
					Magnetic Storms
					Aurora
					Ozone Layer
					Cosmic Rays
					Greenhouse Eff ect
				TEMPERATURE
					Daily Cycles of Air Temperature
					Temperature Patterns
					Regional Distribution of Temperatureor Temperate Zones
					Factors Controlling the Distributionof Temperature
					Isotherms
				AIR PRESSURE
					Pressure Patterns
					Isobars
				WINDS
					General Circulation
					Global Wind Patterns
					Wind Belts
					Types of Wind
				MONSOONS
				HUMIDITY AND PRECIPITATION
					Humidity
					Condensation
					Clouds
					Precipitation
					Rains
					Formation of Rain
					World Rainfall Distribution
					Snowfall
					Hail
				AIR MASSES AND FRONTS
					Air Masses
				CYCLONES AND ANTICYCLONES
					Cyclones
				WEATHER AND CLIMATE
					Causes of Weather
					Cycles
					Extremes
					Introduction to Climate
					Global Climate
					Climate Change
				PRINCIPAL CLIMATES OF THE WORLD
					Climatic Divisions of the World
						Hot Climatic Regions
						Temperate Climatic Region
						Cold Climatic Regions
					Climate Change
					Köppen Climate Classifi cation
					Köppen-Geiger Climate Classifi cation
			HYDROSPHERE
				INTRODUCTION
					The Hydrological Cycle
					The Planetary Water Supply
				INTERCEPTION, STEMFLOW, CANOPY DRIP, AND THROUGHFALL
					Interception
					Stemflow
					Canopy Drip
					Throughfall
					Infiltration
					Soil Water Storage
					Throughflow and Groundwater Storage
					Forms of Groundwater
					Surface Run-off
					Major Rivers of the World
				OCEANOGRAPHY
					The Grouping of the Oceans
					Ocean Salinity
						Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Seawater
						Chemical Characteristics of Seawater
					Pattern in Variation of the Salinity
					Salinity Table
					Saline Lakes
					Ocean Currents
					Ocean Currents of Pacifi c
					Ocean Currents of Atlantic
					Ocean Currents of Indian Ocean
				OCEAN TIDES
					Introduction
					Types of Tides
				SHIPPING CANALS
			LITHOSPHERE
				INTRODUCTION
				THE EARTH’S CRUST
				PLATE TECTONICS
					The Early Theories of Plate Tectonics
					The Modern Theory of Plate Tectonics
				IGNEOUS ACTIVITY AND THE CONTINENTS
					Dyke
					Sill
					Batholith
					Volcanic Pipe
				OCEANIC CRUST
				ROCKS
					Introduction
					Minerals
					The Rock Cycle
					Igneous Rocks
					Igneous Rocks and the Bowen Reaction Series
					Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
					Different Factors Affecting Metamorphism
					Chemical Action of Fluids
				MOUNTAINS
					Introduction
					Types of Mountains
					Evolution of Mountains
					Crustal Deformation Processes—Folding and Faulting
				EARTHQUAKES
					Introduction
					Earthquake Waves
					Earthquake Measurement
					Earthquake Damage and Destruction
				VOLC ANISM
					Volcano
				PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE EARTH’S TERRESTRIAL SURFACE
					Cratons
					Mountain Belts
					Continental Margin
		Chapter 2  World Geography
			COUNTRIES
				CONTINENTS
					Africa
					Asia
					Europe
					North America
					Latin American Nations
					Oceania
				IMPORT ANT CITIES OF THE WORLD
				IMPORT ANT CITIES SITUATED ON THE BANKS OF RIVERS
				CHANGED NAMES OF SOME CITIES, STATES, AND COUNTRIES
				DISTINCTIVE NAMES OF COUNTRIES/TOWNS—GEOGRAPHICAL EPITHETS
					Major Crops
				MAJOR NATURAL RESOURCES
					Agricultural Crops
					Minerals
					Other Crops and their Primary Producers
					Important Minerals and Principal Producing Countries
					Countries Rich in Minerals
					Major Exporters
				INDUSTRIAL TOWNS
				REGIONAL GROUPING OF COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
					South Asia
					South-East Asia
					West Asia (Middle-East)
					The Caribbean
					Other Major Groupings
				ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
					Traditional Classifi cation
					Political Classifi cation
					On the Basis of Advancement
					On the Basis of Gross National Income (World Bank Classifi cation)
					On the Basis of Development (IMF Classification)
				PEOPLE OF THE WORLD
					World Population
		Chapter 3  Indian Geography
			INTRODUCTION
				LOCATION, DIMENSIONS, AND FRONTIERS
					Location
					Coasts and Borders
					Offshore Islands
				GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF INDIA
					Geological Systems of India
				GEOLOGI CAL STRUCTURE OF INDIA
					Geological Systems of India
				THE ARCHEAN ROCK SYSTEM
				THE PURANA ROCK SYSTEM
				THE DRAVIDIAN SYSTEM
				THE ARYAN ROCK SYSTEM
					The Gondwana System
					The Mesozoic Cover (Triasssic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Systems)
					The Triassic System
					The Jurassic System
					The Cretaceous System
					Recent Rock Systems (Tertiary-Quaternary Cover)
			PHYSICAL FEATURES
				GEOLOGICAL REGIONS
					Indo-Gangetic Plain
					Depositional Variation
					Regional Sub-division
					The Himalayas
					Geology of Himalayas
					The Making of the Himalayas
					Tectonic Sub-divisions of the Himalayas
					Glaciers of Himalayas
				CLASSIFICATION OF THE HIMALAYAN SYSTEM
					The Trans-Himalayas
				REGIONAL DIVISION Of THE HIMALAYAS
				THE PURVANCHAL (OR THE EASTERN HILLS)
				THE PENINSULA
					Central Highlands and Bundelkhand Regions
				PENINSULAR PLATEAUS
					The Coastal Plains
					The Indian Islands
				PHYSIOGRAPHIC SUB-UNITS
					Regional Microunits
					Geomorphological Sub-divisions
					Socio-Economic Regionalisation
				THE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS OF INDIA
					Himalayan System
				LAKES
				CLIMATE
					India’s Wide Range of Climatic Conditions
					Climatic Factors in India
					The Four Indian Seasons
					Rainfall Distribution in India
				CLIMATIC REGIONS OF INDIA
					General Classification
					Koppen’s Classification
					Thornthwaite’s Classification
			SOILS IN INDIA
				ALLUVIAL SOIL
				BLACK SOIL
				RED AND YELLOW SOIL
				LATERITE SOIL
				SALINE AND ALKALINE SOILS
				PEAT AND MARSHY SOIL
				ARID SOIL (DESERT SOIL)
				FOREST SOIL
			AGRICULTURE
				PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULT URE
				CROP PATTERNS
					Crop Seasons
				PERFORMANCE OF FOODGRAIN CROPS
					Rice
					Wheat
					Coarse Grains
					Pulses
				PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL CROPS
					Oil-Seeds
					Sugarcane
					Cotton
					Jute
				PERFORMANCE OF PLANTATION CROPS
					Tea
					Coffee
					Natural Rubber
				FERTILIZERS
					Production
			ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA
				POWER
					Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs)
					Development of National Grid
					National Smart Grid Mission
					High Capacity Power Transmission Corridors (HCPTC)
					Green Energy Corridors
				MULTI -PURPOSE PROJECTS IN INDIA
				COAL
					India’s Coal Reserves
					State-wise Distribution of Indian Coal
					India’s Coal Production
					India’s Lignite Production
					State-wise Distribution of Indian Lignite
				PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GASES
					Corporations
				RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
				ATOMIC ENERGY
					First Nuclear Explosion
					First Nuclear Implosion
					First Rice Straw Power Plant
					Ocean Waves Energy Project
					Pokhran Tests
				NUCLEAR POWER PROJECTS IN INDIA
					Nuclear Power in India
					Table—Atomic Power Plants (Under Construction)
					Table—Nuclear Power Projects for Starting of Work during XII Five-Year Plan
					Nuclear Energy Parks
				NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
					India’s Power Capacities from Renewables Energy
				RENEWABLE  ENERGY PROGRAMMES
			MINERAL RESOURCES OF INDIA
				DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS
				OTHER MINERALS
			MISCELLANEOUS
				IMPORTANT LINES ANDBOUNDARIES
					Quiz
					Important Passes in India
	Environmental Ecology
		Chapter 1  Ecology and Environment
			ECOSYSTEM AND BIOSPHERE
				ECOLOGY
					Difference between Environmental Science and Environmentalism
				ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS
					Biotic and Abiotic Components
				COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS
					Community Structure
					Change in Communities over Time
					Disturbance of a Community
					Limiting Factor Principle
					Ecosystems and Communities
					Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
					Ecological Pyramid
					Unidirectional Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
					Ecological Balance of the Ecosystem
					The Food Chain
					Food Web
				THE BIOSPHERE
					Connectivity of the Spheres
					Energy Flow in a Biosphere
					Hydrological Cycles
					Biogeochemical Cycles
				IMPORTANT PHENOMENA IN BIOSPHERE
				ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
					Carbon Sinks
				THE OZONE LAYER
				PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)
					14 Indian Cities among World’s Worst 20 Cities
					Punjab-Haryana Agricultural Fires and Air Pollution in Delhi
					Climate Change in Millennium Silk Road Region
				SMOG
					Delhi Smog Situation
				THERMAL INvERSIONS
				WATER POLLUTION IS ALTERING THE HYDROSPHERE
					Threat of Ocean Acidification
				DEFORESTAtION, SOIL EROSION AND DESERTIFICATION
				MASS EXTINCTION
				ECOSYSTEMS AS ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS
				THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEM AND BODIVERSITY (TEEB)
				ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
			POLLUTION
			AIR, WATER, SOIL AND NOISE POLLUTION
				Air Pollution
					Consequences of Air Pollutants
					Results of Air Pollution
					Control of Air pollution
				Water Pollution
					Sources of Water Pollution
					Effects of Water Pollution
					Proper Treatment of Sewage and Industrial Effluents
				Soil Pollution
					Sources of Soil Pollution and Degradation
					Control of soil pollution
			CHEMICAL POLLUTION
				Types of Chemicals
				Noise Pollution
					Sources of Noise Pollution
					Effects of Noise Pollution
					Control of Noise Pollution
			SOME HARMFUL MAN-MADE CHEMICALS FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEMS
				Bisphenol A (BPA)
			IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS IN INDIA
				Noise Standards for Automobiles, Domestic Appliances and Construction Equipment
				Code of Practice for Controlling Noisefrom Sources Other than Industries andAutomobiles Public Address System
				Aircraft Operations
				Railway Operations
				Construction Activities
				Burning of Crackers
				Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (Traffic)
		Chapter 2  Climate Change and Related Issues
			GLOBAL WARMING AND SUSTAINABILITY
				SPECULATIVE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
				RECENT HIGH TEMPERATURES
				GREEN HOUSE PROTOCOL (GHG PROTOCOL)
				THE PHENOMENON OF GLOBAL WARMING
					Observed Impacts of Climate Change on Glaciers
				RISING SEA LEVELS
					Recent and Sea Level Rise
					Predicting the Future
				CARBON TRADING AND OFFSETTING
					Carbon Credit
					Carbon Offsetting
				CARBON TAXATION
				CARBON SEQUESTRATION
				THE GLOB AL PERSPECTIVE
				EL NINO
				THE WORLD SUMMIT IN JOHANNESBURG
					The Debt Burden
					The Crucial Failure
				THE STERN REPORT
				THE MEGA ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMITS and CONFERENCES
					The United Nations on Environment
					Principal Environmental Bodies
				MEA TREATY MONITORING BODIES
				UN ENVIRONMENTAL TREATY MONITORING BODIES
				CONFERENCE OF PARTIES (COP)
				IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT: A BRIEFING
					Un Framework Convention on ClimateChange (Un Fccc)
				CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)
				CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (CCD
				CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES)
				THE CONVENTION ON WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE (RAMSAR CONVENTION)
				LIST AND BRIEF SUMMARY OF THEIR INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS OF IMPORTANCE
				THE PARIS AG REEMENT (CMA 1)
					Ratification of the Paris Agreement
					US Plans to Move Away from Paris Agreement
					Long-term Finance
					Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
			WORLD WATER RESOURCES
				THE BACKGROUND
				MAN’S NEED FOR WATER
				THE EXHAUSTION OF CURRENT SUPPLIES
				CONSEQUENCES OF WATER SHORTAGES
				INTERNATIONAL WATER DISPUTES
				IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
				CLIMATE CHANGE: BACKGROUND AND APPROACH
				GREENHOUSE GASES, RADIATIVE FORCING AND GLOBAL WARMING
				IPCC–AR5
				GLOBAL COOPERATION TO REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS
					When China Changes, Everything Changes
				GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (100-YEAR TIME HORIZON)
				CARBON FOOTPRINT OF COUNTRIES
				LOW-CARBON INCLUSIVE GROWTH
				NATIONAL MISSION FOR GREEN INDIA (GIM)
				SEQUESTRATION AND EMISSION NEUTRALIZATION
					Mission Objectives
					Mission Targets (Outputs)
					Key Elements of Mission Strategy
		Chapter 3  Biodiversity
			INTRODUCTION
				VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY
				UNDERSTANDING BIODIVERSITY
					Species Interactions
					World’s Biodiversity Lost Faster than it Recovers
				ESTIMATES OF BIODIVERSITY
				WORLD’S HOTSPOTS [REGION-WISE DISTRIBUTION]
				BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REALMS
				BIOMES
				BIOGEOGRAPHCIAL ZONES AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCES/REGIONS OF INDIA
				BIODIVERSITY AND AGROBIODIVERSITY
				NAGOYA PROTOCOL
					Why is the Nagoya Protocol Important?
					What does Nagoya Protocol Cover?
						What are the core obligations of the Nagoya Protocol with respect to genetic resources?
						Access obligations
						Benefit-sharing obligations
						Compliance obligations
						How does the Nagoya Protocol address traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources and genetic resources held by indigenous and local communities?
				CARTAGENA PROTOCOL
					Important Terms and Concepts
					Why do we need an international biosafety agreement?
					What does the Protocol cover?
			ENDANGERED SPECIES
				VULNERABLE SPECIES
				CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
				HABITAT LO SS, DEGRADATION OR ALTERATION
				OVEREXPLOITATION
				THE ENDANGERED SPECIES CONVENTION (CITES)
				THE OPTIONS FOR RARE SPECIES CONSERVATION
				EX SITU CONSERVATIONS
				IN SITU CONSERVATION
				WELFARE PROBLEMS IN CAPTIVITY
			HABITATS IN DANGER
				WHY ARE HABITATS DIFFERENT?
				THREATS TO HABITATS
					Tropical Rainforests
					Savannas
					Deserts
					Temperate Grasslands
					Temperate Deciduous Forests
					Effects of Acid Rain
					Coral Reefs
					Wetlands
			SHORT NOTES ON INDIA’S BIODIVERSITY
				INDIA AND LIKE-MINDED MEGA DIVERSE COUNTRIES (LMMCs)
				INDIA AND CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)
				NATIONAL POLICY AND MACROLEVEL ACTION STRATEGY ON BIODIVERSITY
				THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY (NEP), 2006
				THE NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, 1988
				FORMULATION OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN (NBAP)
				ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN INDIA
				MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE (MOEFCC)
				NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NBSAP)
				INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND CAPACITY BUILDING
				BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
				HABITAT DESTRUCTION—MAIN THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY
				CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA
				UNSUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION OF BIODIVERSITY RESOURCES
				THE UNDERGROUND BIODIVERSITY
				ECONOMIC VALUATION AND NATURAL RESOURCE ACCOUNTING
				UN-REDD PROGRAMME
					REDD+ (Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)
					What’s the Difference between REDD+ and the UN-REDD Programme
		Chapter 4  India’s Natural Vegetation and Biodiversity
			NATURAL VEGETATION AND BIODIVERSITY
				FORESTS
					Tropical Evergreen Forests
					Tropical Dry Deciduous and Evergreen Forests
					Semi-desert Forests and Desert Vegetation
					Wetlands
					Montane Vegetation
					The Grasses
				MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
				CARBON STOCK
				MANGROVES
				CORALS
				SEAGRASSES
				INDIA’S BIODIVERSITY
				STATE TREES IN INDIA
					Not designated for Delhi, Daman and Die, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli
				BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN INDIA
					Species Diversity
				LIST OF STATE BIRDS
				LIST OF STATE ANIMALS
					Endemic Species
					Endangered Plants in India
					Floral and Faunal Commonality of India’s Two Hot Spots
				UNDERSTANDING VALUE OF BIODIVERSITYAND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
				PLANT GENETIC DIVERSITY
				DOMESTICATED BIODIVERSITY
				LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY
				FISH DIVERSITY
				MARINE BIODIVERSITY
				PROTECTED AREAS NETWORK
					Development and History
				NATIONAL PARKS
				WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
				CONSERVATION RESERVES AND COMMUNITY RESERVES
				OTHER CONSERVATION AREAS
				MARINE PROTECTED AREA (MPA) NETWORK IN INDIA
				CORRIDORS AND CONNECTIVITY
				ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS (ESAs)
				IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS (IBAs)
				KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS (KBAs)
				ALLIANCE FOR ZERO EXTINCTION (AZE)
				COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AREAS (CCAs)
				MEDICINAL PLANT CONSERVATIONAREAS (MPCAs)
					International Programmes and Conventions
				CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONALTRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES (CITES)
				CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)
					Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
				CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPEICES OF WILD ANIMALS (CMS)
				UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)
				RAMSAR (WETLANDS) CONVENTION
				CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE
					Cultural World Heritage Sites in India (as on January, 2018)
					Natural World Heritage Sites in India(As on July 2016)
				THREATS TO INDIAN BIODIVERSITY
				THREAT ASSESSMENT IN BIOGEOGRAPHIC ZONES OF INDIA
					Endangered Species Recovery Programme
					Biodiversity Conservation and Ganga Rejuvenation
					Protected Areas along Ganga
					Priority Species on Ganga
				POLICY DOCUMENTS BY INDIAN GOVENRMENTS IN REGARD TO WILDLIFE, ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CONSERVATION
		Chapter 5  Other Global-issues Related to Environment
			TRENDS IN WORLD POPULATION
				CONCERNS OVER POPULATION GROWTH
				DISEASES AND POOR HEALTH
				EU POPULATION PROJECTIONS
					Shifts in Country Population Rankings
					Large Movements of Refugeesand Other Migrants
					Most of the Global Increase is Attributable to a Small Number of Countries
				THE TREND TO URBANIZATION
			GLOBAL OCEAN RESOURCES
				MARINE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
				MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE YIELD
				EXPLOITATION AND OVER-EXPLOITATION
				AQUACULTURE
				MARINE BIODIVERSITY
				MARINE HABITATS
				MARINE MINERAL WEALTH
				POWER FROM THE OCEANS
				THERMAL POWER
				WIND POWER
				TIDAL POWER
			THE HUNGRY PLANET
				THE CONCEPTS OF HUNGER
					Hunger
					World Hunger
					Undernutrition
					Malnutrition
				THE DISTRI BUTION OF HUNGER
				CAUSES OF WORLD HUNGER
				GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX
				STATISTICS ON HUNGER
				MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
			GLOBAL HUMAN MIGRATION
				INTRODUCTION
				REFUGEES AND THE GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT CRISIS
				SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS-2015
					Goal 1. End Poverty in All its Forms Everywhere
					Goal 2. End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition, and Promote Sustainable Agriculture
					Goal 3. Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-being for All at All Ages
					Goal 4. Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and Promote Life-long Learning Opportunities for All
					Goal 5. Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls
					Goal 6. Ensure Availability andSustainable Management of Waterand Sanitation for All
					Goal 7. Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All
					Goal 8. Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Employment and Decent Work for All
					Goal 9. Build Resilient Infrastructure, Promote Inclusive and Sustainable Industrialisation and Foster Innovation
					Goal 10. Reduce Inequality Within and Among the Countries
					Goal 11. Make Cities and Human Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable
					Goal 12. Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns
					Goal 13. Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change and its Impacts*
					Goal 14. Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas and Marine Resources for Sustainable Development
					Goal 15. Protect, Restore and Promote Sustainable Use of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Sustainably Manage Forests, Combat Desertification, and Halt and Reverse Land Degradation and Halt Biodiversity Loss
					Goal 16. Promote Peaceful and Inclusive Societies for Sustainable Development, Provide Access to Justice for All and Build Effective, Accountable and Inclusive Institutions at All Levels
					Goal 17. Strengthen the Means of Implementation and Revitalise the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
						Technology
						Capacity building
						Trade
						Systemic issues
		Chapter 6  Agrobiodiversity
			AGROBIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
				INDIGENOUS CROPS
				CROPS INTRODUCED AND NATURALISED
				DIVERSITY IN CROPS
				DIVERSITY IN OTHER ECONOMIC PLANTS
					Arid Ecosystem
					Semi-Arid Ecosystem
					Sub-Humid Ecosystem
					Humid Perhumid Ecosystem
					Coastal Ecosystem
					Island Ecosystem
				SUSTAINABLE USE OF AGROBIODIVERISTY
			CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF AGROBIODIVERSITY/PLANT GENETIC RESOURCE (PGR)
				CONSERVATION APPROACHES
				EX SITU CONSERVATION
					Gene bank
					EX SITU Holdings in Gene banks
					Community Gene banks
				IN SITU ON FARM CONSERVATION
				THE INDIAN NATIONAL GENE BANK
				NATIONAL BUREAU OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES (NBPGR)
					Regional Stations of NBPGR
				AGRICULTURE HERITAGE
					Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)
						Goal and objectives of GIAHS
					Some Important Terms
					GIAHS—Selection Criteria
					GIAHS—Action Plan for Sustainabilityof the System
		Chapter 7  India’s Environmental Efforts
			MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE (MOEFCC)
				ROLE OF THE MINISTRY
				ALLOCATION OF BUSINESS—MOEF
				NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY, 2006
				OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY
				GOVERNING PRINCIPLES FOR NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
				GOV ERNING PRINCIPLES FOR NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
			SHORT NOTES ON OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES AND RELATED PROGRAMMES
				NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE (NAPCC)
				NATIONAL MISSIONS
				GREEN INDIA MISSION (GIM)
				MISSION OBJECTIVES
				ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION (PREVENTION CONTROL) AUTHORITY FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
				CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB)
				NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING (NWQM)
				NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP)
				GENETIC ENGINEERING APPROVAL COMMITTEE
				NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP)
				ECOMARK SCHEME
			NATIONAL WETLAND CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (NWCMP)
				ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
				GENETIC ENGINEERING CLEARANCES
				WATER POLLUTION RULES AND REGULATIONS
				AIR POLLUTION RULES AND REGULATIONS
				PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCE
				NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT APPELLATE AUTHORITY (NEAA)
				NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT TRIBUNAL
				NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL (NGT)
				ANIMAL WELFARE
				WILDLIFE
				FOREST CONSERVATION
				BIODIVERSITY
				THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2000
				NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN (NBAP)
				FOREST CERTIFICATION
				CARBON NEUTRALITY
					Validation
					Verification
				EX-ANTE VERSUS EX-POST CREDITS
				GOLD STANDARD (GS)
				VOLUNTARY CARBON STANDARD 2007 (VCS)
				THE CLIMATE, COMMUNITY AND BIODIVERSITY STANDARDS (CCBS)
				SOCIAL CARBON
				NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY MISSION
				ISO 14000
					Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labeling) Regulations, 2011
					FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS (PACKAGING AND LABELLING) AMENDMENT REGULATIONS 2015
				PLASTIC WASTE
					Plastic and Waste Management Issues
				RECYCLED PLASTICS MANUFACTURE AND USAGE RULES, 1999 (AS AMENDED, 2003)
				E-WASTE
					The Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2003
					Composition of e-waste
					Indian Scenario
		Appendix A – Data Tables
			INDIA’S BIODIVERSITY
		Appendix B – Short Notes
			BASICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
				THE EARTH—OUR ISLAND
				EARTH’S ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
				CHEMISTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
				ENERGY FUNDAMENTALS
				ECOSYSTEMS
				BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
				THE NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
				ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
				SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND OUR WORLD’S FUTURE
			ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
				ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: AN OVERVIEW
				INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
				THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY PROCESS
				APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
			EVOLUTION, BIODIVERSITY AND POPULATION ECOLOGY
				EVOLUTION AS THE WELLSPRING OF EARTH’S BIODIVERSITY
				LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
				POPULATION ECOLOGY
			GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
				OUR DYNAMIC CLIMATE
				CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS AND IMPACTS
				RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE
			CHRONOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
			GLOSSARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERMS
			IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS
Volume V General Science
	Cover
	Copyright
	Contents
	Chapter 1  Biology
		THE SCIENCE OF LIFE
			ORIGIN OF LIFE
			LIVING AND NON-LIVING OR GANISMS
			FOUR GROUPS OF BIOLOGICAL ENTITIES
		CLASSIFICATION
			LINNAEUS SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
			MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
			OTHER IMPORTANT TYPES OF CLASSIFICATIONS
			THE FIVE KINGDOMS
				Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
				Bacteria
			EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
				Cyanobacteria
			VIRUSES
				Life Cycle of a Virus
				The AIDS Virus
			KINGDOM PROTISTA
				Structure of Protists
			KINGDOM FUNGI
			KINGDOM PLANTAE (PLANT KINGDOM)
				Classification of Plant Kingdom
					A. Pteridophytes (Lower Seedless Vascular Plant)
					B. Spermatophytes
				Other Classifications
			KINGDOM ANIMALIA (ANIMAL KINGDOM)
				Protozoa
				Metazoa
				Mammals: Evolutions
				Characteristics of Primates
				Families in the Order Primates
				Family Hominidae
				Homo sapiens—Humans
		BASIC CELL BIOLOGY
			THE CELL
			SIZE AND SHAPE OF CELLS
			CELL STRUCTURE
				Generalised Structure of a Cell
				Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
			CELL FUNCTIONS
				Movement
				Nutrition
				Producing Proteins
				Producing Energy
			CELL DIVISION: THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE
				Mitosis
				Meiosis
					Meiosis I
					Meiosis II
				Zika Virus Infection (Zika fever) in Pregnant Women
				Stem Cells
		GENETICS
			GENETIC DIVERSITY AND CROSSING OVER
				Mendelian Genetics and Dihybrid Crossing
				Mendel’s First Law
				Incomplete Dominance
				Multiple Alleles
				Summary of Mendelian Genetics
			X AND Y CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DETERMINATION
				Sex Determination
				Chromosomes X and Y
			INTRODUCTION TO DNA
				Structure of DNA and Nucleotides
				Deletion of a Gene
				Duplication of Genes
				The Human Genome
			TYPES OF GENETIC MUTATIONS
				Inversion of Genes
				DNA Replication
				Translocation of Genes
				Deletion
				DNA Fingerprinting
				How DNA Fingerprinting is Done
				Uses of DNA Fingerprinting
			GENETIC ENGINEERING: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
			GENETIC CONTROL AND MELANIN
				Utilisation of Genetic Information
				Switched On and Switched Off
				Skin Colour
				Eye Colour
			BIOINFORMATICS
		TISSUE CLASSIFICATION AND HISTOLOGY
			TISSUE CLASSIFICATION AND HISTOLOGY IN ANIMALS
				Classification of Animal Tissues
				Connectomics
			TISSUE CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY IN PLANTS
				Classification of Plant Tissues
				Morphology of a Flowering Plant
				Classification of Root Plants
		NUTRITION
			CLASSIFICATION BY SOURCE OF ENERGY AND CARBON
				Energy Source
				Carbon source
			PLANT NUTRITION
				The Intake of Nutrients by Plants
				Chlorophyll
				Stages of Photosynthesis
				Photosynthesis
			ANIMAL NUTRITION
				Classification of Animals on Nutrition Basis
				Food as Fuel
				Food for Biosynthesis
				Essential Nutrients
			HUMAN DIET
				Food Nutrients
				A Balanced Diet
			THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
				Digestive Organs
				Digestive Secretions
				Glands of the Human Body
		RESPIRATION
			EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RESPIRATION
			RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN PLANTS
				Respiratory Organs
			RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN INSECTS
			RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS
				Organisation of the Respiratory System
				Ventilation of the Lungs
				Normal Breathing and Deep Breathing
				Gas Exchange in the Alveoli
				Emphysema
				Functions of the Respiratory System
				Automatic Control of Breathing (in Humans)
				Anoxia
		THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN ORGANISMS
			TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN A CELL
			TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS
				Movement of Water Through Flowering Plant
				Photosynthesis–Transpiration Compromise
			TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
			BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM
				Blood
				Heart
				Component Parts
			THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
				Distribution
				Lymph Glands (Lymphoglandulae)
				Progestrone
				Insulin
				Endocrine Glands
		SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS
			BONE AND SKELETON SYSTEM (OSTEOLOGY)
				Structure and Physical Properties
				Development of the Skeleton
			LIGAMENTS (SYNDESMOLOGY)
				Bones and Joints
				Tendons
			MUSCULAR SYSTEM (MYOLOGY)
				Introduction
			VERTEBRATES
				Ligaments
				Longest Bone
				Shortest Bone
		REPRODUCTION
			ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
				Vegetative Propagation
			ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
			SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
				The Life Cycle of Plants
			SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
				External Fertilisation
				Internal Fertilisation
				Reproductive Systems in Animals
				Review of Sexual Reproduction in Vertebrates
			SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
				Gonads
				Gametogenesis
				Fertilisation
				Embryonic Development
				Childbirth
				Embryonic Environment
		EXCRETION, OSMOREGULATION AND THERMOREGULATION
			EXCRETORY PRODUCTS
			EXCRETION IN PLANTS
			EXCRETION IN ANIMALS
			OSMOREGULATION, ADH AND FORMATION OF URINE IN ANIMALS
			PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL ADJUSTMENTS
				Torpor
		NEUROLOGY
			STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
			ORIGINS OF NERVES
		SENSE ORGANS
			SENSE OF TOUCH
			SENSE OF TASTE
			SENSE OF SMELL
			SENSE OF SIGHT
				Eye
			SENSE OF HEARING
				Maintenance of Balance
		HEALTH AND DISEASES
			CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
			CANCER
			IMMUNISATION
				Active Immunisation
				Passive Immunisation
			DISEASES OF THE HUMAN BODY
				Types of Diseases
				Infectious, Contagious Diseases and their Carriers
				Agents of Diseases
				Defence Against Infection
				AIDS
			COMMON DISEASES
				Dementia: Definition and Specific Types
				Some Blood Diseases
				Eye Diseases
				Common Body Disorders
				Diseases and the Affected Body Parts
			COMMON DRUGS
			MEDICAL AIDS (EQUIPMENT)
			MEDICAL TREATMENT
			MARVELS OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
				Organ Transplantation
				Test Tube Baby
		MISCELLANEOUS
			QUIZ
		APPENDIX A
			GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS
		APPENDIX B
	Chapter 2  Chemistry
		INTRODUCTION
		STATES OF MATTER
			SOME IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER
			PHASES OF MATTER
			PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
				Melting Point
				Boiling Point
				Crystal Structure
			PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN MATTER
				Physical Changes
				Chemical Changes
		MIXTURES, SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY
			MIXTURES
				Types of Mixtures
				Colloids
			SOLUTIONS
				Polar and Non-Polar Molecules
				Saturation Point
				Solution Concentration and Stoichiometry
				Aqueous Solution and Precipitation Reactions
			SOLUBILITY
				Physical Properties
				Osmosis
			MOLE CONCEPT AND AVOGADRO’S HYPOTHESIS
				Avogadro’s Law
				The Application of Mole Concept
				Molarity
				Molality
				Normality
			ALLOYS
			DISTILLATION
		THE ATOM
			DEFINITION OF THE ATOM
			STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
			PROPERTIES OF THE ATOM
			PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
		ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
			ELEMENTS
			COMPOUNDS
				Air
				Water
			METALS AND NON-METALS
				Metals
					Heat Treatment of Steel
				Non-Metals
		THE PERIODIC TABLE
			THE PERIODIC TABLE
		CHEMICAL BONDS
			CHEMICAL BONDING
			HYDROGEN BONDS
				Dipole Moment
		CHEMICAL FORMULAS
			CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
			CHEMICAL FORMULAS
				Naming Inorganic Compounds
			STRUCTURAL FORMULAS
		CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
			BALANCED EQUATIONS
			IONIC EQUATIONS
			ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS
			WEIGHT RELATIONS
			GAS VOLUMES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
				Reaction Stoichiometry
				Equation for Aqueous Reactions
		CHEMICAl REACTIONS
			CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND MOLECULES
				Molecules Versus Mixtures
			CHEMICAl ENERGETICS
			CHEMICAL RATES AND MECHANISMS
			CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
			TYPES OF REACTIONS
				Ionic Reactions
				Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
				Electron-Sharing Reactions
				Substitution Reactions
				Hydrolysis Reactions
				Enthalpy of a Reaction
				Calorimetry
			CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
		CARBON AND ORGANIC CHEMICALS
			CARBON
				Allotropic Forms of Carbon
			HYDROCARBON
				Functional Groups of Organic Chemicals
				Isomerism
				Biomass as a Fuel—Biogas
				Antiseptics and Disinfectants
		WATER AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
			WATER
				Structure of Water
			ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
				Petroleum
				Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Compressed Natural Gas
				Coal
				Lipids
				Amino Acids and Proteins
				Carbohydrates
				Nucleic Acids
				Humic Substances
				Lignins
		CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
			ACIDS AND BASES, PH SCA LE
			SALTS
			DRUGS
				Classification of Drugs
				Kinds of Drugs
				Drugs that Affect the blood
				Cosmetics
				Types of Creams and Lotions
				Sources of Perfumes
			DYES
				How Dyes Work
				Kinds of Dyes
				Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes
				Chemical Classification of Dyes
			BIOTECHNOLOGY
				Forms of Biotechnology
				Application of Biotechnology
			PLASTICS AND POLYMERS
				Important Types of Plastics
				Rubber
			FOOD CHEMISTRY
				Introduction
				Food Additives
				Genetic Engineering
			METALLURGY
				Extraction of Metal from Ores
			SOAPS, GLASS, CEMENT AND COAL
				Soaps
				Cleansing Action of Soap
				Special Varieties of Soap
				Glass
				Saponification
					Alkyl Sulphates (Anionic)
				Cement
				Coal
			RADIOACTIVITY
				Discovery of Radioactivity
				Radioactive Emissions
			NUCLEAR REACTION AND ATOMIC ENERGY
				Types of Nuclear Fission
			ELECTROCHEMISTRY
				Voltaic Cell: A Chemical Battery
				Electroplating
				Chloralkali Electrolysis
		MISCELLANEOUS
			IMPORTANT GENERAL CHEMICAL TESTS
			IMPORTANT LAWS OF CHEMISTRY
			IMPORTANT CHEMICAL PROCESSES
				Radiochemistry
				Carbon-14
				Coulometry
				Potentiometry
				Chronopotentiometry
				Amperometry
				Polarography
				Chronoamperometry
				Electrolysis
			COMMON SUBSTANCES AND THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS
			QUIZ
		APPENDIX
			GLOSSARY OF CHEMICAL TERMS
	Chapter 3  Physics
		INTRODUCTION
			Physical Constants
			Quantisation
			BROAD CATEGORIES OF PHYSICS
			UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
				International System
		MECHANICS
			KINEMATICS
				Distance vs Displacement
				Acceleration
			FREELY FALLING BODIES
				Velocity–Time Graphs
			TYPES OF MOTION
				Motion with Uniform Velocity
				Motion with Changing Velocity
			PROJECTILE MOTION
			CIRCULAR MOTION
				Angular Velocity (ω)
			DYNAMICS
				Mass
				Centre of Mass
				Motion of the Centre of Mass
				Moment of Inertia
				Force
				Torque
				Equilibrium
			NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
				Newton’s First Law
				Newton’s Second Law
				Newton’s Third Law
				Friction and Newton’s Laws of Motion
				Mass and Weight
		WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
			WORK
			ENERGY
				Understanding the Difference in Energy, Power and Work Done
				Efficiency
				Potential and Kinetic Energy
			POWER
				Defining Power
				Calculating Power
			MACHINES
				Types of Machines
		GRAVITATION
			KEPLER’S LAWS
			NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
			EARTH’S GRAVITATION
				Acceleration Due to Gravity
			GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
				Energy of Satellite in Orbit
		MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
			IMPULSE
			MOMENTUM
				Calculating Momentum
				Canon Firing–Important Example of Law of Momentum Conservation
			ANGULAR MOMENTUM
				Significance of Angular Momentum
				Pulsars
			COLLISIONS
				Types of Collisions
			PRESSURE AND DENSITY
				Density
				Pressure
				Vapour Pressure
			BUOYANCY AND WEIGHT
				Buoyant Forces
		FLUID MECHANICS
			Application of Fluid Mechanics
			FLUID STATICS
				Pascal’s Law
				Archimedes’ Principle
			BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
				Lift on an Aircraft Wing
				Pump
			HYDRAULICS
		MOLECULAR PROPERTIES
			INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
			ADHESION AND COHESION
				Mechanisms of Adhesion
			DIFFUSION
				Gaseous–Diffusion Process
			SURFACE TENSION
			CAPILLARITY
			VISCOSITY
				Viscous Drag and Thermal Velocity
			ELASTICITY
				Stress and Strain
				Elastic Moduli
				The Young’s Modulus
				Hooke’s Law
		VIBRATIONS AND WAVES
			SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
				Oscillations
				Types of Oscillations
			WAVE MOTION
				Introduction
				Types of Waves
				Travelling and Standing (or Stationary) Waves
		WAVE BEHAVIOUR
			REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
			DIFFRACTION
			INTERFERENCE
		LIGHT
			THE NATURE OF LIGHT
				Light Emission
				Electromagnetic Waves
				Electromagnetic Radiations
				Ultraviolet Radiation
				Infrared Radiation
				X-rays
				Microwaves
				Radio Waves
				Electromagnetic Spectrum
			SOURCES OF LIGHT
				Incandescence
				Luminescence
			DETECTION OF LIGHT
				Photoelectric Effect
			BEHAVIOUR OF LIGHT
				Interaction with Material
				Scattering
			MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT
				Brightness
				The Speed of Light
		OPTICS
			GEOMETRIC OPTICS
				Reflection
				Refraction
				Dispersion
				Critical Angle
				Spherical and Aspherical Surfaces
				Aberration
			PHYSICAL OPTICS
				Polarization of Light
				Interference
				Important
			DIFFRACTION GRATING
				Stimulated Emission
			HOLOGRAM
			FIBRE OPTICS
			RADAR
		VISION
			THE EYE
				Structure of Eye
				Protective Structures
				Focusing the Eye
				Mechanism of Vision
				Prism
				Anisotropic Substances
				Birefringent
				Diffraction
				Fourier Analysis
				Application of Fibre Optics in Communication
				How Radar Works?
		SOUND
			WAVELENGTH
			CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND WAVE
				Pitch
				Frequency
				Amplitude
				Intensity
			SPEED OF SOUND
			ACOUSTICS
				Architectural Acoustics
				Environmental Acoustics
			SENSATION OF TONE
			SPEECH, MUSIC AND NOISE—THREE IMPORTANT TYPES OF ORDINARY SOUND
		TELECOMMUNICATIONS
			TELEPHONE
			COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE
			FREQUENCY MODULATION
			GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
				Indian GPS System—IRNSS
			SONAR
			SONIC BOOM
			DOPPLER’S EFFECT
				Red Shift
		HEAT
			CALORIC THEORY OF HEAT
			TEMPERATURE SCALES
			HEAT UNITS
				Calorie
				Btu (British Thermal Units)
				Heat and the Law of Conservation of Energy
			LATENT HEAT
			SPECIFIC HEAT
				Specific Heats of Some Common Substances
			ENTHALPY AND HEAT OF REACTION
			COMBUSTION
				Energy Release
				Solid Fuels
				Liquid and Gaseous Fuels
			HEAT TRANSFER
				Conduction
				Convection
				Radiation
				Absorption of Heat
			PUTTING HEAT TO WORK—CHANGING HEAT INTO MOTION
				Refrigeration
				Thermometer
		THERMODYNAMICS
			Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle
			Refrigerators, Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
			BOILER
			INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE
			TURBINES
			ROCKETS
			TURBOJET ENGINES
		MAGNETISM
			THE MAGNETIC FIELD
			KINDS OF MAGNETIC MATERIAL
		ELECTRICITY
			STATIC ELECTRICITY
				Charging by Contact
			COULOMB’S LAW
			ELECTRIC CURRENT
				Measuring Electric Current
				Voltage
				Resistance
				Heat and Power
			SOURCES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
				Generators
				Electrolytic Cells
				Other Sources
			ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
				Magnetic Effects of Electricity
				Electric Effects of Magnetism
			ALTERNATING CURRENT
				Amperage and Voltage
				Impedance
				Solar Battery (Photovoltaic Cells)
		ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
			COMPONENTS OF AN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
				Power Station
				Transformers
				Transmission Lines
				Supplementary Equipment
			POWER FAILURES
			VOLTAGE REGULATION
		NUCLEAR PHYSICS
			NUCLEAR ENERGY
				Fission and Fusion Processes
			NUCLEAR FUELS AND WASTES
				The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
				Nuclear Safety
				Radiological Hazards
				Reactor Safety Systems
		BIOPHYSICS AND PLASMA PHYSICS
			BIOPHYSICS
			PLASMA PHYSICS
				Historical Development
				Occurrence of Plasma
				Properties of Plasma
		MISCELLANEOUS
			QUIZ
	Chapter 4  The Universe and Space Sciences
		INTRODUCTION
			ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
			DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY
			THE UNIVERSE
			A GALAXY AND THE LOCAL GROUP
			NEW WINDOWS ON THE UNIVERSE
			RADIO ASTRONOMY
			THREE THEORIES OF HOW THE UNIVERSE BEGAN
			INFRARED ASTRONOMY
			ULTRAVIOLET, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY
		THE SOLAR SYSTEM
			AGE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
			CHARACTERISTICS OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
			THE SUN
			THE PLANETS
			SATELLITES
			THE MOON
			ASTEROIDS
				What is a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid?
				WISE Mission
			METEORS
				Comets
				Difference Between Asteroid, Comet, Meteoroid, Meteor and Meteorite
		GEOPHYSICS
			SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS
			SEISMOLOGY
	Chapter 5  Next Generation Technologies
		INTRODUCTION
		IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY
			THE WORLD WIDE WEB
				Websites
				Servers
				Routers
				Wireless Access
				Bluetooth
				Viruses
				Ransomware
				Social Networking
			NEXT GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
				3G/4G/B4G/LTE
				Internet of Things (IoT)
		IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE
			AGRICULTURAL ROBOTS
				Closed Ecological System
				Cultured Meat
				Precision Agriculture
				Variable Rate Technology (VRT)
				Vertical Farming
		IN THE FIELD OF AVIATION
			MICRO AIR VEHICLES
		IN THE FIELD OF CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURE
			CLAYTRONICS
		IN THE FIELD OF DISPLAY/OMAGERY
		IN THE FIELD OF TEXTILES/FABRICS/POLYMERS
			E-TEXTILES
		IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY
			ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS
		IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
			ARTIFICIAL UTERUS
		IN THE FIELD OF MILITARY/DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY
			CASELESS AMMUNITION
		IN THE FIELD OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY
			ASTEROID MINING
		IN THE FIELD OF ROBOTICS
			ROBOTICS
		IN THE FIELD OF TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY
			AIRLESS TIRE
Volume VI History and Culture
	Cover
	Copyright
	Contents
	Chapter 1  Ancient History
		THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD
			THE PALAEOLITHIC MAN (APROXIMATELY 500000–8000 BC)
				Punjab Plains and the Kashmir Valley
				Peninsular India
			THE MESOLITHIC MAN (APPROXIMATELY 8000–4000 BC)
			THE NEOLITHIC MAN OR NEW STONE AGE (4000–1800 BC)
			THE METAL AGE (1800 BC ONWARDS)
				Important Observations about Metal Agein India
				Important Observations about Chalcolithic Culture
		INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (2500–1700 BC)
			HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
				Estimated Periods by Different Historians
			AREA AND JURISDICTION
			DISCOVERY OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
			MAJOR CENTRES
				Mohenjodaro
				Harappa
				Kalibangan
				Dholavira
				Lothal
				Rakhigarhi
				Ganeriwala
				Daimabad
				Chanudarho
				Sutkagendor
				Art and Crafts
			ASPECTS OF INDUS CULTURE
				Agricultural
				Political
				Socio-Economic
				Social
				Religious
				Town Planning
				Animals in Daily Life
				Pottery
				Tools and Ornamental Objects
				Sculptures and Carvings
				Terracotta Objects
				Transport Vehicles
				Trade
			DECAY OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
			THE SUCCESSORS
				Continuing Traditions
				Kot Diji
				Amri
		THE VEDIC PERIOD: THE ARYANS
			EARLY VEDIC AGE (1500–1000 BC)
				The Aryans
				Important Observations about Vedic Literature
			SIX SYSTEMS OF THE INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
				Nyaya
				Vaisheshika
				Samkhya
				Yoga
				Purva Mimamsa
				Uttara Mimamsa
			LATER VEDIC PERIOD (1000–600 BC)
				Region
				Characteristics
			VARNA SYSTEM
				Emergence of Varna System
				The Epic Age
		THE EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS OR MAHAJANAPADAS
			MAHAJANAPADAS
				Political Unrest
		GROWTH OF JAINISM AND BUDDHISM
			JAINISM
				The Founder
				Influences of Jainism
				Branches of Jainism
				Spread of Jainism
				Decline of Jainism
			BUDDHISM
				Founder
				The Schism (or Split) in Buddhism
				Infl uence of Buddhism
				Decline of Buddhism
				Shramanas and Parivaajakas
			BODHISATTVA
				Maitreya Buddha
				Attributes of Maitreya Buddha
		MAGADHA EMPIRE (SIXTH CENTURYTO FOURTH CENTURY BC)
			Extent of the Empire
			Features
			Notable Rulers of Magadha
		PERSIAN AND MACEDONIAN INVASIONS
			PERSIAN INVASION
			MACEDONIAN INVASION
				Alexander the Great
		THE MAURYAN EMPIRE (321–289 BC)
			CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA (320–300 BC)
				Importance of Chandragupta’s Rule
				Political Administration
			BINDUSARA (296–273 BC)
			ASHOKA THE GREAT (269–232 BC)
				Ashoka as a Ruler
				Extent of the Empire
				The Kalinga War
				Ashoka’s Policy of Dhamma
				Successors of Ashoka
				Languages and Scripts of Ashoka’s Inscriptions
				Mauryan Administration
				Mauryan Culture
			CAUSES OF DECLINE OF THEMAURYAN EMPIRE
		POST-MAURYAN PERIOD
			THE KUSHANS
				Kushana Rulers
			THE DECCAN AND THE SOUTH
			RELIGIOUS SECTS OF POST-MAURYAN AND THE GUPTA PERIOD
				Bhagavatism
				Vaishnavism and Vaishnava Cults
				Saivism and Saive Cults
				Tantrism
		THE GUPTA DYNASTY (AD 320–550)
			IMPORT ANT GUPTA RULERS
			LATER GUPTAS
				Gupta Administration
				Gupta Literature
		RISE OF FEUDALISM IN INDIA
			THE VARDHANAS (AD 550–647)
			HARSHAVARDHANA (AD 606–646)
			THE RAJPUTS (AD 650–1200)
			SALIENT FEATURES OF THE RAJPUT KINGDOMS
		THE SOUTHERN DYNASTIES
			THE SHATHAVAHANAS (230 BC TO AD 225)
			THE PALLAVAS (AD 330–796)
				Agraharas and Ghatikas
			THE CHALUKYAS (AD 535–1190)
			THE PANDYAS OF MADURAI (AD 590–1323)
			THE CHOLA DYNAST Y (AD 850–1310)
			RASHTRAKUTAS (AD 753–973)
			VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE
			OTHER FEATURES OF SOUTHERN DYNASTIES
				Social
				Religion
				Art and Literature
		ART AND CULTURE
			INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
				Arts and Crafts
				Sculpture in Metal
				Sculpture in Stone
				Seal
				Pottery and Painting
				Script
				Dress Styles
			MAURYAN PERIOD
			SHUNGA DYNASTY
			ANDHRA (SATAVA HANA) DYNASTY
				The Dravidian Style
				The Vijayanagara Style
			KUSHANA DYNASTY
				Gandhara School
				Mathura School
			GUPTA DYNASTY
			CHALUKYA DYNASTY
			RASHTRAKUTA EMPIRE
			PALAVA DYNASTY
			PALA EMPIRE
			GURJARA–PRATIHARA DYNASTY
			CHANDELA DYNASTY
			EASTERN GANGA DYNASTY
				The Jain Temple at Dilwara, Rajasthan
				Five Temples of Dilwara
			THE CHOLA DYNASTY
			VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE
	Chapter 2  Medieval History
		THE COMING OF ISLAM
			THE ARAB INVASION (711–715)
				Muhammad Bin Qasim
			THE TURKISH INVASION (986–1206)
				Subuktgin (986–997)
				Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (997–1030)
				Muhammad Ghori (1175–1206)
			THE SLAVE DYNASTY (1206–1290)
				Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210)
				Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (1211–1236)
				Rukn-ud-din (1236)
				Razia Sultana (1236–1239)
				Bahram Shah (1240–1242)
				Masud Shah (1242–1246)
				Nasir-ud-din Muhammad (1246–1266)
				Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1266–1287)
				Kaiqubad (1287–1290)
				The Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320)
				Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji (1290–1296)
				Ala-ud-din Khilji (1296–1316)
				Malik Kafur (1315)
				Mubarak Khan (1316–1320)
			KHUSRAU KHAN (1320)
			THE TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320–1414)
				Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq (1320–1325)
				Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325–1351)
				Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388)
				Nasir-ud-din Tughlaq (1388–1414)
			THE SAYYID DYNASTY (1414–1450)
				Khizr Khan (1414–1421)
				Mubarak Shah (1421–1434)
				Muhammad Shah (1434–1443)
				Alam Shah (1443–1451)
			THE LODHI DYNASTY (1451–1526)
				Bahlul Lodhi (1451–1488)
				Sikander Lodhi (1489–1517)
				Ibrahim Lodhi (1517–1526)
			MEDIEVAL PERIOD AND ADMINISTRATION
				Central Administration
				Local Administration
			DECLINE OF DELHI SULTANATE
			RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN MEDIVIAL INDIA
				Sufi Movement
				Bhakti Movement
				The Caste Reform Movements in India
				British Response to Indian Caste System
			SOUTHERN DYNASTIES
				The Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527)
				The Vijaynagar Kingdom (1336–1646)
			INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
		THE MUGHAL DYNASTY (1526–1540 AND 1555–1857)
			THE EARLY MUGHALS (1526–1556)
				Babur (1526–1530)
				Humayun (1530–1540 and 1555–1556)
			GOLDEN PERIOD OF THE MUGHALS (1556–1707)
				Akbar (1556–1605)
				Jahangir (1605–1627)
				Shahjahan (1628–1658)
				Aurangzeb (1659–1707)
			LATER MUGHALS (1707–1862)
				Invasion of Nadir Shah
			MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION
				Administrative Set-up
				Fiscal System
				Socio-economic System
				Caste System during the Mughal Period
				Zamindari System
			MUGHAL ART, ARCHITECTURE AND LITERATURE
				Painting
				Architecture
				Literature
		REGIONAL POWERS DURING MUGHAL PERIOD
			THE MARATHAS (1649–1748)
				Shivaji Bhonsle (1627–1680)
				Zenith of Maratha Power
				Marathas of Thanjavur
			THE SIKHS
				Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708)
				Ranjit Singh (1780–1839)
			THE JATS
	Chapter 3  Modern History
		THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS
			THE PORTUGUESE
			THE DUTCH
			THE ENGLISH
			THE FRENCH
			THE DANISH AND THE AUSTRIANS
		BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY AND THE BRITISH RULE
			The English Conquest of Bengal
			The First Carnatic War (1746)
			Second Carnatic War (1748–1754)
			Black-Hole Tragedy (1756)
			Battle of Plassey (1757)
			Third Carnatic War (1756–1763)
			Battle of Buxar (1764)
			Dual Government of Bengal (1765–1772)
			The Regulating Act of 1773
			First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)
			Salbai Treaty (1782)
			The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1802–1806)
			The Third Maratha War (1817–1819)
			The First Mysore War (1767–1769)
			The Second Mysore War (1780–1782)
			The Pitt’s India Act of 1784
			The Third Mysore War (1790–1792)
			The Fourth Mysore War (1799)
			The Charter Act of 1813 (the Lease Act)
			The Charter Act of 1833
			The First Anglo-Afghan War (1839)
			The Charter Act of 1853
			The Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878)
			The Third Anglo-Afghan War
			BRITISH GOVERNORS UNDER COMPANY RULE (1758–1857)
				Robert Clive
				Warren Hastings (1772–1785)
				Sir John Macpherson (1775–1786)
				Lord Cornwallis (1786–1793)
				Sir John Shore (1793–1798)
				Lord Wellesley (1798–1805)
				Lord Francis Hastings (1813–1823)
				Lord Amherst (1823–1828)
				Lord William Bentinck (1828–1835)
				Lord Dalhousie (1848–1856)
			ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE BRITISH RULE
				Drain of Wealth
				Commercialization of Agriculture
				Deindustrialization
		SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
			INTRODUCTION
				Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj
				Ramakrishna, Vivekananda and the Ramakrishna Mission
				Swami Dayananda Saraswati and the Arya Samaj
				Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Muslim Movements
				Indian National Social Conference
				Dayal Das and the Sikh Movement
		VICEROYS OF INDIA
			Lord Canning (1856–1862)
			Lord Elgin I (1862–1863)
			Sir John Lawrence (1864–1869)
			Lord Mayo (1869–1872)
			Lord North Brooke (1872–1876)
			Lord Lytton (1876–1880)
			Lord Ripon (1880–1884)
			Lord Dufferin (1884–1888)
			Lord Lansdown (1888–1894)
			Lord Elgin II (1894–1899)
			Lord Curzon (1899–1905)
			Lord Minto II (1905–1910)
			Lord Harding II (1910–1916)
			Lord Chelmsford (1916–1922)
			Lord Reading (1922–1926)
			Lord Irwin (1926–1931)
			Lord Willingdon (1931–1936)
			Lord Linlithgow (1936–1943)
			Lord Wavell (1944–1947)
			Lord Mountbatten (March 1947–August 1947)
		INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
			FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
				The Beginning of the Revolt
				Spread of the Revolt
				Significance of the Revolt
			SUBALTERN MOVEMENTS OF NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES
		BRITISH RULE AFTER THE 1857 REVOLT
			POST-REBELLION DEVELOPMENTS
		GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1858
			Salient Features of the Proclamation
			Awakening of Masses due to Economic Exploitation by the British
			Growth of Education
			Socio-Religious Reform Movements
		ADMINISTRATIVE, SOCIAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEMS AFTER 1858
			ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS
				City Improvement Acts
				Mayo’s Resolution (1870)
				Ripon’s Resolution (1882)
				Recommendations of Decentralization Commission (1907)
				Harding Resolution (1915)
			REFORMS IN EDUCATION
				The Hunter Commission (1882)
				The Raleigh Commission (1902)
				The Saddler Commission (1917)
				Other Important Reforms in Education
			THE JUDICIARY REFORMS
				The Ilbert Bill Controversy (1883–1884)
			SOCIAL REFORMS
				Important Social Reforms under the British
	Chapter 4  Indian National Movement
		RISE OF NATIONALISM
			AWAKENING OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS
			EMERGENCE OF NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
				National Awakening by Socio-religious Reformists
				English Language and Western Education
				Freedom of the Indian Press
				Administrative Unification
		INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC)
			ORIGIN OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
				Congress Ideology at its Inception
				Theories Behind the Birth of Congress
				A. O. Hume
				The Founding Members of the INC
				The Poona Meeting
				First Session
				Moderate Period (1885–1905)
				INC before World War I
				INC during World War I
				INC during World War II
		TERRORIST AND REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS
			REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
			THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
				The Gadar Movement
				The All-India Mutiny that Failed (1915)
				Other Revolutionary Events
			REASONS FOR FAILURE
		THE EARLY PHASE OF THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1900–1915)
			THE PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905)
				Lord Curzon, the New Viceroy
				Partition of Bengal
				Reasons for the Partition of Bengal
				Reaction of the People
				Reversal of the Partition
			SWADESHI MOVEMENT (1905)
				Beginning
				Banaras Session of the Congress
				Spread of the Swadeshi Movement
			ORIGIN OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906)
				Fear of Minority Status
				Loyalty to the British
				Simla Conference
				Founding of the Muslim League
				Recognition by the British
				The Freedom Movement
			RESOLUTION OF SWARAJ (1906)
				The Extremist Viewpoint
				The Moderate Viewpoint
			SURAT SESSION: SPLIT IN CONGRESS (1907)
				Confrontation at the Session
				Suppression of the Extremists
				Influence of the Extremists on the National Movement before 1916
			MORLEY–MINTO REFORMS (1909)
				Initiatives of Lord Morley and Lord Minto
		MIDDLE PHASE OF THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1915–1930)
			WORLD WAR I–REFORMS AND AGITATION
			HOME RULE MOVEMENT (1915–1916)
			LUCKNOW PACT (1916)
				Change in the Attitude of the Muslim League
				Joint Sessions of the Congress and the Muslim League
				The Lucknow Pact
			AUGUST DECLARATION OF 1917
			BEGINNING OF THE GANDHIAN ERA
				Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
			THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT (1919)
			ROWLATT ACT (1919)
			JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (13 APRIL 1919)
				Public Response to the Massacre
			KHILAFAT MOVEMENT (1920)
				The Khilafat (The Caliphate)
				Response of the Indian Muslims
				Origin of the Khilafat Movement
				British Response to the Khilafat Movement
				The Moplah Uprising
				Decline of the Khilafat Movement
				Significance of the Khilafat Movement
			NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1920–1922)
				Launching of the Non-Cooperation Movement
				Significance of the Movement
				Phases of the Movement
			CHAURI-CHAURA INCIDENT (1922)
			TRADE UNION MOVEMENT
			COMMUNIST MOVEMENT IN INDIA
			SWARAJ PARTY (1922)
				Origin and Purpose
				Rise and Decline
			MUDDIMAN COMMITTEE (1924)
			SIMON COMMISSION (1927)
				Appointment of the Commission
				Boycott of the Commission
			BUTLER COMMITTEE (1927)
			DELHI MUSLIM PROPOSAL (1927)
			NEHRU REPORT (1928)
				Muslim League’s Reaction to Nehru Report
			ALL PARTIES MUSLIM CONFERENCE (1929)
			JINNAH’S FOURTEEN POINTS (1929)
			LAHORE SESSION (1929)
			ALLAHABAD ADDRESS (1930)
		CLOSER TO FREEDOM (1930–1947)
			CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930)
				Dandi March (12 March–6 April 1930)
				Imposition of Martial Law
			THE FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (12 NOVEMBER 1930)
				Events Leading to the Conference
				The Conference
			GANDHI–IRWIN PACT (5 MARCH 1931)
			SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (12 SEPTEMBER 1931)
			CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (SECOND PHASE)
			THIRD ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (17 NOVEMBER 1932)
			THE COMMUNAL AWARD (1932)
			POONA PACT (1932)
			THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT (1935)
				Main Features of the Act
			WORLD WAR II AND THE INDIAN POLITICAL SITUATION
			RESIGNATION OF CONGRESS MINISTERS (1939)
			POONA RESOLUTION AND CONDITIONAL SUPPORT TO BRITAIN (1941)
			AUGUST OFFER OF 1940
			THE INDIVIDUAL CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
			TWO-NATION THEORY
				The Lahore Resolution
				Reaction to the Two-Nation Theory
			DEMAND FOR PAKISTAN (1942)
			CRIPPS MISSION (MARCH 1942)
			QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (1942–1945)
				Origin and Objective
				Spread of Violence
				Gandhi’s Fast
			THE CR FORMULA (1944)
			GANDHI–JINNAH TALKS (1944)
			DESAI–LIAQAT PACT (1945)
			WAVELL PLAN AND SIMLA CONFERENCE (1945)
			PROVINCIAL AND GENERAL ELECTIONS OF 1945
			CABINET MISSION PLAN (1946)
			AZAD HIND FAUJ (INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY)
				Origin and Purpose
				Rise and Decline
			DIRECT ACTION CAMPAIGN (1946)
			INTERIM GOVERNMENT (1946)
			MOUNTBATTEN PLAN (1947)
				June 3rd Plan
		INDIA WINS FREEDOM
			INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT (1947)
			PARTITION OF INDIA
	Appendix – Facts and Figures