General Psychopathology

Front matter
	Title page
	Copyright 1963
	Foreword
	Translator's Preface
	Author's Prefaces
TABLE OF CONTENTS (SUMMARY)
TABLE OF CONTENTS (detailed)
	Introduction
	Part One: Individual Psychic Phenomena
		Introduction
		CHAPTER I - PHENOMENOLOGY
			SECTION ONE: ABNORMAL PSYCHIC PHENOMENA
			SECTION TWO: THE MOMENTARY WHOLE-THE STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
		CHAPTER II - PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY
			SECTION ONE: INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCES
			SECTION Two: THE ToTAL PERFORMANCE
		CHAPTER III - SOMATOPSYCHOLOGY
		CHAPTER IV - MEANINGFUL OBJECTIVE PHENOMENA
			SECTION ONE - THE PSYCHOLOGY OF EXPRESSION
			SECTION TWO - THE PSYCHOLOGY OF  THE PERSONAL WORLD
	Part Two: Meaningful Psychic Connections (The Psychology of Meaning)
		Introduction (a- l)
		CHAPTER V - MEANINGFUL CONNECTIONS
		CHAPTER VI - MEANINGFUL CONNECTIONS AND THEIR
SPECIF!C MECHANISMS
			SECTION ONE: NORMAL MECHANISMS
			SECTION TWO: ABNORMAL MECHANISMS
		CHAPTER VII - THE PATIENT'S ATTITUDE TO HIS ILLNESS
		CHAPTER VIII - THE TOTALITY OF THE MEANINGFUL CONNECTIONS (CHARACTEROLOGY)
	Part Three:  The Causal Connections of Psychic Life (Explanatory Psychology)
		Introduction (a-f)
		CHAPTER IX - EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND OF THE BODY
ON PSYCHIC LIFE
		CHAPTER X - HEREDITY
		CHAPTER XI - EXPLANATORY THEORIES-THEIR MEANING AND VALUE
	Part Four: The Conception of the Psychic Life as a Whole
		Introduction (a-h)
		CHAPTER XII - NOSOLOGY
		CHAPTER XIII - THE HUMAN SPECIES (EIDOLOGY)
		CHAPTER XlV - BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY
	Part Five: The Abnormal Psyche in Society and History (Social and Historical Aspects)
	Part Six: The Human Being as a Whole
	Appendix
Introduction
	§ I. The boundaries of general psychopathology
		(a) Psychiatry as clinical practice and psychopathology as a science
		(b) Psychopathology and psychology
		(c) Psychopathology and physical medicine
		(d) Methodology-the contribution of philosophy
	§ 2. Some basic concepts
		(a) Man and animal
		(b) Objective manifestations of psychic life
		(c) Consciousness and the unconscious
		(d) Inner and outer world
		(e) Differentiation of psychic life
		(f) Recapitulation
	§ 3. Prejudice and presupposition
		(a) Prejudice
			(1) Philosophical prejudice
			(2) Theoretical prejudice
			(3) Somatic prejudice
			(4) 'Psychologising' and 'intellectualising'
			( 5) Use of false analogy
			(6) Medical prejudice relating to quantitative assessment, objectivity and diagnostics
		(b) Presupposition
	§ 4. Methods
		(a) Techniques
			(1) Case study
			(2) Statistics
			(3) Experiments
		(b) The practical logic of research
			(1) Collection of individual phenomena
			(2) Enquiry into connections
			(3) Grasp of complex unities
		(c) Inevitable mistakes in formal logic that have to be constantly overcome
			(1) The slide into endlessness
			(2) The impasse created by absolutes
			(3) Pseudo-insight through terminology
		(d) The relatedness of psychopathological methods to other scientific studies
		(e) The demands of a satisfactory methodology: a critique of methods in contrast to methods that mislead
	§ 5. What a general psychopathology has to do: a survey of this book
		(a) Conscious critique of methods in place of dogmatism
		(b) Classification according to methods
		(c) The idea of the whole
		(d) The objective validity of the classifications
		(e) The plan of the book
		(f) Comments on the plan of the book
			(1) Empiricism and philosophy
			(2) Overlapping of chapters
			(3) Specific methods and the total picture
		(g) Technical lay-out
			(1) Illustration by example
			(2) The form of presentation
			(3) References to the literature
		(h) Psychopathology and culture
Part One: Individual Psychic Phenomena
	Introduction
	CHAPTER I - SUBJECTIVE PHENOMENA OF MORBID PSYCHIC LIFE (PHENOMENOLOGY)
		Introduction
		SECTION ONE: ABNORMAL PSYCHIC PHENOMENA
			(a) The dissection of the total relational context
			(b) Form and content of phenomena
			(c) Transitions between phenomena
			(d) Classification of groups of phenomena
			§ 1. Awareness of objects
				Psychological Preface
				(a) Anomalies of perception
				(b) Abnormal characteristics of perception
				(c) Splitting of perception
				(d) False perceptions
				(e) Abnormal imagery-false memory
				(f) Vivid physical awarenesses
			§ 2. Experience of space and time
				Psychological Preface
				(a) Space (micropsy and macropsy, experience ofinfinite space, emotional space)
				(b) Time
					(1) Momentary awareness of time
					(2) Awareness of time-span of the immediate past
					(3) Awareness of time-present in relation to time-past and future
					(4) Awareness of the future
					(5) Schizophrenic experience of time standing still, flowing together, and stopping
				(c) Movement
			§ 3. Awareness of the body
				Psychological Preface
				(a) Amputated limbs
				(b) Neurological disturbances
				(c) Bodily sensations, perception of bodily shape, hallucinations of the bodily senses, etc
				(d) The "double" or heautoscopy
			§ 4. Delusion and Awareness of reality
				Awareness of Reality; logical and psychological comment
				(a) The concept of delusion
				(b) Primary delusions
				(c) Incorrigibility of delusion
				(d) Elaboration of the delusion
				(e) Delusion proper and delusion-like idea
				(f) The problem of metaphysical delusions
			5. Feelings and affective states
				Psychological Preface
				(a) Changes in bodily feeling
				(b) Changes in feelings of capacity
				(c) Apathy
				(d) The feeling of having lost feeling
				(e) Change in the feeling-tone of perception
				(/) Unattached feelings (free-floating feeling)
				(g) The growth of private worlds from unattached feelings
			§ 6. Urge, Drive and Will
				Psychological Preface
				(a) Impulsive acts
				(b) Awareness of inhibition of will
				(c) Awareness of loss of will or access of power
			§ 7. Awareness of the self
				Psychological Preface
				(a) Activity of the self
				(b) The unity of the self
				(c) Identity of the self
				(d) Awareness of self as distinct from the outside world
				(e) Awareness of one's personality
				(/) Multiple personalities: dissociated personality
			§ 8. Phenomena of self-reflection
				Psychological Preface
				(a) Psychic life- mediated and unmediated by thought
				(b) Disturbance of instinct and bodily function
				(c) Compulsive phenomena
		SECTION TWO: THE MOMENTARY WHOLE-THE STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
			Psychological Preface
			Techniques of enquiry
			§ I. Attention and fluctuations in consciousness
				(a) Attention
				(b) Fluctuations in consciousness
				(c) Clouding of consciousness
				(d) Heightening of consciousness
			§ 2. Sleep and hypnosis
				(a) Dreams
				(b) Falling asleep and waking
				(c) Hypnosis
			§ 3· Psychotic alterations in consciousness
			§ 4. Forms of complex fantasy experience
	CHAPTER II OBJECTIVE PERFORMANCES OF PSYCHIC LIFE- (PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY- LEISTUNGSPSYCHOLOGIE)
		Introduction
			(a) Subjective and objective psychology
			(b) The basic neurological schema of the reflex arc and basic psychological schema of task and performance
			(c) The antagonism between the two basic schemata
			(d) Association-, Act- and Gestalt-Psychology
			(e) The hierarchy of complex unities
			(/) Experimental work in psychothathology
		SECTION ONE: INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCES
			§ 1. Perception
			§ 2. Apperception and orientation
			§ 3. Memory
				Psychological Preface
				(a) Amnesias
				(b) Disturbances of recall (reproduction), retention and registration
				(c) Falsifications of memory
			§ 4. Motor activity
				(a) Neurological disturbances of motility
				(b) Apraxias
				(c) Psychotic disturbances of motor activity
			§ 5. Speech
				Psychological Preface
				(a) Disorders of articulation
				(b) Aphasias
				(c) Speech disorders in psychoses
			§ 6. Thought and judgment
		SECTION TWO: THE TOTAL PERFORMANCE
			§ 1. The psychophysical basis for performance
				(a) Basic psychophysical functions
				(b) Work-performance
				(c) Individual variations in performance
			§ 2. The actual flow of psychic life
				(a) Flight of ideas and retardation
				(b) Confusion
			§ 3. Intelligence
				(a) Analysis of Intelligence (preconditions, store of knowledge, intelligence proper)
				(b) Types of dementia
					(1) Fluctuations in output
					(2) Congenital subnormality
					(3) 'Relative mental defect'
					(4) Organic dementia
					(5) Schizophrenic 'dementia' (deterioration)
					(6) Cultural subnormality
					(7) Emotional stupidity and pseudo-dementia
				(c) Examination of intelligence (life history, clinical exploration, tests)
	CHAPTER III - SOMATIC ACCOMPANIMENTS AND EFFECTS AS SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHIC ACTIVITY (SOMATOPSYCHOLOGY)
		Body-psyche relationship
		§ I. The basic psychosomatic facts
			(a) Body-sensations
			(b) Constant somatic accompaniments
			(c) Sleep
			(d) Somatic effects in hypnosis
		§ 2. Somatic disturbances dependent on the psyche
			(a) Main categories of psychically determined somatic disturbances
				(1) Faints and fits
				(2) Organic dysfunctions
				(3) Dependence of primary somatic disorders on the psyche
				(4) Functional disturbance of complex instinctive behaviour
			(b) The origin of somatic disturbances
		§ 3. Somatic findings in psychosis
			(a) Body-weight
			(b) Cessation of menses
			(c) Endocrine disturbances
			(d) Systematic physiological investigations to find clinical pictures with typical somatic pathology
	CHAPTER IV - MEANINGFUL OBJECTIVE PHENOMENA
		Introduction
		SECTION ONE: EXPRESSION OF THE PSYCHE THROUGH BODY AND MOVEMENT (THE PSYCHOLOGY OF EXPRESSION - AUSDRUCKSPSYCHOLOGIE)
			(a) Somatic accompaniments and psychic expression
			(h) Understanding the expression
			(c) Techniques of investigation
			(d) Summary
			§ 1. The study of physiognomy
			§ 2. Involuntary gesture (Mimik)
				(a) Types of bodily movement
				(h) Understanding involuntary gesture-general principles
				(c) Psychopathological observations
			§ 3. Handwriting
		SECTION TWO: THE INDIVIDUAL'S PERSONAL WORLD (THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE PERSONAL WORLD - WELTPSYCHOLOGIE)
			§ 1. Analysis of conduct
				(a) Behaviour
				(h) The shape given to the environment
				(c) The whole way of life
				(d) Overt actions
			§ 2. Transformation of the personal world
				(a) The worlds of schizophrenic patients
				(b) The worlds of obsessional patients
				(c) The worlds of patients with 'flight of ideas'
		SECTION THREE: THE PSYCHE OBJECTIFIED IN KNOWLEDGE AND ACHIEVEMENT (THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CREATIVITY - WERKPSYCHOLOGIE)
			§ 1. Individual instances of creative work
				(a) Speech
				(b) Patients' written productions
				(c) Drawing, art and handicraft
			§ 2. The total mental achievement-the patients' general outlook- ('Weltanschauung')
				(a) Realisation of extremes
				(b) Patients' specific outlooks (Weltanschauungen)
				(c) Patients' own observations of a philosophical character
Part Two: Meaningful Psychic Connections (The Psychology of Meaning-Verstehende Psychologie)
	Introduction
		(a) Understanding and explaining
		(b) Concrete reality and the self-evidence of understanding (Understanding and Interpretation)
		(c) Rational and empathic understanding
		(d) Understanding is limited and explanation unlimited
		(e) Understanding and unconscious events
		(f) Pseudo-understanding
		(g) Modes of comprehensive understanding (cultural, existential and metaphysical)
		(h) How what can be understood_psychologically moves midway between meaningful objectivity and what cannot be understood
		(i) The function of understanding in psychopathology
	CHAPTER V - MEANINGFUL CONNECTIONS
		§ 1. The sources of our ability to understand and the task of the psychopathology of meaningful connections
		§ 2. Connections with a meaningful content
			(a) Instinctual drives, their psychic manifestations and transformations
				(1) Concept of drive
				(2) Classification of drives
				(3) Abnormal drives
				(4) Psychic developments due to transformation of drive
			(b) The individual in the world
				(1) The concept of situation
				(2) Concrete reality
				(3) Self-sufficiency and dependency
				(4) Typical basic relationships of the individual to reality
				(5) Denial of reality through self-deception
				(6) Marginal situations
			(c) Symbols as the content of ultimate knowledge
				(1) Ultimate knowledge
				(2) Concept of the symbol and its significance in real life
				(3) The possibility of understanding symbols
				(4) The historical studv of svmbols
				(5) The possible functfon of symbol-exploration
		§ 3. Basic patterns of meaning
			(a) Opposing tendencies in the psyche and the dialectic of its movement
				(1) Logical, biological, psychological and intellectual opposites
				(2) Dialectical modes
				(3) Application of the dialectic of opposites to psychopathological understanding
				(4) Fixation of psychopathological concepts as opposing absolutes
			(b) The reciprocity of Life and Meaning
		§ 4. Self-reflection
			(a) Reflection and the unconscious
			(b) Self-reflection as a spur to the psychic dialectic
			(c) The structure of self-reflection
			(d) Examples of the effect of self-reflection
				(1) The connection between intended and unintended events
				(2) Awareness of personality
				(3) Ultimate (basic) knowledge
		§ 5. The basic laws of psychological understanding and of meaningfulness
			(a) Empirical understanding is an interpretation
			(b) Understanding follows 'the hermeneutic round'
			(c) Opposites are equally meaningful
			(d) Understanding is inconclusive
			(e) Unlimited interpretation
			(f) To understand is to illuminate and expose
			(g) Excursus into psychoanalysis
	CHAPTER VI - MEANINGFUL CONNECTIONS AND THEIR SPECIF!C MECHANISMS
		Introduction
			(a) The concept of the extra-conscious mechanism
			(b) Meaningful content and mechanisms
			(c) Mechanisms that are universal and constantly in action and those that are specifically evoked by psychic experiences
			(d) Normal and abnormal mechanisms
		SECTION ONE: NORMAL MECHANISMS
			(a) Psychogenic reactions (Erlebnisreaktionen)
			(b) After-effects of previous experience
			(c) Dream-contents
			(d) Suggestion
			(e) Hypnosis
		SECTION TWO: ABNORMAL MECHANISMS
			Characteristics of the abnormality of the mechanisms
			§ 1.  Pathological psychogenic reactions
				(a) Reaction as distinct from Phase and Thrust (Schub)
				(b) The three different ways in which reactions become meaningful
				(c) Classification of reactive states
				(d) The curative effect of emotional trauma
			§ 2. Abnormal after-effects of previous experience
				(a) Abnormal habits
				(h) The effects of complexes
				(c) Compensation
				(d) Disintegrating and Integrating Tendencies
			§ 3. Abnormal Dreams
				(a) Dreams during physical illness
				(h) Abnormal psychotic dreams
				(c) The content of abnormal dreams
			§ 4. Hysteria
			§ 5. Meaningful content in the psychoses
				(a) Delusion-like ideas
				(b) Delusions in schizophrenia
				(c) Incorrigibility
				(d) Classification of delusional content
	CHAPTER VII - THE PATIENT'S ATTITUDE TO HIS ILLNESS
		(a) Understandable attitudes to the sudden onset of acute psychosis (perplexity, awareness of change)
		(b) Working through the effects of acute psychoses
		(c) Working through the illness in chronic states
		(d) The patient's judgment of his illness
			(1) Self-observation and awareness of one's own state
			(2) Attitudes in acute psychoses
			(3) Attitude to psychosis after recovery
			(4) A ttitudes in chronic psychoses
		(e) The determination to fall ill
		(f) The attitude to one's own illness: its meaning and possible implications
	CHAPTER VIII - THE TOTALITY OF THE MEANINGFUL CONNECTIONS (CHARACTEROLOGY)
		§ I. Defining the Concept
			(a) What personality really is
			(b) How personality comes into being
			(c) The understandable personality and its opposite
		§ 2. Methods of Personality-analysis
			(a) Awareness of the possibilities of verbal description
			(b) The concepts of personality-study are those of the psychology of meaningful connection
			(c) Typology as a method
		§ 3. Attempts at Basic Classification of Character
			(a) Single, individual forms
			(b) Ideal types
			(c) Personality-structure in general
			(d) Real types
		§ 4. Normal and Abnormal Personalities
			I. Variations of Human Nature
				(a) Variations in the basic personality-dispositions
					(1) Basic dispositions of temperament
					(2) Basic will-power
					(3) Basic dispositions of feeling and drive
				(b) Variations in psychic energy
					(1) The neurasthenic syndrome
					(2) The psychasthenic syndrome
				(c) Reflective personalities
					(1) Hysterics
					(2) Hypochondriacs
					(3) The self-insecure personalities
			II. Personality-change due to a Process
				(a) Dementia due to organic cerebral processes
				(b) Epileptic dementia
				(c) 'Dementia' in schizophrenia
Part Three: The Causal Connections of Psychic Life (Explanatory Psychology-Erklarende Psychologie)
	Introduction
		(a) Simple causality and its difficulty
		(b) Mechanism and organism
		(c) Endogenous and exogenous causesb
		(d) Causal events are extra-conscious events
			(1) Signs and symptoms
			(2) 'Organic-functional'
		(e) Causal knowledge must not be made an absolute
		(f) Review of our causal knowledge
	CHAPTER IX - EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND OF THE BODY ON PSYCHIC LIFE
		§ 1. Environmental effects
			(a) Time of day, season, weather, climate
			(b) Fatigue and exhaustion
		§ 2. Poisons
		§ 3. Physical illnesses
			(a) General medical illnesses
			(b) Endocrine disorders
			(c) Symptomatic psychoses
			(d) Dying
		§ 4. Cerebral processes
			(a) Organic cerebral diseases
			(b) General and specific symptoms
			(c) The history of the theory of localisation
			(d) Relevant facts for the localisation theory: clinical data, the structure of the brain, pathological-anatomical findings
			(e) Basic questions raised by the theory of localisation
			(f) The questionable aspect of localising psychic material
	CHAPTER X - HEREDITY
		§ 1. The old basic concepts and their genealogical and statistical clarifications
			(a) The basic fact of heredity
			(b) The genealogical point of view
			(c) Statistics
			(d) Constant and inconstant heredity
			(e) The cause for the first or fresh appearance of mental illnesses
				(1) Harmful effects of inbreeding or hybridisation
				(2) Degeneration
		§ 2. The new impact of biological theories on heredity (Genetics)
			(a) Statistics of variations
			(b) The Genotype and Phenotype
			(c) Mendelian Laws
			(d) Hereditary substance lies in the cells
			(e) Mutation
			(f) Critical limitations
			(g) Resume of the most important basic concepts
		§ 3. Application of Genetics to psychopathology
			(a) The basic guiding ideas
			(b) Methodological difficulties
			(c) Investigation into the heredity of psychoses
			(d) Investigations into the heredity of psychic phenomena
			(e) The idea of hereditary groupings
			(f) Twin-research
			(g) Injury to the germ-cell
			(h) The importance of applying genetics in psychopathology in spite of negative results up to the present
		§ 4. Return to empirical statistics of a temporary character
	CHAPTER XI - EXPLANATORY THEORIES-THEIR MEANING AND VALUE
		§ I. Characteristics of explanatory theories
			(a) The nature of theories
			(b) Basic theoretical concepts in psychopathology
		§ 2. Examples of theory formation in psychopathology
			(a) Wernicke
			(b) Freud
			(c) Constructive-genetic psychopathology
			(d) Comparison of the above theories
		§ 3· Critique of theorising in general
			(a) Natural scientific theories as models
			(b) The spirit of theorising
			(c) Fundamental errors of theorising
			(d) The necessity for theories in psychopathology
			(e) Methodological attitude to theorising
Part Four: The Conception of the Psychic Life as a Whole
	Introduction
		(a) The main objective
		(b) Threefold division of the objective
		(c) What can and cannot be achieved in trying to reach this objective
		(d) Enthusiasm for the whole and its power to mislead
		(e) Knowledge of Man as a way into the openness of being human
		( f) Investigation guided by ideas
		(g) Methods of typology
		(h) The psychic profile (the psychogram)
	CHAPTER XII - THE SYNTHESIS OF DISEASE ENTITIES (NOSOLOGY)
		§ 1. Investigation guided by the idea ofdisease entities
			Unitary psychosis or series of definable disease entities
			Entities from the point of view of:
				psychic structure
				the causal factor
				anatomical findings
				the course of the illness
			The unification of all points of view in the idea of Disease entity (Kahlbaum and Kraepelin)
			Results of their investigations
			No disease entities except those of purely neurological cerebral processes
			Significance of the idea of disease entity for type-formation in special psychiatry
			Objections to Kraepelin's ideas
			Concrete field of enquiry opened up by these ideas
			Research into the Brain
			Research into T ypes
			The task for special psychiatry
		§ 2. Basic classifications in the total field of psychic illness
			I. Differentation according to the clinical state
				Acute and chronic psychoses
			II. Differentation according to the nature of the illness
				(a) Defects in performance and disorders of personality
				(b) Neuroses and Psychoses
				(c) Organic cerebral diseases and endogenous psychoses
				(d) Affective and Mental illness (natural and schizophrenic psychic life)
		§ 3. Symptom-complexes (syndromes)
			(a) Mental state and symptom-complex
			(b) Points of view governing the formulation of symptom-complexes
			(c) The significance in reality of symptom-complexes
			(d) Carl Schneider's theory of schizophrenic symptom-complexes
			Particular complexes
				(a) Organic-symptom-complexes
				(b) Symptom-complexes of altered consciousness
				(c) Symptom-complexes of abnormal affective states
				(d) Symptom-complexes of 'delusional states'
		§ 4. Classification of illnesses (Diagnostic schema)
		(a) Requirements for a diagnostic schema
		(b) Outline of a diagnostic schema
		(c) Explanation of the schema
			Characteristics of the three groups
			The meaning of the diagnosis in the three groups
			Diagnostic hierarchy of symptoms in the three groups
			Psychoses in combination (mixed psychoses)
			Fruitful significance of the discrepancies
		(d) Statistical investigations with the help of diagnostic schemata
	CHAPTER XIII - THE HUMAN SPECIES (EIDOLOGY)
		(a) The idea of the Eidos
		(b) Sex, constitution, Race
		(c) Methods of Eidology
		(d) Gathering the facts
		§ 1. Sex
			Biological and psychological preface
			(a) The primary phenomenon of sex
			(h) Biological factors in sex-differences
			(c) Somatic and psychological sex-differences
			(d) Sexual drive
			(e) Historical aspect of research into sexuality
			Sex-linked anomalies
				(a) Different incidence of psychic illness in the two sexes
				(h) Sexual epochs and reproduction
				(c) Sexual disorders
				(d) Effects of castration
		§ 2 . Constitution
			(a) The concept and idea of constitution
			(h) History of the idea of a constitution
			(c) Personality and psychosis
			(d) Kretschmer's theory of constitution
			(e) Critique of Kretschmer's researches into constitution
			(f) Conrad's reformulation of psychiatric teaching on constitution
			(g) The positive value of theories of constitution
		§ 3· Race
	CHAPTER XlV - BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY (BIOGRAPHIK)
		(a) The biographical material
		(h) The use of the biography to apprehend the individual
		(c) The limits of the individual life and its history
		(d) Investigation guided by the idea of the individual
		§ I. Biographical Methods
			(a) Collection, arrangement and presentation of the material
			(h) Case-record and biographical study
			(c) The present as the starting-point
			(d) The idea of the individual life as a unity
			(e) The basic biographical categories
			(/) Comments on literary biography
			(g) Pathographies
			(h) The art of publishing case-histories
		§ 2. The individual life as a biological event
			(a) Age epochs (biological age, biological relation between age epoch and mental illness)
			(h) Typical course of an illness (attack, phase, period, process)
		§ 3. The individual life in terms of its history
			(a) The basic categories for the life-history (elements of the development as a whole, specific categories of development, consciousness as a means of acquiring  new automatisms, the creation of personal worlds and works, sudden change and adaptation, the first experience, critical situations, intellectual development)
			(b) Some special problems (importance of infancy and early childhood, relationship of the psyche to its own age-epochs, development as an experience)
			(c) The basic problem of psychopathology: is it personality development or process
Part Five: The Abnormal Psyche in Society and History (Social and Historical Aspects of the Psychoses and the Personality-disorders)
	(a) Heredity and tradition
	(b) The community
	(c) The extension of psychopathology from a social anamnesis to the exploration of historical material
	(d) The meaning of socio-historical facts
	(e) Methods
	§ 1. The significance of the social situation for the illness
		(a) Causal effects of the civilised milieu
		(b) Typical situations for the individual
		(c) Times of security, revolution, war
		(d) Accident-neuroses
		(e) Work-situation
		(f) Educational situation
	§ 2. Investigations into population, occupation, class, urban, rural and other groups
	§ 3. Asocial and antisocial conduct
		(a) Asocial conduct
		(b) Antisocial conduct (the psychology of crime)
	§ 4. Psychopathology of Mind
		(a) Empirical investigation: pathography
			Meditative exercises
		(b) General problems: significance of illness for creativity, connection between the form of illness and the cosmic content, cultural assessment of sick individuals
		(c) Psychopathy and religion
	§ 5. Historical aspects
		(a) The determination of morbid psychic content by the culture and the historical situation
		(b) The history of hysteria: possession, psychic epidemics, witchcraft, orgiastic cults, spiritualism
		(c) Mass-psychology
		(d) Archaic psychic states
		e) Psychopathological elements in different cultures
		(f) The modern world and the problem of degeneration
Part Six: The Human Being as a Whole
	§ 1. Psychopathology in retrospect
		(a) Objections to my system of psychopathology
		(b) The obligation to integrate our knowledge of Man with the picture given by psychopathology
		(c) The complex unities in retrospect and the problem ofa unified whole
		Cd) The concrete enigmata in retrospect
	§ 2. The problem of the nature of man
		(a) The basic philosophic position
		(b) The image of man
		(c) Philosophical construct of ourselves as that which encompasses
		(d) The eternal incompleteness of man
		(e) Summary: Basic principles of the human being, and the significance and potentiality of our knowing him
	§ 3. Psychiatry and Philosophy
		(a) What scientific knowledge is
		(b) Modes of scientific knowledge in psychopathology
		(c) Philosophy in psychopathology
		(d) Basic philosophical positions
		Ce) Philosophical confusion
		(f) Ways of looking at the world (Weltanschauung) passing for scientific knowledge
		(g) Existential philosophy and psychopathology
		(h) Metaphysical interpretation of illness
	§ 4. The concept of health and illness
		(a) The doubtful nature of the concept of illness
		(b) Value norms and statistical norms
		(c) Concept of illness in somatic medicine
		(d) Concept of illness in psychiatry
			The application of value-norms and statistical norms
			Speculations regarding illness and health
			Structuring the psychiatric concept of illness
	§ 5. The meaning of medical practice
		(a) The relation of knowledge to practice
		(b) The contingent nature of all therapy
		(c) Legal steps, expert opinion and psychotherapy
		(d) The link with different levels of general medical therapy
		(e) Types of inner obstacle - the patient's decision to undergo therapy
		(f) The aims and limits of psychotherapy
		(g) The personal role of the doctor
		(h) Different psychiatric attitudes
		(i) Harmful psychological atmospheres
		(k) The public aspect of psychotherapy
Appendix
	§ I. Examination of patients
		(a) General points
		(b) Methods of examination
		(c) Aims of the examination
		(d) Viewpoints for evaluating the results of the examination
	§ 2. The function of therapy
		(a) Therapy and eugenics
		(b) Physical treatments
		(c) Psychotherapy
			Methods of suggestion
			Cathartic methods
			Practice and training
			Methods of re-education
			Methods that address themselves to the personality
		(d) Hospital admission and treatment
	§ 3. Prognosis
		(a) Danger to life
		(b) Curable or incurable
	§ 4. The history of psychopathology as a science
		(a) Scientific knowledge and practice
			Psychiatry in mental hospitals and University clinics
			Psychotherapy
		(b) From Esquirol to Kraepelin (19th century)
			Esquirol
			The describers and the analysers
			The somatic and psychic approach
			Wernicke and Kraepelin
			Independent individual contributions
			German and French psychiatry
		(c) Modern psychiatry
		(d) The drive to advance science and the forms it takes
			Drives and goals
			The origin of scientific movements
			Contemporary scientific trends
			Medicine and philosophy
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GENERAL INDEX
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