General, Organic, and Biochemistry

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Perspectives
Preface
Acknowledgments
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
	1 Chemistry: Methods and Measurement
		1.1 Strategies for Success in Chemistry
			The Science of Learning Chemistry
			Learning General Chemistry
		1.2 The Discovery Process
			Chemistry
			The Scientific Method
			Models in Chemistry
			A Human Perspective: The Scientific Method
		1.3 The Classification of Matter
			States of Matter
			Composition of Matter
			Physical Properties and Physical Change
			Chemical Properties and Chemical Change
			Intensive and Extensive Properties
		1.4 The Units of Measurement
			Mass
			Length
			Volume
			Time
		1.5 The Numbers of Measurement
			Significant Figures
			Recognition of Significant Figures
			Scientific Notation
			Accuracy and Precision
			Exact (Counted) and Inexact Numbers
			Rounding Numbers
			Significant Figures in Calculation of Results
		1.6 Unit Conversion
			Conversion of Units within the Same System
			Factor-Label Method
			Conversion of Units Between Systems
			A Medical Perspective: Curiosity and the Science That Leads to Discovery
		1.7 Additional Experimental Quantities
			Temperature
			Energy
			Concentration
			Density and Specific Gravity
			A Human Perspective: Food Calories
			A Medical Perspective: Assessing Obesity: The Body-Mass Index
			A Human Perspective: Quick and Useful Analysis
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	2 The Structure of the Atom and the Periodic Table
		2.1 Composition of the Atom
			Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
			Isotopes
		2.2 Development of Atomic Theory
			Dalton’s Theory
			Evidence for Subatomic Particles: Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
			Chemistry at the Crime Scene: Microbial Forensics
			Evidence for the Nucleus
		2.3 Light, Atomic Structure, and the Bohr Atom
			Electromagnetic Radiation
			Photons
			The Bohr Atom
			Green Chemistry: Practical Applications of Electromagnetic Radiation
			Modern Atomic Theory
			A Human Perspective: Atomic Spectra and the Fourth of July
		2.4 The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
			Numbering Groups in the Periodic Table
			Periods
			Metals and Nonmetals
			A Medical Perspective: Copper Deficiency and Wilson’s Disease
			Information Contained in the Periodic Table
		2.5 Electron Arrangement and the Periodic Table
			The Quantum Mechanical Atom
			Principal Energy Levels, Sublevels, and Orbitals
			Electron Configurations
			Guidelines for Writing Electron Configurations of Atoms
			Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
			Shorthand Electron Configurations
		2.6 Valence Electrons and the Octet Rule
			Valence Electrons
			The Octet Rule
			Ions
			Ion Formation and the Octet Rule
			A Medical Perspective: Dietary Calcium
		2.7 Trends in the Periodic Table
			Atomic Size
			Ion Size
			Ionization Energy
			Electron Affinity
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	3 Structure and Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
		3.1 Chemical Bonding
			Lewis Symbols
			Principal Types of Chemical Bonds: Ionic and Covalent
			Polar Covalent Bonding and Electronegativity
		3.2 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas of Compounds
			Ionic Compounds
			Covalent Compounds
			A Medical Perspective: Unwanted Crystal Formation
		3.3 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
			Physical State
			Melting and Boiling Points
			Structure of Compounds in the Solid State
			A Medical Perspective: Rebuilding Our Teeth
			Solutions of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
		3.4 Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
			Lewis Structures of Molecules
			A Medical Perspective: Blood Pressure and the Sodium Ion/ Potassium Ion Ratio
			Lewis Structures of Polyatomic Ions
			Lewis Structure, Stability, Multiple Bonds, and Bond Energies
			Isomers
			Lewis Structures and Resonance
			Lewis Structures and Exceptions to the Octet Rule
			Lewis Structures and Molecular Geometry; VSEPR Theory
			Periodic Molecular Geometry Relationships
			Lewis Structures and Polarity
		3.5 Properties Based on Molecular Geometry and Intermolecular Forces
			Solubility
			Boiling Points of Liquids and Melting Points of Solids
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	4 Calculations and the Chemical Equation
		4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms
			The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
			Calculating Atoms, Moles, and Mass
		4.2 The Chemical Formula, Formula Mass, and Molar Mass
			The Chemical Formula
			Formula Mass and Molar Mass
		4.3 The Chemical Equation and the Information It Conveys
			A Recipe for Chemical Change
			Features of a Chemical Equation
			The Experimental Basis of a Chemical Equation
			Strategies for Writing Chemical Equations
		4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations
		4.5 Precipitation Reactions
		4.6 Net Ionic Equations
			Writing Net Ionic Equations
		4.7 Acid-Base Reactions
		4.8 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
		4.9 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation
			General Principles
			Using Conversion Factors
			A Human Perspective: The Chemistry of Automobile Air Bags
			A Medical Perspective: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Case of Combining Ratios
			Theoretical and Percent Yield
			A Medical Perspective: Pharmaceutical Chemistry: The Practical Significance of Percent Yield
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	5 States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
		5.1 The Gaseous State
			Ideal Gas Concept
			Measurement of Properties of Gases
			Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
			A Human Perspective: The Demise of the Hindenburg
			Properties of Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory
			Boyle’s Law
			Charles’s Law
			Combined Gas Law
			Avogadro’s Law
			Molar Volume of a Gas
			Gas Densities
			The Ideal Gas Law
			Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
			Green Chemistry: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change
			Ideal Gases Versus Real Gases
		5.2 The Liquid State
			Compressibility
			Viscosity
			Surface Tension
			Vapor Pressure of a Liquid
			Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure
			van der Waals Forces
			Hydrogen Bonding
			Chemistry at the Crime Scene: Explosives at the Airport
		5.3 The Solid State
			Properties of Solids
			Types of Crystalline Solids
			Sublimation of Solids
			A Human Perspective: Gemstones
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	6 Solutions
		6.1 Properties of Solutions
			General Properties of Liquid Solutions
			True Solutions, Colloidal Dispersions, and Suspensions
			Degree of Solubility
			Solubility and Equilibrium
			Solubility of Gases: Henry’s Law
			A Human Perspective: Scuba Diving: Nitrogen and the Bends
			Henry’s Law and Respiration
			A Medical Perspective: Blood Gases and Respiration
		6.2 Concentration Based on Mass
			Mass/Volume Percent
			Mass/Mass Percent
			Parts per Thousand (ppt) and Parts per Million (ppm)
		6.3 Concentration Based on Moles
			Molarity
			Dilution
		6.4 Concentration-Dependent Solution Properties
			Vapor Pressure Lowering
			Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
			Calculating Freezing Points and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions
			Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure, and Osmolarity
			A Medical Perspective: Oral Rehydration Therapy
		6.5 Aqueous Solutions
			Water as a Solvent
			Kitchen Chemistry: Solubility, Surfactants, and the Dishwasher
			Concentration of Electrolytes in Solution
			Biological Effects of Electrolytes in Solution
			A Medical Perspective: Hemodialysis
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	7 Energy, Rate, and Equilibrium
		7.1 Thermodynamics
			The Chemical Reaction and Energy
			The First Law of Thermodynamics
			Green Chemistry: Twenty-First Century Energy
			The Second Law of Thermodynamics
			Free Energy
			A Medical Perspective: Hot and Cold Packs
		7.2 Experimental Determination of Energy Change in Reactions
		7.3 Kinetics
			Chemical Kinetics
			Activation Energy and the Activated Complex
			Factors That Affect Reaction Rate
			Mathematical Representation of Reaction Rate
			A Human Perspective: Too Fast or Too Slow?
		7.4 Equilibrium
			Physical Equilibrium
			Chemical Equilibrium
			The Generalized Equilibrium Constant Expression for a Chemical Reaction
			Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions
			Interpreting Equilibrium Constants
			Calculating Equilibrium Constants
			Using Equilibrium Constants
			LeChatelier’s Principle
			A Human Perspective: An Extraordinary Molecule
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	8 Acids and Bases and Oxidation-Reduction
		8.1 Acids and Bases
			Acid and Base Theories
			Amphiprotic Nature of Water
			Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
			Acid and Base Strength
			Self-Ionization of Water and Kw
		8.2 pH: A Measurement Scale for Acids and Bases
			A Definition of pH
			Measuring pH
			Calculating pH
			A Medical Perspective: Drug Delivery
			The Importance of pH and pH Control
		8.3 Reactions between Acids and Bases
			Neutralization
			Polyprotic Substances
			Green Chemistry: Hydrangea, pH, and Soil Chemistry
		8.4 Acid-Base Buffers
			The Buffer Process
			Addition of Base or Acid to a Buffer Solution
			Determining Buffer Solution pH
			The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
			Control of Blood pH
			Green Chemistry: Acid Rain
		8.5 Oxidation-Reduction Processes
			Oxidation and Reduction
			Voltaic Cells
			A Human Perspective: Lithium-Ion Batteries
			Electrolysis
			Applications of Oxidation and Reduction
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	9 The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine
		9.1 Natural Radioactivity
			Alpha Particles
			Beta Particles and Positrons
			Gamma Rays
			Properties of Alpha, Beta, Positron, and Gamma Radiation
			A Human Perspective: Origin of the Elements
		9.2 Writing a Balanced Nuclear Equation
			Alpha Decay
			Beta Decay
			Positron Emission
			Gamma Production
			Predicting Products of Nuclear Decay
		9.3 Properties of Radioisotopes
			Nuclear Structure and Stability
			Half-Life
			Radiocarbon Dating
			A Human Perspective: An Extraordinary Woman in Science
		9.4 Nuclear Power
			Energy Production
			Nuclear Fission
			Nuclear Fusion
			Breeder Reactors
			Green Chemistry: Nuclear Waste Disposal
		9.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity
			Cancer Therapy Using Radiation
			Nuclear Medicine
			Making Isotopes for Medical Applications
			A Medical Perspective: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		9.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
			Radiation Exposure and Safety
		9.7 Measurement of Radiation
			Photographic Imaging
			Computer Imaging
			The Geiger Counter
			Film Badges
			Units of Radiation Measurement
			Green Chemistry: Radon and Indoor Air Pollution
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
	10 An Introduction to Organic Chemistry: The Saturated Hydrocarbons
		10.1 Strategies for Success in Organic Chemistry
			Prepare for Class
			Make the Most of Class Time
		10.2 The Chemistry of Carbon
			Important Differences between Organic and Inorganic Compounds
			A Human Perspective: The Father of Organic Chemistry
			Families of Organic Compounds
			Green Chemistry: Frozen Methane: Treasure or Threat?
		10.3 Alkanes
			Structure
			Physical Properties
			Alkyl Groups
			Nomenclature
			Kitchen Chemistry: Alkanes in Our Food
			Green Chemistry: Biofuels: A Renewable Resource
			Constitutional or Structural Isomers
		10.4 Cycloalkanes
			cis-trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
		10.5 Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
			Alkanes
			Green Chemistry: The Petroleum Industry and Gasoline Production
			Cycloalkanes
		10.6 Reactions of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
			Combustion
			Halogenation
			A Medical Perspective: Polyhalogenated Hydrocarbons Used as Anesthetics
		Chapter Map
		Summary of Reactions
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	11 The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatics
		11.1 Alkenes and Alkynes: Structure and Physical Properties
		11.2 Alkenes and Alkynes: Nomenclature
		11.3 Geometric Isomers: A Consequence of Unsaturation
			A Medical Perspective: Killer Alkynes in Nature
		11.4 Alkenes in Nature
		11.5 Reactions Involving Alkenes and Alkynes
			Hydrogenation: Addition of H2
			Halogenation: Addition of X2
			Hydration: Addition of H2O
			Hydrohalogenation: Addition of HX
			Addition Polymers of Alkenes
			A Human Perspective: Life without Polymers?
			Green Chemistry: Plastic Recycling
		11.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
			Structure and Properties
			Nomenclature
			Kitchen Chemistry: Pumpkin Pie Spice: An Autumn Tradition
			Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
			Reactions Involving Benzene
		11.7 Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
		Kitchen Chemistry: Amazing Chocolate
		Chapter Map
		Summary of Reactions
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	12 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers
		12.1 Alcohols: Structure and Physical Properties
		12.2 Alcohols: Nomenclature
			IUPAC Names
			Common Names
		12.3 Medically Important Alcohols
			Methanol
			Ethanol
			Kitchen Chemistry: Sugar Alcohols and the Sweet Tooth
			2-Propanol
			1,2-Ethanediol
			1,2,3-Propanetriol
		12.4 Reactions Involving Alcohols
			Preparation of Alcohols
			Dehydration of Alcohols
			Oxidation Reactions
		12.5 Oxidation and Reduction in Living Systems
		12.6 Phenols
			Kitchen Chemistry: Spicy Phenols
			A Medical Perspective: Resveratrol: Fountain of Youth?
		12.7 Ethers
		12.8 Thiols
			Kitchen Chemistry: The Magic of Garlic
		Chapter Map
		Summary of Reactions
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	13 Aldehydes and Ketones
		13.1 Structure and Physical Properties
			A Human Perspective: Powerful Weak Attractions
		13.2 IUPAC Nomenclature and Common Names
			Naming Aldehydes
			Naming Ketones
		13.3 Important Aldehydes and Ketones
			Green Chemistry: Aldehydes, Stink Bugs, and Wine
		13.4 Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Ketones
			Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
			Oxidation Reactions
			Reduction Reactions
			A Human Perspective: Alcohol Abuse and Antabuse
			Addition Reactions
			Kitchen Chemistry: The Allure of Truffles
			Keto-Enol Tautomers
		Chapter Map
		Summary of Reactions
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	14 Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
		14.1 Carboxylic Acids
			Structure and Physical Properties
			Nomenclature
			Chemistry at the Crime Scene: Carboxylic Acids and the Body Farm
			Some Important Carboxylic Acids
			Green Chemistry: Garbage Bags from Potato Peels?
			Reactions Involving Carboxylic Acids
		14.2 Esters
			Structure and Physical Properties
			Nomenclature
			Reactions Involving Esters
			A Human Perspective: The Chemistry of Flavor and Fragrance
			A Human Perspective: Detergents
		14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
			Acid Chlorides
			Acid Anhydrides
		14.4 Nature’s High-Energy Compounds: Phosphoesters and Thioesters
			A Medical Perspective: Esters for Appetite Control
		Chapter Map
		Summary of Reactions
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	15 Amines and Amides
		15.1 Amines
			Structure and Physical Properties
			Nomenclature
			Medically Important Amines
			Reactions Involving Amines
			Chemistry at the Crime Scene: Methamphetamine
			Quaternary Ammonium Salts
		15.2 Heterocyclic Amines
		15.3 Amides
			Structure and Physical Properties
			Kitchen Chemistry: Browning Reactions and Flavor: The Maillard Reaction
			Nomenclature
			Medically Important Amides
			Reactions Involving Amides
			A Medical Perspective: Semisynthetic Penicillins
		15.4 A Preview of Amino Acids, Proteins, and Protein Synthesis
		15.5 Neurotransmitters
			Catecholamines
			Serotonin
			A Medical Perspective: Opiate Biosynthesis and the Mutant Poppy
			Histamine
			γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Glycine
			Acetylcholine
			Green Chemistry: Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Honey Bees
			Nitric Oxide and Glutamate
		Chapter Map
		Summary of Reactions
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
BIOCHEMISTRY
	16 Carbohydrates
		16.1 Strategies for Success in Biochemistry
		16.2 Types of Carbohydrates
		16.3 Monosaccharides
			A Medical Perspective: Chemistry through the Looking Glass
		16.4 Stereoisomers and Stereochemistry
			Stereoisomers
			Rotation of Plane-Polarized Light
			The Relationship between Molecular Structure and Optical Activity
			Fischer Projection Formulas
			Racemic Mixtures
			Diastereomers
			Meso Compounds
			The d- and l- System of Nomenclature
		16.5 Biologically Important Monosaccharides
			Glucose
			Fructose
			Galactose
			Ribose and Deoxyribose, Five-Carbon Sugars
			Reducing Sugars
			Kitchen Chemistry: The Chemistry of Caramels
		16.6 Biologically Important Disaccharides
			Maltose
			Lactose
			A Medical Perspective: Human Milk Oligosaccharides
			Sucrose
		16.7 Polysaccharides
			Starch
			Glycogen
			Cellulose
			A Medical Perspective: Monosaccharide Derivatives and Heteropolysaccharides of Medical Interest
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	17 Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems
		17.1 Biological Functions of Lipids
			A Medical Perspective: Lifesaving Lipids
		17.2 Fatty Acids
			Structure and Properties
			Omega-3 Fatty Acids
			Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes
		17.3 Glycerides
			Neutral Glycerides
			Chemical Reactions of Fatty Acids and Glycerides
			Phosphoglycerides
			Chemistry at the Crime Scene: Adipocere and Mummies of Soap
		17.4 Nonglyceride Lipids
			Sphingolipids
			Steroids
			A Medical Perspective: Disorders of Sphingolipid Metabolism
			A Medical Perspective: Steroids and the Treatment of Heart Disease
			Waxes
		17.5 Complex Lipids
		17.6 The Structure of Biological Membranes
			Fluid Mosaic Structure of Biological Membranes
			A Medical Perspective: Liposome Delivery Systems
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	18 Protein Structure and Function
		18.1 Biological Functions of Proteins
		18.2 Protein Building Blocks: The α-Amino Acids
			Structure of Amino Acids
			Stereoisomers of Amino Acids
			Classes of Amino Acids
		18.3 The Peptide Bond
			A Human Perspective: The New Protein
		18.4 The Primary Structure of Proteins
		18.5 The Secondary Structure of Proteins
			α-Helix
			β-Pleated Sheet
		18.6 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins
			A Medical Perspective: Collagen, Cosmetic Procedures, and Clinical Applications
		18.7 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins
		18.8 An Overview of Protein Structure and Function
		18.9 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
			Myoglobin and Oxygen Storage
			Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport
			Oxygen Transport from Mother to Fetus
			Sickle Cell Anemia
		18.10 Proteins in the Blood
		18.11 Denaturation of Proteins
			Temperature
			pH
			Organic Solvents
			Detergents
			Heavy Metals
			Mechanical Stress
			Kitchen Chemistry: Egg Foams: Meringues and Soufflés
			A Medical Perspective: Medications from Venoms
		18.12 Dietary Protein and Protein Digestion
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	19 Enzymes
		19.1 Nomenclature and Classification
			Classification of Enzymes
			Nomenclature of Enzymes
			Kitchen Chemistry: Transglutaminase: aka Meat Glue
		19.2 The Effect of Enzymes on the Activation Energy of a Reaction
		19.3 The Effect of Substrate Concentration on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
		19.4 The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
		19.5 Specificity of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex
		19.6 The Transition State and Product Formation
			A Medical Perspective: HIV Protease Inhibitors and Pharmaceutical Drug Design
		19.7 Cofactors and Coenzymes
		19.8 Environmental Effects
			Effect of pH
			Effect of Temperature
			A Medical Perspective: α1-Antitrypsin and Familial Emphysema
		19.9 Regulation of Enzyme Activity
			Allosteric Enzymes
			Feedback Inhibition
			Proenzymes
			Protein Modification
		19.10 Inhibition of Enzyme Activity
			Irreversible Inhibitors
			Reversible, Competitive Inhibitors
			Chemistry at the Crime Scene: Enzymes, Nerve Agents, and Poisoning
		19.11 Proteolytic Enzymes
		19.12 Uses of Enzymes in Medicine
			Chapter Map
			Summary
			Questions and Problems
			Multiple Concept Problems
	20 Introduction to Molecular Genetics
		20.1 The Structure of the Nucleotide
			Chemical Composition of DNA and RNA
			Nucleosides
			Nucleotide Structure
		20.2 The Structure of DNA and RNA
			DNA Structure: The Double Helix
			Chromosomes
			RNA Structure
			A Medical Perspective: Molecular Genetics and Detection of Human Genetic Disorders
		20.3 DNA Replication
			Bacterial DNA Replication
			Eukaryotic DNA Replication
		20.4 Information Flow in Biological Systems
			Classes of RNA Molecules
			Transcription
			Post-transcriptional Processing of RNA
		20.5 The Genetic Code
		20.6 Protein Synthesis
			The Role of Transfer RNA
			The Process of Translation
		20.7 Mutation, Ultraviolet Light, and DNA Repair
			The Nature of Mutations
			The Results of Mutations
			Mutagens and Carcinogens
			Ultraviolet Light Damage and DNA Repair
			A Medical Perspective: Epigenomics
			Consequences of Defects in DNA Repair
		20.8 Recombinant DNA
			Tools Used in the Study of DNA
			Genetic Engineering
		20.9 Polymerase Chain Reaction
		20.10 The Human Genome Project
			Genetic Strategies for Genome Analysis
			Chemistry at the Crime Scene: DNA Fingerprinting
			DNA Sequencing
			A Medical Perspective: CRISPR Technology and the Future of Genetics
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	21 Carbohydrate Metabolism
		21.1 ATP: The Cellular Energy Currency
		21.2 Overview of Catabolic Processes
			Stage I: Hydrolysis of Dietary Macromolecules into Small Subunits
			Stage II: Conversion of Monomers into a Form That Can Be Completely Oxidized
			Stage III: The Complete Oxidation of Nutrients and the Production of ATP
		21.3 Glycolysis
			An Overview
			Biological Effects of Genetic Disorders of Glycolysis
			Reactions of Glycolysis
			Entry of Fructose into Glycolysis
			A Medical Perspective: High Fructose Corn Syrup
			Regulation of Glycolysis
		21.4 Fermentations
			Lactate Fermentation
			Alcohol Fermentation
			A Human Perspective: Fermentations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
		21.5 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
		21.6 Gluconeogenesis: The Synthesis of Glucose
		21.7 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
			The Structure of Glycogen
			Glycogenolysis: Glycogen Degradation
			Glycogenesis: Glycogen Synthesis
			A Medical Perspective: Diagnosing Diabetes
			Compatibility of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
			A Human Perspective: Glycogen Storage Diseases
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	22 Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production
		22.1 The Mitochondria
			Structure and Function
			Origin of the Mitochondria
			A Human Perspective: Exercise and Energy Metabolism
		22.2 Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
		22.3 An Overview of Aerobic Respiration
		22.4 The Citric Acid Cycle (the Krebs Cycle)
			Biological Effects of Disorders of the Citric Acid Cycle
			Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
		22.5 Control of the Citric Acid Cycle
		22.6 Oxidative Phosphorylation
			Electron Transport Systems and the Hydrogen Ion Gradient
			ATP Synthase and the Production of ATP
			Summary of the Energy Yield
			A Medical Perspective: Babies with Three Parents?
		22.7 The Degradation of Amino Acids
			Removal of α-Amino Groups: Transamination
			Removal of α-Amino Groups: Oxidative Deamination
			The Fate of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons
		22.8 The Urea Cycle
			Reactions of the Urea Cycle
			A Medical Perspective: Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency
		22.9 Overview of Anabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle as a Source of Biosynthetic Intermediates
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
	23 Fatty Acid Metabolism
		23.1 Lipid Metabolism in Animals
			Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Triglycerides
			Lipid Storage
			A Medical Perspective: Obesity: A Genetic Disorder?
		23.2 Fatty Acid Degradation
			An Overview of Fatty Acid Degradation
			The Reactions of β-Oxidation
			A Medical Perspective: Carnitine: The Fat Mover
		23.3 Ketone Bodies
			Ketosis
			Ketogenesis
			A Human Perspective: Losing Those Unwanted Pounds of Adipose Tissue
		23.4 Fatty Acid Synthesis
			A Comparison of Fatty Acid Synthesis and Degradation
		23.5 The Regulation of Lipid Metabolism
			A Medical Perspective: Diabetes Mellitus and Ketone Bodies
			The Liver
			Adipose Tissue
			Muscle Tissue
			The Brain
		23.6 The Effects of Insulin and Glucagon on Cellular Metabolism
		Chapter Map
		Summary
		Questions and Problems
		Multiple Concept Problems
Glossary
Answers to Practice Problems
Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems
Index