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دانلود کتاب GATE 2019 Civil Engineering
دانلود کتاب GATE 2019 مهندسی عمران
مشخصات کتاب
GATE 2019 Civil Engineering
ویرایش:
نویسندگان: Trishna Knowledge Systems
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 9789352868421, 9789353061975
ناشر: Pearson Education
سال نشر: 2019
تعداد صفحات: [1523]
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 102 Mb
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 28,000
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فهرست مطالب
Cover Copyright Contents Preface Key Pedagogical Features Syllabus: Civil Engineering Section 1: Engineering Mathematics Section 2: Structural Engineering Section 3: Geotechnical Engineering Section 4: Water Resources Engineering Section 5: Environmental Engineering Section 6: Transportation Engineering Section 7: Geomatics Engineering Chapter-wise Analysis of Previous Years’ Papers General Information about GATE Structure of Gate and Gate Results Section Weightage and Marks Particulars Question Types Design of Questions About Online Pattern Important Tips for Gate GATE 2017 Solved PaperCE: Civil EngineeringSet - I GATE 2017 Solved PaperCE: Civil EngineeringSet - II GATE 2018 Solved PaperCivil Engineering Set – I General Aptitude Civil Engineering GATE 2018 Solved PaperCivil Engineering Set – II General Aptitude Civil Engineering Part 1 General Aptitude Part A Verbal Ability Chapter 1 Grammar Introduction Grammar Sentence Completion Section I: GrammarOverview Sentence Parts of a sentence Parts of Speech: Identification Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction (Connector) Interjection Phrases and Clauses Phrase Clause Conditionals Type A Type B If–Conditionals Type–I Type–II Type–III Examples of Errors in theUsage of Conditionals Types of Sentences (Structural) Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence Types of Sentences (Semantic) Assertive Sentences (or)Declarative Sentences Imperative Sentences Interrogative Sentences Exclamatory Sentences Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Section II: Sentence CorrectionCorrect Use of Nouns Correct Use of Articles Some Important Rules Regarding theUse of Articles Correct use of Pronouns Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Emphatic Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Pronouns of Number Pronouns of Quantity Distributive Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Relative Pronouns Rules for use of Pronouns Correct Use of Adjectives Correct use of Adverbs Rules Pertaining to Use of Adverbs Correct Use of the Verb Structure of the Verb Phrase Auxiliary Verbs and Their Forms Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive Verb—Voice Verb—Form and Use of the Tenses Uses of Tenses—Some Important Rules Subject and Verb Concord (Agreement) Non-Finites The Infinitives The Gerund The Participle Correct Use of Prepositions Object of the Preposition Rules Pertaining to the Use of Prepositions Correct Use of Conjunctions Notes on Phrasal Verbs Parallelism Question Tags Active-Passive Voice Additional Examples Direct and Indirect Speech Exceptions Diction (Words often confused) Exercises Grammar—Nouns/Articles/PronounsBasic Advanced Grammar—Verbs/Tenses/AuxiliaryBasic Advanced Grammar—Adjectives/AdverbsBasic Advanced Grammar—Conjunctions/PrepositionsBasic Advanced Grammar—Active/Passive, Direct/IndirectBasic Advanced Grammar—Phrasal VerbsBasic Advanced Answer Keys Chapter 2 Vocabulary Vocabulary Common Roots Verbal Analogies Verbal Reasoning Exercises Sentence Completion Basic Advanced Synonyms Basic Advanced Antonyms Basic Advanced Analogies Basic Advanced Logical Reasoning Basic Advanced Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Verbal Ability Answer Keys Part B Numerical Ability UNIT 1 Quantitative Aptitude Chapter 1 Simple Equations Introduction One Equation in One Unknown Two Equations in TwoUnknowns Three Equations in ThreeUnknowns Solved Examples Additional Cases in LinearEquations Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 2 Ratio–Proportion–Variation Ratio Solved Examples Proportion Variation Direct Variation Inverse Variation Joint Variation Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 3 Numbers Numbers Rul e of SiGns Classification of Real Numbers Perfect Numbers Rules for Divisibility Solved Examples Number of Factors of a Number Number of Ways of Expressing a GivenNumber as a Product of Two Factors Sum of all the Factors of a Number Product of all the Factors of a Number Number of Ways of Writing a Number asProduct of Two Co-primes Number of Co-primes to N, That are Lessthan N Sum of Co-primes to N That Are LessThan N Least Common Multiple (Lcm ) and HighestCommon Factor (Hcf) Lcm and Hcf Models Successive Division Factorial Largest Power of a Number in N! Some Important Points to Note Number Systems Conversions Binary Arithmetic Examples of Binary Addition Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 4 Percentage, Profi t and Loss Percentage Solved Examples Percentage Points Profit and Loss Partnerships Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 5 Simple Interest andCompound Interest Interest Simple Interest Compound Interest Compounding More Than Once a Year Present Value Repayment in EqualInstalments—Compound Interest Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 6 Averages, Mixtures, andAlligations Averages Points to Remember An Easy Method to Calculate Averages Weighted Average Mixtures Solved Examples Alligations Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 7 Time and Work Work Solved Examples Pipes and Cisterns Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 8 Time and Distance Introduction Speed Average Speed Solved Examples Relative Speed Boats and Streams Races and Circular Tracks Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 9 Indices, Surds, and Logarithms Indices Solved Examples Surds Rationalization of a Surd Square Root of a Surd Comparison of Surds Logarithms Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 10 Quadratic Equations Quadratic Equations Finding the Roots by Factorisation Finding the Roots by Using the Formula Sum and Product of Roots of aQuadratic Equation Signs of the Roots Constructing a Quadratic Equation Maximum or Minimum Value of aQuadratic Expression Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 11 Inequalities Inequalities and Modulus Symbols and Notations Absolute Value Properties of Modulus Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 12 Progressions Progressions Arithmetic Progression (AP) Solved Examples Geometric Progression (GP) Infinite Geometric Progression Some Important Results Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 13 Permutations and Combinations Introduction Permutations Combinations Circular Permutations Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 14 Data Interpretation Introduction Methods of Presenting Data Data Table Pie Charts Two-Dimensional Graphs Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Quantitative Ability Answer Keys UNIT 2 Reasoning Chapter 1 Number and Letter Series Introduction Number Series Difference Series Product Series Squares/Cubes Series Miscellaneous Series Combination Series Letter Series Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 2 Analogies Analogy Number Analogies Solved Examples Letter Analogies Verbal Analogies Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 3 Odd Man Out Introduction Alphabet Classification Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 4 Coding and Decoding Coding and Decoding Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 5 Blood Relations Blood Relations Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 6 Venn Diagrams Venn Diagrams Venn Diagram Type I Solved Examples Venn Diagram Type II Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 7 Seating Arrangements Linear Sequencing Solved Examples Circular Arrangement Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 8 Puzzles Puzzles Solved Examples Order Sequence Selections Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 9 Clocks and Calendars ClocKs Solved Examples Calendar Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Logical Ability Answer Keys Part 2 Engineering Mathematics Chapter 1 Calculus Limit of a Function Meaning of ‘x → a’ Meaning of the Symbol: limx→a f(x) = l Continuous Functions Algebra of Continuous Functions Intermediate-value Theorem Inverse-function Theorem Solved Examples Derivatives Standard Results Product Rule Quotient Rule Chain Rule Derivatives of Some Important Functions Inverse Rule Second Derivative Successive Differentiation Application of DerivativesErrors in Measurement Rate of Change Maxima and Minima Mean Value Theorems Taylor’s Theorem Partial Differentiation Total Differential Co-efficient Implicit Function Homogeneous Functions Euler′s Theorem Maxima and Minima for Functionof Two Variables Procedure to Obtain Maxima and Minima Indefinite Integrals Some Standard Formulae Definite Integrals Fundamental Theorem of IntegralCalculus Properties of definite integrals Applications of Integration Rectification Theorems on Integration Improper Integrals Multiple integrals Applications of Double and Triple Integrals Vector Calculus Linear Combinations Test of Collinearity Test of Coplanarity Linear Dependence and Independence Multiplication of Vectors Vector or Cross Product Triple Products Vector Variable Differential Vectors Gradient of a Scalar Function Divergence of Vector Curl of a Vector Integration Line Integral Circulation Gauss’ Divergence Theorem Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Ordinary Diff erentialEquations Introduction Differential Equations Certain Geometrical Results may also beExpressed as Diff erential Equations Order of a Differential Equation Degree of a Differential Equation Linear Differential Equation Solution of a Differential Equation First Order Equation Second Order Equation Solved Examples Homogeneous Differential Equations Definition Exact Differential Equations Methods to Find the Integrating Factors Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 Linear Equations Bernoulli’s Linear Equations Second Order Linear Differential Equationswith Constant Co-efficients Cauchy’s Homogeneous Linear Equations Method of Variation of Parameters Laplace Transforms Inverse Laplace Transforms Transform of Special Functions Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Partial Differential Equations Fourier Series Euler’s Formula for theFourier Coeffi cients Solved Examples Even and Odd Functions Function of Any Period (P = 2L) Half Range Expansion Partial Differential Equations (PDE) Standard Notation Formation of Partial Differential Equations Linear Equation of First Order Non-linear Equations of First Order Classification of Second OrderHomogeneous Linear Equations Method of Separation of Variables Heat Equation Wave Equation Laplace Equation Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Linear Algebra Introduction Type of Matrices Trace of a Matrix Tranjugate or Transposed Conjugateof a Matrix Operations on MatricesScalar Multiplication of Matrices Addition of Matrices Multiplication of Matrices Determinants Determinant of Order 1 (or FirstOrder Determinant) Determinant of Order 2 (or Second OrderDeterminant) Determinant of Order 3 (ThirdOrder Determinant) Singular and Non-singular Matrices Inverse of a Matrix Adjoint of a Matrix Evaluating Inverse of a Square Matrix Rank and Nullity of a Matrix Elementary Operations or ElementaryTransformations Row and Column Equivalence Matrices Normal form of a Matrix Systems of Linear Equations Solving System of Linear Equations Cramers Method Inverse Method Gauss-Jordan Method Gauss Elimination Method Linear Dependence LU Decomposition Method of Factorisationor Method of Triangularization The Characteristic Equation of a Matrix Cayley-Hamilton Theorem Inverse by Cayley-Hamilton Theorem Power of a Matrix byCayley-Hamilton Theorem Reduction to Diagonal Form Procedure to Reduce a Square Matrixinto Diagonal Form Power of a Matrix by Using its Diagonal Form Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Probability and Statistics Probability Random Experiment Defi nition of Probability Addition Theorem of Probability Solved Example Conditional Probability Multiplication Theorem Baye’s Rule Advanced Probability Random Variable Probability Mass Function (PMF) Probability Density Function (PDF) Mathematical Expectation [E(X)] Some Special DiscreteDistributions Discrete Uniform Distribution Binomial Distribution Properties of Binomial Distribution Properties of Poisson Distribution Some Special ContinuousDistributions Continuous Uniform Distributionor Rectangular Distribution Normal Distribution Properties of Normal Distribution Exponential Distribution Joint Distribution of Random Variables JointProbability Mass Function Joint Probability Density Function Conditional Probability Functionsof Random Variables Independent Random Variables Statistics Measures of Central Tendencies Arithmetic Mean (AM or x) Median Empirical Formula Measures of Dispersion Range Quartile Deviation (QD) Mean Deviation (MD) Standard Deviation (SD) Co-efficient of Variation (CV) Hypothesis Testing Introduction Some Basic Definitions Population Sampling Testing of Hypothesis Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis Type I and Type II Errors Level of Significance Critical Region and Critical Value Critical Region (or) the Region of Rejection(or) the Significant Region Critical Value (OR) Significant Value One Tailed and Two Tailed Tests Procedure for Test of Hypothesis Tests of Hypothesis for Large Samples Tests of Hypothesis for Small Samples Degrees of Freedom Student’s t-Distribution (or) t-Distribution F-Distribution Chi-square Distribution Non-Parametric Tests Goodness of Fit Test Analysis of rXc Contingency Tables Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 6 Numerical Methods Numerical Methods Accuracy and Precision Types of Errors Inherent Error Round off Error Solved Example Methods for Finding the Real Roots(Zeros) of f (x) = 0 The Intermediate Value Theorem Relations between Roots and Coefficients Roots of Equations and Descartes’ Rule Bisection Method (Bolzano Method)or (Halving Method) Convergence of Bisection Method Regula Falsi Method or (The Methodof False Position) Convergence of Regula Falsi Method The Secant Method Newton–Raphson Method Geometrical Interpretation ofNewton–Raphson Formula Convergence of Newton–Raphson Method Newton’s Iterative Formula to Find bth Rootof a Positive Real Number a Newton’s Iterative Formula to Find aReciprocal of a Number N Curve Fitting Least Squares Approximation Procedure Interpolation Assumptions in Interpolation Finite Differences Interpolation Formulae Numerical Differentiation Numerical Integration Newton–Cote’s Quadrature Formula Trapezoidal Rule [Two-point Quadrature] Simpson’s One-third Rule[Three-point Quadrature] Simpson’s Three-eighth Rule Numerical Solutions ofOrdinary Differential Equations Single-step Methods Multi-step Methods Taylor’s Series Method Picard’s Method of SuccessiveApproximation Multi-step Methods Euler’s Method Modified Euler’s Method Runge–Kutta Methods First Order Runge–Kutta Method Second Order Runge–Kutta Method Third Order Runge-Kutta Method Fourth Order Runge–Kutta Method Predictor–Corrector Methods Milne’s Predictor Formula Milne’s Corrector Formula Adams–Bashforth Predictor Formula Adams–Moulton Corrector Formula Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Engineering Mathematics Answer Keys Part 3 Civil Engineering Unit 1 EngineeringMechanics Chapter 1 Introduction—Forcesand Equilibrium Introduction Newtonian MecHanics Branches of Newtonian Mechanics Deformation of Body Action and Reaction Tension Thrust Force Resolution of a Force intoa Force and a Couple Resultant of a Systemof Coplanar Forces Parallelogram Law of Forces Resultant of Multiple Forces Actingat a Point Triangle Law of Forces Coplanar Force System Collinear Forces Coplanar Concurrent Force System Coplanar Parallel Force System Coplanar Non-concurrent, Non-parallel Force System Solved Examples Moment of a Force Varignon’s Theorem of Moments Moment of a Couple Equilibrium of Force Systems Equilibrium Equationsfor Different CoplanarForce Systems Analysis of a Systemof Forces in Space Concurrent Spatial Force System Parallel Spatial Force System Non-concurrent, Non-parallelForce System Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Free-body Diagrams—Trusses Introduction Free-body Diagram Composition and Resolutionof Forces Resolution of a Force Equilibrium Law Internal and External Forces Superposition and Transmissibility Law of Superposition Equilibrium of ConcurrentForces in a Plane Lami’s Theorem Analysis of Roof Trusses Definitions Truss Plane Truss Strut and Tie Loads Nodes Perfect Frame Supports Assumptions—Analysis of Trusses Free-body Diagram of a Truss and the Joints Solution by Method of Joints Working Rules Method of Members—Analysisof Plane Frames Solved Example Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Friction, Centre of Gravity, Moment of Inertia Introduction Friction Definitions Laws of Friction First Law Second Law Third Law Fourth Law Force Determinations for Different Scenarios Cone of Friction Solved Example Virtual Work Principle of Virtual Work Lifting Machine Load or Resistance Efforts Input of a Machine Output of a Machine Velocity Ratio (VR) Mechanical Advantage (MA) Ideal Machine Efficiency of a Machine Relation between MA, VR, and h Frictional Losses Reversible and IrreversibleMachine Compound Efficiency Law of a Machine Screw Jack Differential Screw Jack Centre of Gravity Centroid Centroidal Axis Lamina Determination of the Centre of Gravity ofa Thin Irregular Lamina Integration Method forCentroid Determinationin a Thin Lamina or Solid First Moment of Area Theorems of Pappus–Guldinus Theorem I Theorem II Area Moment of Inertia Polar Moment of Inertia Radius of Gyration Parallel Axis Theorem Perpendicular Axis Theorem Centroid of Solids Mass Moment of Inertia Mass Moment of Inertiaand Radius of Gyration Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Rectilinear Motion Introduction Dynamics Types of Motion Rectilinear Motion Displacement, Distance, Velocityand Acceleration Displacement and Distance Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity and Speed Average Acceleration Instantaneous Acceleration Motion at a UniformAcceleration Vertical Motion under Gravity Solved Examples Motion under VariableAcceleration Relative Velocity Kinetics of a Particle General Equation of Motion for a Particle Differential Equation of Rectilinear Motion Motion of a Particle Acted Uponby a Constant Force Free-falling Object Force as a Function of Time Dynamics of a Particle D’Alembert’s Principle Momentum and Impulse Moment and Couple Couple Work and Energy Work done by Torque Work Energy Formulations Alternate Method Ideal Systems—Conservationof Energy Law of Conservation of Energy mpact Elastic Impact Plastic or Inelastic Impact Newton’s Experimental Lawof Colliding Bodies Energy Loss Due to Impact Coefficient of Restitution Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Curvilinear Motion Introduction Kinematics of Curvilinear Translation Solved Example Projectile Motion Definitions Equations of the Path of Projectile Motion of a Projectile on an InclinedPlane Apparent Weight in a Lift Kinematics of Rotation Angular Displacementand Angular Velocity Relation between Linear Velocityand Angular Velocity Angular Acceleration Equations of Motion alonga Circular Path Laws for Rotary Motion First Law Second Law Angular Momentum or Momentof Momentum Rotational Kinetic Energy Angular Impulse or Impulsive Torque Work Done in Rotation Kinetic Energy in Combined Motion Conservation of Angular Momentum D’Alembert’s Principlefor Rotary Motion Euler’s Equation of Motion Simple Harmonic Motionand Free Vibrations Oscillation, Amplitude,Frequency and Period Velocity and Acceleration Frequency of Vibrationof a Spring Mass System Oscillations of a Simple Pendulum Super Elevation Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 6 List of Formulae List of Formulae Test Engineering Mechanics Answer Keys Unit 2 Solid Mechanics Chapter 1 Simple Stressesand Strains Introduction Simple Stresses and Strains Assumptions for Calculating Strength of Materials Stress Types of Stresses Direct Stresses Indirect Stresses Types of Strain Hooke’s Law and Modulusof Elasticity Stress–Strain Relationship Factor of Safety Material Properties Elastic Constants Poisson’s Ratio Volumetric Strain ofRectangular Bar withTriaxial Loading Relationship between Modulusof Elasticity and Modulusof Rigidity Bars of Varying Cross-sections Bars with a ContinuouslyVarying Cross-section(Width Vary from b1 to b2) Compound Bars Elongation Due to Self Weight Thermal Stresses Thermal Stresses in Compound Bars Solved Example Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Complex Stresses, Shear Forceand Bending Moment Diagrams Introduction State of Stress in 2D System(Biaxial or Plane Stress) Stresses on Inclined Planes Special Cases Principal Planes and Stresses Principal Stresses Principal Plane Maximum Shear Stresses Maximum Shear Stress Planes Strains on Inclined Plane Maximum Shear Strain Mohr’s Circle Construction of Mohr’s Circlefor Complex Stresses Measurement of Stresses ona Plane Making an Angle q withthe Plane at Which px Acts Mohr’s Circle of Strain Strain Gauge Rectangular Strain Rosettes Theories of Failure Classification of Beams Shear Force and BendingMoment in Beams Relation between Load Intensity, ShearForce and Bending Moment Shear Force and BendingMoment Diagrams Cantilever Subjected to CentralConcentrated Load Cantilever Subjected to UniformlyDistributed Load Cantilever Subjected to UniformlyVarying Load Simply Supported Beamwith Concentrated Load Simply Supported Beamwith Uniformly Distributed Load Simply Supported Beamwith Uniformly Varying Load Solved Examples Exercises PreVious Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Theory of Stresses in Beams Introduction Stresses in Beams Bending Stresses Neutral Axis Position of Neutral Axis Centroid or Centre of Area Moment of Inertia Centroid and Moment of Inertiaof Some Plane Figures Rectangle Triangle Circle Semi-circle Quadrant Centroids of Solid Figures Relationship between Bending Momentand Radius of Curvature Moment of Resistance of a Section Application of Bending Equation Shearing Stresses in Beams Shear Stress Distribution acrossa Rectangular Section Shear Stress Distribution acrossa Circular Section Shear Stress Distribution acrossTriangular Cross-sections Shear Stress Distributionacross Symmetric I–Section Shear Stress Distribution Composite Beams Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Torsion of Shafts Introduction Torsion of Circular Shafts Torsional Equation Polar Modulus and Stiffness Power Transmitted Comparison of Stiffness Shaft Combinations Shafts in Series Shafts in Parallel Indeterminate Shafts Torsion of a Tapering Shaft Combined Bending and Torsion Strain Energy in Torsion Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Deflection of Beams Introduction Deflection of Beams Deformation of Beam underTransverse Loading Equation of the Elastic Curve Double Integration Method Some Boundary Conditions Some General Cases Macaulay’s Method Solved Examples Moment Area Methods First Moment Area Theorem Second Moment Area Theorem Bending Moment Diagram Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 6 Columns and Struts Introduction Theory of Columns and Struts Eccentrically Loaded Columns Analysis of the Critical Loadfor Long Column by Euler’sFormula Special Cases Limitations of Euler’s Formula Effective Lengths for DifferentEnd Conditions Rankine’s Formula Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 7 Strain Energy Strain Energy Stress Analysis for VariousType of Loads Strain Energy dueto Shear Stress Solved Examples Strain Energy in Pure Bending Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 8 Fixed and Propped Cantilever Beams, and Shear Centre Introduction Propped and Fixed Beams Analysis of Propped Beams Solved Examples Fixed Beams Analysis of Fixed Beams Moment Area Method (Support Moments) Standard Cases (Beams of UniformSection) Fixed Beam with Central Point Load Fixed Beam with UDL Eccentric Point Load Couple Uniformly Varying Load Sinking of Supports Rotation of Supports Shear Centre Shear Flow Shear Centre of Different Cross-sections Channel Section I-section with Unequal Flanges For Equal Angles T-sections For Unsymmetrical Channel Sections Circular Arc Square Tube with Slit Rectangular Tube of Constant Thickness withSlit Exercises Answer Keys Test Solid Mechanics Answer Keys Unit 3 Structural Analysis Chapter 1 Determinacy and Indeterminacy Introduction Statically DeterminateStructure Equations of Equilibrium Pin Jointed Plane Frame (Plane Truss) Rigid Jointed Plane Frame Pin Jointed Space Frame (Space Truss) Rigid Jointed Space Frame Statically Indeterminate Structure Degree of Indeterminacy or Redundancy (Ds) Formulation of Ds External Indeterminacy (Dse) Internal Indeterminacy (Dsi) Solved Examples Instability of Structures Degrees of Freedom (or)Kinematic Indeterminacy Formulation of Degree ofKinematic Indeterminacy (Dk) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Methods of Indeterminate Analysis Introduction Force Method Displacement Method Strain Energy Method Work Done by a Forceon a Member Law of Reciprocal Deflectionor Maxwell’s ReciprocalDeflection Theorem Betti’s Law Castigliano’s Theorem First Theorem Solved Examples Second Theorem Moment Distribution Method Definitions The Distribution Theorem Relative Stiffness Moment Distribution Procedure for Analysis Sinking of Supports One End Fixed–Other End Hinged Portal Frames Non-sway Type of Frames Sway Type of Frames Pure Sway Frame General Sway Frame Slope Deflection Method Slope–Deflection Equations Support Moment’s Calculation Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Analysis of Trusses Introduction Assumptions Common Type of Trusses Roof Trusses Bridge Trusses Sign Convention Zero–Force Members Solved Examples Methods of Analysis Method of Joints Method of Sections Deflection of Truss Joints Due to External Load System Due to Lack of Fit or Temperature Effect Redundant Trusses Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 ILD and Rolling Loads Introduction Influence Line ILD for Simply Supported Beams ILD for Reactions at the Supports ILD for Shear Force at a Given Section ILD for Bending Momentat a Given Section Simply Supported Beamswith Overhang Maximum Shear ata given Section Wheel Loads Uniformly Distributed Load Maximum Bending Momentat a Given Section Wheel Loads Uniformly Distributed Load Two Cases Maximum Bending Moment undera Chosen Wheel Load Absolute Maximum BendingMoment Wheel Loads Uniformly Distributed Load Muller–Breslau Principle Influence Line Diagramfor Bridge Truss Members Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Arches, Cables, Matrix Methods Introduction Arches Three-hinged Arch Calculation of Reactions Special Cases Temperature Effect onThree-hinged Arches Effect of Temperature Riseon the Horizontal Thrust Two-hinged Arches Special Cases Temperature Effecton Two-hinged Arches Special Cases Normal Thrust and Radial Shear Linear Arch or Theoretical Arch Cables Cable Subjected to UniformlyDistributed Load Tension in the Cable Tension in Cable Supportedat Different Levels Length of the Cable Matrix Method of StructuralAnalysis Flexibility and Stiffness Flexibility Matrix Stiffness Matrix Properties of Flexibility and Stiffness Matrix Procedure to Develop Flexibility Matrix Procedure to Develop Stiffness Matrix Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Structural Analysis Answer Keys Unit 4 Construction Materials and Management Chapter 1 Concrete and Its Constituents Cement Chemical Composition Functions of Cement Ingredients Types of Cements Tests on Cement Field Tests Laboratory Tests Aggregates Properties of Aggregates Tests on Aggregates Aggregate Crushing Value Aggregate Impact Value Aggregate Abrasion Test Bulking of Aggregates Flakiness Index Elongation Index Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Stripping Value Test Angularity Number Admixtures Types of Admixtures Mineral Admixtures Chemical Admixtures Uses of Admixtures Concrete Workability Water Content Mix Proportions Size and Shape of Aggregate Surface Texture Grading of Aggregates Use of Admixtures Tests on Workability Slump Test Appartus Compaction Factor Test Flow Test Vee–Bee Consistometer Test Various Properties of Concrete Gain of Strength with Age Tensile Strength of Concrete Elastic Deformation Shrinkage Creep of Concrete Thermal Expansion Segregation Bleeding Tests on Hardened Concrete Compression Test Modulus of Rupture/Flexural Strengthof Concrete Non-Destructive Testing Methods Mix Design Variables in Proportioning Method of Proportioning Method of Proportioning Indian Standard Method of ConcreteMix Proportioning Estimating Yield of Concrete Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Steel Introduction Uses of Steel Properties: Mild SteelVs Hard Steel Defects in Steel Steel Manufacturing Processes Mechanical Treatment of Steel Drawing Forging Pressing Rolling Market Form of Steel Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 3 Bricks and Mortar Bricks Composition of Good Brick Earth Harmful Ingredients in Brick Earth Manufacture of Bricks Preparation of Clay Moulding Drying Burning Qualities of Good Bricks Tests on Bricks Classification of Bricks Colours of Bricks Shape of Bricks Mortar Classification of Mortars Bulk Density: 2 Types of Mortars Kind of Binding Material Nature of Application Selection of Mortar Lime Mortar Introduction Some Definitions Constituents of Lime IS Classifications of Lime Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Timber Timber Structure of a Tree Processing of Timber Differences between NaturalSeasoning and ArtificialSeasoning Defects in Timber Qualities of Good Timber Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 5 Bitumen Introduction Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 6 Introduction to Construction Management Introduction Conceptual and FeasiBilityStudies Engineering Design Contracting and Procurement Construction Commissioning Utilization and Maintenance Types of Construction Projects Building Projects Heavy Engineering Projects Industrial Projects Public Projects Private Projects Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 7 Rate Analysis, Estimation andStandard Specifications Rate Analysis Definition—Rate Analysis Estimation Types of Estimates Methods for Estimation Centre Line Method Out-to-out and in-to-in Method Bay Method Crossing Method Service Unit Method Specifications Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 8 Tendering and Construction Contracts Tendering and ConstructionContracts Process of Tendering Bidding Pre-qualification Process Document Required forPre-qualification Notice Inviting Tender Submission of Bids Analysis of Submitted Tenders Technical Bid Financial Bid Basis for Evaluation and Acceptance Letter of Intent Work Order Agreement Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 9 Project Planning and Network Analysis Project Planningand Network Analysis Planning TerminologiesEvent and Activity Dummy Activity Network Activity on Arrow (AoA) Activity on Node (AoN) Precedence Network Logic Duration of an Activity Float or Slack Time Total Float in an Activity Free Float Independent Float Interference Float Critical Path Characteristics of Critical Path Forward Pass Computation Backward Pass Computation Programme Evaluation andReview Technique (PERT) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Construction Materials and Management Answer Keys Unit 5 Concrete Structures Chapter 1 Limit State Method Introduction Methods of Design ofReinforced Concrete Working Stress Method (WSM) Ultimate Load Method (ULM)or Load Factor Method (LFM) Limit State Method (LSM) Limit State of Collapse Limit State of Serviceability Characteristic Load Characteristic Strength of Materials Design Values and Partial Safety Factors Material Solved Examples Limit State of ServiceabilityDeflection Limits as per IS:456–2000 Short-term Deflection Long-term Deflection Alternate Method of Ensuring Limit StateRequirement of Deflection Code provisions Limit State of Serviceability—Cracking Important Points Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Beams Introduction Singly Reinforced Sections Assumptions Made in Limit State Methodof Design in Flexure Stress Block Parameters Depth of Neutral Axis (xu) Lever Arm (z) Maximum Depth of Neutral Axis (xumax) Modes of Failure/Types of Section Balanced Section Under-reinforced Section Over-reinforced Section Solved Examples General Design Requirements for Beams Doubly Reinforced Section Situations Where Doubly Reinforced Beams are Used Analysis of Doubly-reinforced Beams Flanged Beams Effective Width of Flange Moment of Resistance ofSingly-reinforced Flanged Sections Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement Moment of Resistance of Doubly-reinforcedFlanged Section Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Strength of RC Section in Shear, Torsion and Bond Introduction Shear Shear Stress in Beam Procedure for Design of Shear Vertical Stirrups Bent up Bars Inclined Stirrups Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement Minimum Shear Reinforcement Solved Examples Torsion Indian Standard Recommendationson Design for Torsion Design Procedure Bond Bond Stress Types of Bond Development Length (Ld) Equivalent Development Lengthsof Hooks and Bends Splicing of TensionReinforcement Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Slabs, Columns and Footings Introduction Slabs General Design Requirements for Slabsas per IS: 456–2000 Eff ective Span Limiting Stiff ness Minimum Reinforcement Maximum Diameter of Bars Spacing of Main Reinforcement Distribution Reinforcement Cover to Reinforcement Types of Slabs One Way Slab Design Procedure for One Way Slab Two Way Slabs Simply Supported Slabs Restrained Slabs Recommendations of IS:456,for Design of Restrained Slabs Solved Examples Columns Necessity of Reinforcement in Columns Types of Columns Based on Type of Reinforcement Based on Type of Loading Based on Slenderness Ratio Effective Length of Column Slenderness Limits for Columns Minimum Eccentricity Assumptions Design of Axially LoadedShort Column Short Column with Lateral Ties Short Column with Helical Reinforcement Design of Short Column Subjectedto Axial Load and Uniaxial Moment Procedure Interaction Chart Short Column Subjected to Axial Loadand Biaxial Moments Value of an Long Columns or Slender Columns Design Requirements for Columns(Clause 26.5.3 of IS456) Transverse Reinforcement Lateral Ties Helical Reinforcement Footings General Design Requirementsfor Footings (As per IS:456–2000) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Prestressed Concrete Introduction Definition Advantages of Prestressed Concrete Materials Used High Strength Concrete (As per IS:1343) High Tensile Steel Need for High-Strength Steeland Concrete Prestressing System Pretensioning System Post-tensioning System Applications Post-tensioning Analysis of Prestress Assumptions Concentric Tendon Eccentric Tendon Resultant Stress at a Section Solved Examples Pressure Line or Thrust Line Concept of Load Balancing Losses of Prestress Loss Due to Elastic Deformationof Concrete Loss Due to Shrinkage of Concrete Loss Due to Creep of Concrete Loss Due to Relaxation of Stress in Steel Loss of Stress Due to Friction Loss Due to Anchorage Slip Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Concrete Structures Answer Keys Unit 6 Steel Structures Chapter 1 Material Specificationsand Connections—Simpleand Eccentric Introduction Materials and Specifications Design Philosophies Working Stress Design Method (IS: 800–1984) Ultimate (Plastic or Load ResistanceFactor) Design Method Limit State Method (LSM) (IS: 800–2007) Types of Limit States Types of Structural Steel IS 226 (Standard Quality) IS 2062 (Fusion Welding Type) IS 961 (High Tensile Steel) Various Types of Rolled StructuralSteel Section I-sections Channel Sections T–sections Angle Sections Tube-sections Bolted Connections Introduction Bolts Classification of Bolted Connections Based on Type of ResultantForce Transferred Based on the Type of Force Experiencedby the Bolts Based on Force Transfer Mechanismby Bolts Types of Bolts Unfinished Bolts High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolts Types of Bolted Joints Lap Joint Butt Joint Specifications of Bolted Joints Diameter of Bolt Holes (d0) Pitch (p) Gauge Distance (g) End and Edge Distance Tacking Bolts Failure of Bolted Joints Design Strength of Bolts (Vdb) Design Shear Strength of Bolts (Vdsb) Corrections Long Joint (βlj) Large Grip Lengths (βlg) Packing Plates (βpkg) Design Bearing Strength of Bolt (Vdpb) Design Tensile Strength of Bolts (Tdb) Number of Bolts (n) Solved Example Design Strength of Bolt Welded Connections Introduction Advantages and Disadvantagesof Welded Connections Comparedto Bolted Connections Types of Welds Design of Fillet Weld Specifications Size of Weld (S) Effective Throat Thickness (tt) Effective Length of Weld (Lw) End Return Overlap Design Strength of Fillet Weld (Pdw) Reduction Factor for Long Joint (βlw) Intermittent Fillet Weld Design of Butt (Groove) Weld Specifications Size of Groove Weld Effective Area Design Strength of Groove Weld Design of Plug and Slot Welds Eccentric Connections Introduction Beam-to-Column Connections Flexible Connections Rigid Connections Semi-rigid Connections Bolted Bracket Connections Bracket Connection—Type-I(Elastic Analysis Bracket Connection—Type-II(Elastic Analysis) Welded Bracket Connections Bracket Connection–Type-I Bracket Connection—Type-II Exercises Previous Years' Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Tension andCompression Members Tension Members Introduction Examples of Tension Members Types of Tension Members Net Sectional Area Flats and Plates Types of Failures Design Strength of Tension Members Based on Gross Sections (Tdg) Based on Net Section Rupture Definition of bs as per the Code Based on Block Shear Plates Slenderness Ratio (λ) Design of Tension Member Subjectedto Axial Load Procedure Lug Angles Splices Compression Members Introduction Designation Classification of Columns Effective Length (kL) L–Unsupported Lengthof Compression Member Slenderness Ratio Design Strength of a Compression Member Buckling Curves for Cross-sections Design of Compression Member Built-up Columns (Latticed Columns) Lacing System Design Specification Battens General Requirements Design Specifications Column Bases Introduction Types of Column Bases Slab Base Design Procedure Gusset Base Design Procedure Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Beams Introduction Types of Sections Classification of Cross-sections Plastic Section Compact Section Semi-compact Section Slender Section Bending (Flexural) Strength Laterally Supported Beams Slender Sections Plastic or Compact Section Semi-compact Section Laterally Unsupported Beams Shear Strength of Laterally Supported Beam Shear Area (Av) Defl ection Limit Web Crippling Web Buckling Built-up Beams (Plated Beams) Design of Cover Plates Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Plate Girdersand Roof Trusses Plate Girders Introduction Elements of Plate Girder Economical Depth of Plate Girder Proportioning of Web Minimum Web Thickness Stiffeners Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners Intermediate Longitudinal Stiffeners Roof Trusses Introduction Nomenclature of Truss Member Selection of the Type of Truss Pitch for Roof Coverings Spacing of Trusses Loads on the Roof Truss Dead Load Live Loads Snow Loads Wind Load Design of Purlins Design Procedure Design Loads Since Purlins are Continuous Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Plastic Theory Introduction Stress–Strain Relation of Mild Steel Plastic Bending of Beams Elastic Stage (M < My) Elastic–Plastic Stage (My < M < Mp) Plastic Stage (M = Mp) Assumptions Plastic Moment Plastic Hinge Plastic Section Modulus Hinge Length Redistribution of Moments Shape Factor Load Factor Mechanism Types of Mechanisms Number of Independent Mechanisms Conditions in Plastic Analysis Theorems of Plastic Analysis Static or Lower Bound Theorem Kinematic or Upper Bound Theorem Uniqueness Theorem Methods of Plastic Analysis Static Method Kinematic or Mechanism or UpperBound Methods Classification of Cross-sections Plastic Section (Class 1) Compact Section (Class 2) Semi-compact Sections (Class 3) Slender Sections (Class 4) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Steel Structures Answer Keys Unit 7 Geotechnical Engineering Chapter 1 Origin of Soils and Clay Mineralogy Introduction Defi nition of Soil Soil Formation and Soil TyPes Commonly Used Soil Designation Soil Structureand Clay Mineralogy Soil Structure Single Grained Structure Honey-comb Structure Flocculated Structure Dispersed Structure Composite Structure Clay Mineralogy Kaolinite Mineral Illite Mineral Montmorillonite Mineral(Also Called ‘Smectite’) Diffuse Double Layerand Adsorbed Water Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Basic Definitions and Simple Tests Introduction Volumetric Relationships Weight Relationships Volume-weight Relationships Specific Gravity of Solids (G) Mass Specific Gravity orApparent Specific Gravity (Gm) Important Relationships Simple Tests Water Content Determination Oven Drying Method Specific Gravity Determination Pycnometer Method Determination of in Situ Density/Field Density Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Index Properties and Soil Classification IntroDuction Index Properties of Soils Particle Size Analysis Particle Size Distribution Curve Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) Relative Density/Density Index (ID) Solved Examples Atterberg Limits(or Consistency Limits) Plasticity of Soils Consistency Limits Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Shrinkage Limit Determination of Shrinkage Limit Shrinkage Parameters Important Indexes Liquidity Index SoiL CLassification Indian Standard Particle SizeClassifi cation (IS: 1498–1970) Unifi ed Soil Classifi cation System Indian Standard Classifi cation System(ISC System) Field Identification ofthe Fine-Grained Soils Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Permeability Introduction Hydraulic Head (h) Darcy’s Law Seepage Velocity (vs) Coefficient of AbsolutePermeability (ko) General Expression forCoefficient of Permeability of Soil Factors Affecting Permeabilityof Soils Determination of Coefficientof Permeability Constant Head Permeability Test Variable-head Permeability Test Solved Example Pumping Out Tests Pumping-in Tests Indirect Methods Capillary–permeability Test Permeability of Stratified Soil Deposits Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Effective Stress and Seepage Pressure Introduction Definitions IMportance of Effective Stress Effect of Water Table Fluctuations on Effective Stress Capillary Water Frost Heave Frost Boil Solved examples Seepage Pressure (Ps) Quick Sand Condition Piping Prevention of Piping Failure Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 6 Seepage Analysis, Stress Distribution and Compaction Introduction Seepage Analysis Characteristic oF Flow Net Uses oF Flow Net Flow Net in Anisotropic Soils Flow Net in a Non-homogeneous Soil Mass Flow Net in a Non-homogeneousSoil Flow Net in Earth Dams Solved Example Stresses Due to Applied Loads Boussinesq’s Theory Important Points Isobar Diagram Stress Distribution Vertical Stress Under a Circular Loaded Area Newmark’s Influence Charts Vertical Stress Under a Corner of Rectangular Area Westergaard’s Theory Approximate Method Two-to-one Load Distribution Method Contact Pressure Distribution Compaction Compaction Tests Standard Proctor Test (IS LightCompaction Test) Modified Proctor Test (IS HeavyCompaction Test) Compaction Curve Factors Affecting Compaction Effect of Compaction onthe Properties of Soil Methods of Compaction Used in Field Placement Water Content Relative Compaction Exercises PreVious Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 7 Consolidation Introduction Compressibility Consolidation Compaction Stages of Consolidation Terzaghi’s Spring Analogyfor Primary Consolidation Basic Definitions Consolidation Settlement (Sf) Consolidation of UndisturbedSpecimen Over-consolidation Ratio (OCR) Terzaghi’s Theory ofConsolidation Differential Equationof Consolidation Degree of Consolidation (U) Isochrones Determination of Coefficientof Consolidation Consolidation Test Determination of Void Ratioat Load Increment Immediate Settlement (Si) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 8 Shear Strength Introduction Definition Important Pointson Mohr’s Circle Strength Theories for Soils Coulomb Envelopes for PureSand and for Pure Clay Types of Shear Tests Basedon Drainage Conditions Laboratory Tests Field Test Direct Shear Test Merits and Demerits Triaxial Compression Test Mohr’s Circle for Triaxial Test Types of Failure of a Triaxial CompressionTest Specimen Merits of Triaxial Compression Test Presentation of Results Shear Tests on Clays Unconfined Compression Test Mohr’s Circle for Unconfined Test Merits Demerits Sensitivity (St) Vane Shear Test Pore Pressure Parameters Liquefaction of Sands Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 9 Earth Pressure Theories Introduction DeFinition oF LateralEarth Pressure Types oF Lateral Earth Pressure At Rest Pressure Active Pressure Passive Pressure Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory Assumptions Plastic Equilibrium Rankine’s Earth Pressure When Surface isInclined Pressure Distribution DiagramsActive Case Earth Pressure in Cohesive Soils Active Case Stress Conditions Mohr’s Circle for Active Case Solved Example Passive Case Coulomb’s Wedge Theory Assumptions Rehbann’s Method Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 10 Stability of Slopes Introduction Types of Slopes Type of Slope Failure Different Definitions of Factorof Safety (Fs) Stability of an Infinite Slopeof Cohesionless Soils Stability Analysis of an InfiniteSlope of Cohesive Soils Finite Slopes Solved Example Swedish Circle Methodor Method of Slices Location of MostCritical Circle Effective Stress Analysis Bishop’s Method Friction Circle Method Taylor’s Method Exercises Previous Years Questions Answer Keys Chapter 11 Bearing Capacity Introduction Types of Foundation Definitions Criteria for Determinationof Bearing Capacity Factors AffectingBearing Capacity Compensated Raftor Floating Raft Methods of Determinationof Bearing Capacity Rankine’s Analysis Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Equation Types of Shear Failure Criteria for General Shear Failureand Local Shear Failure Ultimate Bearing Capacity in Caseof Local Shear Failure Effect of Water Tableon Bearing Capacity Solved Examples Meyerhaf’s BearingCapacity Theory Skempton’s Analysisfor Cohesive Soils Settlement Analysis Plate Load Test Limitations of the Plate Load Test Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 12 Pile Foundation Introduction Necessity of Pile Foundations Classification of Piles Classifi cation According to Material Used Classification Based on Modeof Transfer of Loads Classification Based on Methodof Installation Classification Based on Use Classification Based on Displacementof Soil Pile Driving Load Carrying Capacity of Piles Solved Examples Negative Skin Friction Dynamic Formulae Pile Load Test Group Action of Piles Efficiency of Pile Group (hg) Group Capacity of Piles (Qg) Under Reamed Piles in Clay Exercises P˜˚˛˝˙ˆˇ Y˚˘˜ˇ’ Qˆ˚ˇ˝˙ˇ Answer Keys Chapter 13 Soil Exploration Introduction ObJectives of Soil Exploration Methods of Soil Exploration Test Pits Boring Spacing of Borings Depth of Borings Soil Sampling Types of Soil Samples Design Features Affectingthe Sample Disturbance Area Ratio (Ar) Inside Clearance (Ci) Outside Clearance (C0) Split Spoon Samplers Scraper Bucket Sampler Shelby Tubes and Thin-walled Samplers Piston Sampler Dension Sampler Hand-carved Samples Standard Penetration Test Corrections for StandardPenetration Number Dialatancy Correction Overburdened Pressure Correction Cone Penetration Tests Static Cone Penetration Test Dynamic Cone Test In-situ Tests Usinga Pressure Meter Geophysical Methods Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Geotechnical Engineering Answer Keys Unit 8 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Chapter 1 Fluid Propertiesand Manometry Introduction Fluid Shear and Normal Stresses Solved Examples Fluid Properties Variation of Viscosity of Fluidswith Temperature Velocity Gradient Newton’s Law of Viscosity Classification of Fluids Ideal Fluid or Perfect Fluid Real Fluid Newtonian Fluid Non-Newtonian Fluid Time Independent Non-Newtonian Fluids Time Dependent Non-Newtonian Fluids Apparent Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity Vapour Pressure Difference between Vapourisationand Boiling Bulk Modulus (K) Coefficient of Volume Expansion (b) Surface Tension Effects of Surface Tension Excess Pressure Capillarity Pressure Atmospheric, Absolute and GaugePressure Pressure Varying with Elevation or Depth(for Static Fluids) Pressure Varying Horizontally(for Static Fluids) Pascal’s Law Manometry (Some Cases to Measurethe Gauge Pressure) Simple Manometers Differential Manometers U-tube Differential Manometer Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Fluid Pressure and Buoyancy FLuid Pressure Hydrostatic Forceson a Submerged Inclinedplane Surface Solved Examples Hydrostatic Forces on a SubmergedVertical Plane Surface Hydrostatic force on a SubmergedHorizontal Plane Surface Hydrostatic Force on a SubmergedCurved Surface Buoyancy Buoyant Force—Single Fluid Buoyant Force—Layered Fluid Oscillation of a Floating Body Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Fluid Kinematicsand Dynamics Fluid Kinematics Lagrangian Descriptionof Fluid Flow Eulerian Descriptionof Fluid Flow Scalar, Vector and Flow Fields Velocity Field Fluid Acceleration Acceleration Field Local, Convective and Total Acceleration Solved Examples Tangential and Normal Acceleration Translation, Deformation and Rotationof a Fluid Element Types of Fluid Flow Description of Flow Pattern Streamline Stream Tube Streak Line Path Line Basic Principles of Fluid Flow Continuity Equation Continuity Equation in Cartesian Coordinates Continuity Equation in CylindricalPolar Coordinates Continuity Equation in Spherical PolarCoordinates Rotational Parameters Angular Velocity Circulation (G) Velocity Potential Function Equation of Equipotential Function Line Stream Function Cauchy–Rieman Equation Streamline Equation and Flow Net Energy Equations Forces Acting on Fluid in Motion Euler’s Equation of Motion Integration of Euler’s Equations Bernoulli’s Theorem—Various Forms Bernoulli’s Equation Types of Head of a Fluid in Motion Static, Dynamic, Hydrostatic, Totaland Stagnation Pressures Force Exerted by Flowing Fluidon a Pipe Bend Forces on Fluid due to Pressuresand Due to Bend Linear Momentum of Fluid at Inletand Outlet Moment of Momentum Principle Angular Momentum Equation Flow Through Orifices Classification of Orifices Practical Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation Venturimeter Orificemeter Pitot Tube Free Liquid Jet Vortex Flow Plane Circular Vortex Flows Forced Vortex Flow Free Vortex Flow Stream Function Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Viscous Flow of Incompressible Fluids Dimensional Analysis BucKingham’s ˜-Theorem Dimensionless Numbers Reynolds Number (Re) Froude Number (Fr) Euler Number (Eu) Weber Number (We) Mach Number (Ma) Average Velocity (Vavg) Flow Through Pipes Critical Reynolds Numbers Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow Entrance Length Loss of Energy (or Head) in Pipes Major Energy Losses Minor Energy Loses Equivalent Pipe Solved Examples Pipes in Parallel Pipe Network Power Transmission through Pipes Water Hammer in Pipes Flow Through Syphon Relationship between Shear Stressand Pressure Gradient Laminar Flow inHorizontal Pipes Flow of Viscous Fluid between two Parallel Plates Plane Poiseuille Flow Couette Flow Flow of Lubricant in a Journal Bearing Kinetic Energy CorrectionFactor (a) Momentum CorrectionFactor (β) Boundary Layer Theory Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate Boundary Layer Thickness (δ) Reynolds Number for the Plate Von Karman Momentum Equation Boundary Conditions for a VelocityDistribution Drag Force on the Plate Laminar Boundary Layer over a Flat Plate Summary of Fluid Frictional Resistance Fluid Friction in Streamline Flow(Laminar Flow) Fluid Friction in Turbulent Flow Variation of Pipe Roughness with Aging Turbulent Flow in Pipes Property Values in a Turbulent Flow Shear Stress in a Turbulent Flow Boussinesq Approximation or Hypothesis Prandtl’s Mixing Length Theory Relative Roughness Turbulent Velocity Profile Friction Factor in Turbulent Flow Moody Chart Intensity of Turbulence in a Flow Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Forces on Immersed Bodies Forces on Immersed Bodies Expressions for Drag and Lift General E Drag Force on a Sphere Drag Force on a Cylinder Streamlined and Bluff Bodies Terminal Velocity of a Body Solved Examples Circulation and Lifton a Cylinder Stationary Cylinder Constant Circulation Impartedto Cylinder Stagnation Points Pressure on the Cylinder Surface Lift on Cylinder Lift Coefficient for RotatingCylinder Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 6 Flow Through Open Channels Flow Through Open Channels Prismatic Channel Types of Flow in Open Channels Steady and Unsteady Flows Uniform and Non-uniform(or Varied Flow) Geometrical Terminologies Uniform Flow—Chezy Formula Energy Depth Relationships Hydraulic Gradient Linesand Energy Gradient Lines Specific Energy Mathematical Expressions Maximum Flow Rate for a GivenSpecific Energy Hydraulic Jump Depth after Hydraulic Jump Depth as a Function of Froude Number Loss of Specific Energy Dueto Hydraulic Jump Non-uniform Flow Equation Gradually Varied Flow (GVF) Channel Bed Slopesand Flow Profiles Classification of Surface Profiles Mild Slope Profiles Critical Slope Profiles Steep Slope Profiles Horizontal Slope Profile Adverse Slope Profile Solved Examples Gauging Flumes Non-modular Flumeor Venturi Flume Modular Flume or StandingWave Flume Flow Measurements in Channeland Pipes Notches and Weirs Classification Velocity of Approach Empirical Formulae Francis Formula Bazin’s Formula Rehbock Formula Cippoletti Weir Submerged Weir Broad Crested Weir Narrow Crested Weir Ogee Weir Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 7 Dimensional Analysis Introduction Dimensional Homogeneity Methods of DimensionalAnalysis Rayleighs Method Solved Examples Buckingham’s p-theorem Method Method of Forming DimensionlessConstants Hydraulic Similitude Geometric Similarity Kinematic Similarity Dynamic Similarity Dimensionless Numbers Model Laws or Similarity Laws Reynolds Model Law Froude Model Law Euler Model Law Weber Model Law Mach Model Law Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 8 Turbo Machinery Impact of Free Jets Hydraulic Turbines Classification of Hydraulic Turbines Pelton Wheel Velocity Triangles of a Pelton Wheel Runner Types Blade Friction Coefficient (k) Work done, Power, Force, Torque Gross and Net (effective) Heads Efficiencies of a Turbine Design Aspects Solved Examples Reaction Turbines Francis Turbine Velocity Triangles Net Head Work Done Hydraulic Efficiency (hh) Working Proportions Design Spects of a Francis Turbine Runner Axial Flow Reaction Turbines—Kaplanand Propeller Turbines Important Points for a Propelleror Kaplan Turbine Degree of Reaction Runaway Speed Draft Tube Specific Speed Unit Quantities Model Relationship Scale Effects Performance Characteristicsof Hydraulic Turbines Governing of Hydraulic Turbines Cavitation Surge Tanks Pumps Centrifugal Pump Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Answer Keys Unit 9 Water Resources Engineering Chapter 1 Hydrologic Cycle Precipitation and FreQuency ofPoint Rainfall and ProBaBility Introduction Precipitation Types of Rain Guage Forms of Precipitation Types of Precipitation Rain Gauge Network Solved Examples Estimation of Missing Rainfall Data Computation of Average RainfallOver a Basin Presentation of Rainfall Data Interpretation of Rainfall Data Intensity Duration Analysis Intensity Duration Frequency Depth Area Relationship Depth Area Duration Double Mass Curve of Rainfall Frequency of Point Rainfall and Probability Evaporation, Transpiration,Infiltration and Run-off Introduction Evaporation Factors Affecting Evaporation Losses Estimation of Evaporation Transpiration Evapo-transpiration Infiltration Factors Affecting Infiltration Measurement of Infiltration by Infiltrometers Factors Affecting Run-off Run-off by Infiltration Method Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Hydrographs, Flood Routingand Well Hydraulics Hydrographs Solved Examples Maximum Flood Estimation,Flood Routing, River Gauging Empirical Formula Floods Empirical Formula Well Hydraulics Steady Radial Flow in a Well for UnconfinedAquifer (Dupit’s Theory) Steady Radial Flow in a Well for ConfinedAquifer (Dupit’s Theory) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Irrigation Irrigation Efficiencies Irrigation Requirementsof Crops Crop Seasons Quality of Irrigation Waterand Sodic Soils Water Logging and DrainageWater Logging Causes of Water Logging Effects of Water Logging Water Logging Control Drainage Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Introduction Necessity of Irrigation Benefits of Irrigation Ill Effects of Irrigation Methods of Irrigation Surface Irrigation Sub-surface Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Water Requirements of Crops Classes of Soil Water Chapter 4 Gravity Dams, Spillways,Diversion Head Worksand Silt Theories Gravity DaMs Forces Acting on Gravity Dam Stability Calculations for a Gravity Dam Stability Calculations for a Gravity Dam Spillway Diversion Head Works Design of Weirs Bligh’s Creep Theory Safety Against Piping Safety Against Uplift Pressure Limitations of Bligh’s Creep Theory Lanes Weighed Creep Theory Khosla’s Theory Features of Khosla’s Theory Solved Examples Design of Unlined AlluvialCanals by Silt Theories Kennedy’s Theory Drawbacks of Kennedy’s Theory Lacey’s Theory Lacey’s Regime Equations Drawbacks of Lacey’s Theory Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Water Resources Engineering Answer Keys Unit 10 EnvironmentalEngineering Chapter 1 Water Supply Engineering-I Introduction Population Forecastingand Water Demand Solved Examples Factors Affecting Rate of Demand Variation in Rate of Demand Design Period Population Forecasting Methods Factors Affecting Population Growth Sources and Conveyanceof Water Sources of Water Surface Sources of Water Sub-surface Sources of Water Conveyance of Water Quality of Water Types of Water Characteristic of Water Physical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics Microscopic Characteristics Water Borne Diseases Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Water Supply Engineering-II Plain Sedimentation Types of Sedimentations Design Concepts of Sedimentation Tank Design Parameters Solved Examples Types of Sedimentation Tanks Sedimentation Aidedwith Coagulation Chemical Reactions Filtration Actions of Filtration Mechanical Straining Sedimentation Biological Action Electrolytic Action Filter Troubles Pressure Filters Filter Hydraulics Disinfection Methods of Disinfection Break Point Chlorination Action of Chlorine Factors Affecting Efficiency of Chlorine Types of Chlorination Various Forms of Chlorine Dosage of Chlorine Kinetics of Disinfection Chick’s Law of Disinfection Miscellaneous Water TreatmentWater Softening Boiling Addition of Lime Lime Soda Process Zeolite Process Demineralization or Dionization Process Desalination Removal of Colour, Odour and Taste Iron and Manganese Fluoridation Defluoridation Distribution System Introduction Components of Distribution System System of Distribution Gravity System Combined Gravity and Pumping System Pumping System Layout of Distribution System Dead End System Grid Iron System Ring System Radial System Storage Capacity of DistributionReservoir Appurtenances in Distribution SystemValves Manholes Water Meters Fire Hydrants Design of Distribution System Equivalent Pipe Method Hardy Cross Method Storage and Distribution Reservoir Surface Reservoirs Elevated Reservoirs Stand Pipes Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Waste Water Engineering-I Introduction Dry Weather Flow and WetWeather Flow Fundamental Definitions of WasteWater Engineering Refuse Sewerage Systems of Sewerage Types of Sewers Estimation of Dry Weather Flow(Sewage Discharge) Solved Examples Variations in Sewage Flow Estimation of Wet Weather Flow Design of Sewers Formula for Determining Flow Velocitiesin Sewers and Drains Minimum Velocity Shapes of Sewer Circular Sewers Egg Shaped Sewer Types of Sewers Based on Sewer Materials Asbestos Cement Sewer RCC Pipes Vitrified Clay or Stoneware Sewers Cast Iron Sewers Characteristics of SewagePhysical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics pH Value Chloride Content Nitrogen Content Fats, Oils and Greases Sulphide, Sulphates and H2S Gas Dissolved Oxygen Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Mathematical Expression for BOD Relative Stability Population Equivalent Turbidity Colour Odour Temperature Total Solids Treatment of Sewage Preliminary Treatment Screens Grit Chamber Activated Sludge Process Flow Diagram Components of Activated Sludge Process Design Parameters Trickling Filters Sludge Digestion Factors Affecting Sludge Digestion Septic Tank Design Details Methods of Septic Tank Effluent Disposal Oxidation Ponds Principle of Oxidation Ponds Design Criteria Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Waste Water Engineering-II General Methods of Disposalof Sewage Disposal by Dilution in Water Disposal of Sewage Effluent on Landfor Irrigation Zone of Pollution in River Stream Oxygen Deficit Solved Examples Disposal of Solid Waste Types of Solid Waste Methods of Disposal of Refuse Sanitary Land Filling Incineration and Thermal Pytolysis Pyrolysis Pulverization Composting Indore Method Bangalore Method Additional Process in SanitaryEngineering Energy Content Noise Pollution Air Pollution and Control Classification of Air Pollutants Characteristics of Air Pollutants Methods of Controlling Air Pollution Control of Air Pollution by Zoning Electro Static Precipitators Scrubber or Wet Collectors Absorption Adsorption Combustion or Incineration Dispersion of Air Pollutantsin the Atmosphere Lapse Rate Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR) Super Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR) Sub-adiabatic Lapse Rate Neutral Atmosphere Negative Lapse Rate Inversion Plume Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Environmental Engineering Answer Keys Unit 11 Transportation Engineering Chapter 1 Transportation Engineering Highway Developmentand Planning Introduction Historic Development Highway Development in India Current Status of Roads British Rule—19th Century Development During 20th Century Road Development Plan Rural Road Development Plan Modes of Transport Road Patterns Rectangular or Block Pattern Radial or Star and Grid Pattern Hexagonal Pattern Radial or Star and Block Pattern Priority of Road Development Solved Examples Express Ways Highway Alignmentand Engineering Surveys Introduction Basic Requirements of an Ideal Alignment Factors Controlling Alignment Stages of Engineering Surveysfor Highway Alignment Highway Geometric Design Highway Cross-section Elements Introduction Factors Which Controlthe Geometric Elements Highway Cross-section Elements Traffic Separators (Medians/Islands) Kerbs Shoulders Parking Lanes Truck Lay Byes Footpath or Side Walk Cycle Track Right of Way and Land Width Highway Geometric Design—Gradients Longitudinal Gradient Grade Compensation on Curves Highway Geometric Design—SightDistances Introduction Restrictions to Sight Distances Types of Sight Distances Factors on which SSD Depends Highway Geometric Design—Designof Horizontal Alignment Introduction Elements to be Considered inHorizontal Alignment Extra Widening of Pavementon Horizontal Curves Purpose of Extra Widening of Roads Mechanical Widening Psychological Widening (Wps) Setback Distance and Curve Resistance Introduction Setback Distance (m) or Clearance Highway Geometric Design—TransitionCurves Introduction Objectives of Providing Transition Curves Types of Transition Curves Length of Transition Curve Shift Highway Geometric Design—SummitCurves Introduction Vertical Curves (Valley Curve) Highway Geometric Design—ValleyCurves Factors Considered for DesigningValley Curves Cross-section of a Railway Track Geometric Design of RailwayTrack Introduction Elements of Railway Track Gradients and Grade Compensation Ruling Gradient Speed of the Train Radius and Degree of the Curve Super-elevation or Cant Widening of Gauge on Curves Airport Planning and Design Design of Runway Length Runway Cross Wind Component Wind Rose Diagram Change in Direction of Runway Corrections for Elevation, Temperatureand Gradient Airport Classification Runway Geometric Design Taxiway Design Geometric Design Standards Exit Taxiway Optimum Location of Exit Taxiways Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Highway Materials Introduction Subgrade Functions Materials UseD for Pavements Desirable ProPerties of Soil Evaluation of Soil Strength California Bearing RatioTest (CBR) Apparatus Test Procedure Solved Examples Plate Bearing Test Apparatus Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (K) Correction of Soaked Sample Correction for Smaller Plate Size Stone Aggregate Tests on Aggregate Aggregate Impact Test (Toughness) Resistance to Abrasion (Hardness) Aggregate Crushing Value Strength Soundness Test Specific Gravity (2.6–2.9) Water Absorption Test (>/ 0.6%) Shape Tests Bitumen Adhesion Test Bituminous Materials Tests on Bitumen Penetration Test Viscosity Test (Using Orifice Type Viscometer) Ductility Test Specific Gravity Test (G) Flash and Fire Point Tests Loss on Heating Test Solubility Test Spot Test Water Content Test Softening Point Test Float Test (also Measures Consistency) Cutback Bitumen Types of Cutbacks Bitumen Emulsion Types of Bitumen Emulsion Uses Tar Uses Bituminous Mix Designby Marshall Stability Test Air Voids Percentage (Va) Percentage Voids in Mineral Aggregate Percentage Voids Filled in Bitumen (VFB) Marshall Test Graphs Marshall Design Specifications (MORTH) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Pavements Design Introduction Requirements of HighwayPavements Difference between Flexibleand Rigid Pavements Flexible Pavements Rigid Pavements Components of Pavements Flexible Pavements Factors Considered for Designof Pavement Design Methods CBR Method IRC Guidelines Limitations of CBR Method Modified CBR (IRC–37:2012) VDF Values Solved Examples Equivalency Factor Fatigue and Rutting Criteria Fatigue Criteria Rutting Criteria Rigid Pavements Factors Affecting Design and Performanceof CC Pavements Design Parameters of Subgrade Radius of Relative Stiffness (l) Critical Positions of Loading Equivalent Radius of Resisting Section (b) Westergaard’s Equations for Wheel Loads Modified Equations for Wheel Load Stress Temperature Stresses (SecondaryStresses) Warping Stresses (by Bradbury) Frictional Stresses Critical Combination of Loads Joints in Rigid Pavement Expansion Joints (in Transverse Direction) Contraction Joints Design of Tie Bars Longitudinal Joints Dowel Bars Reinforcement in Cement Concrete Slab Design Requirements as per IRC Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Traffic Engineering Introduction Traffic Studies Traffi c Volume Study (q) Method of Volume Count Presentation of Traffic Volume Data Traffic Speed Studies Methods for Spot Speeds Presentation of Spot Speed Data Types of Spot Speeds Speed and Delay Studies Origin and Destination Studies Accident Studies Traffic Flow Characteristics Number of Conflict Points on Cross Roadsof Different Number of Lanes Speed–Flow–Density Relations Derived Characteristics Traffic Stream Models Solved Examples Traffic Regulation and Control Traffic Signs Traffic Signals Types of Traffic Signals Design of Rotary Road Intersections Interchanges Parking On Street or Kerb Parking Off Street Parking Highway Lighting Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Transportation Engineering Answer Keys Unit 12 Geomatics Engineering Chapter 1 Fundamental Conceptsand Linear Measurements Fundamental DeFinitionsand Concepts Objectives of Surveying Primary Divisions of Surveying Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying Classifi cation of Surveying Based on Nature or Function of Field Survey Based on Object of Survey Based on Instruments Used Principles of Surveying Plans and Maps Scales Types of Scales Solved Examples Linear Measurements—Tapeand Chain Survey Introduction Different Types of Chains Tapes Cloth or Linen Tape Metallic Tape Steel Tape Invar Tape Instruments used for Chaining Ranging Out Survey Lines Error Due to Incorrect Chain Chaining on Uneven or Sloping Ground Tape Corrections Correction for Absolute Lengthor Standardization (+ or –) Correction for Temperature (+ or –) Correction for Pull or Tension (+ or –) Correction for Sag (Always –) Correction for Slope or Vertical Alignment(Always –) Correction for Misalignment or Bad ranging(Always –) Reduction to Mean Sea Level (+ or –) Normal Tension Precise Linear Measurements Chain Surveying or ChainTriangulation Basic Definitions Well-conditioned Triangle Offsets Degree of Precision in Measuring Offsets Limiting Length of Offset Instruments for Setting out Right Angles Obstacles in Chaining Exercises Previous Years' Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Compass and PlaneTable Surveying Compass Surveying Introduction Types of Meridians Types of Bearings System of Bearings Whole Circle Bearing System (WCB)or Azimuthal System Quadrantal Bearing System (QB) Conversions of Bearingsfrom One System to Other Fore and Back Bearing Calculating BB from FB Calculation of Included Anglesfrom Bearings Calculation of Bearings from Angles Magnetic Compass Dip Magnetic Declination Variations in Declination Determination of True Bearing Solved Examples Adjustments of Prismatic Compass Local Attraction Plane Table Surveying Introduction Instruments Used Working Operations Orientation Methods of Plane Tabling Intersection Traversing Resection Two Point Problem Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Theodolite, Traverse Surveyand Omitted Measurements TheodoLite Survey Introduction Theodolites Parts of Transit Theodolite Definitions and Terms Adjustments in Theodolite Temporary Adjustments of Theodolite Permanent Adjustments of Theodolite Operations done with Theodolite Measurement of Horizontal Angle Fundamental Lines and TheirDesired Relations Sources of Error in Theodolite Work Instrumental Errors Personal Errors Natural Errors Double Sighting Traverse Surveying and Omitted Measurements Methods of Traversing Chain Traversing Chain and Compass Traversing Transit Type Traversing Checks in Closed Traverse Linear Error Angular Error Plotting a Traverse Survey Angle and Distance Method Coordinate Method Closing Error Solved Examples Balancing the Traverse Transit Method Graphical Method Axis Method Degree of Accuracy in Traversing Omitted Measurements Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Levelling and Contouring Levelling and Trigonometric Levelling Introduction Object of Levelling Fundamental Definitions Methods of Levelling Levelling Instruments Level Levelling Staff Surveying Telescope Line of Sight or Line of Collimation Parallax Essential Parts of the Telescope Optical Defects of a Single Lens Temporary Adjustments of a Levelor Telescope Terms and Abbreviations Steps in Leveling Booking and Reducing Levels Collimation or Height of Instrument Method Rise and Fall Method Use of Inverted Staff Solved Examples Balancing Back Sights and Fore Sights Curvature and Refraction Types of Levelling Differential Levelling Reciprocal Levelling Profile Levelling (Longitudinal Sectioning) Cross-sectioning Sensitivity of the Bubble Tube Hypsometry Trigonometric Levelling Tacheometry Introduction Essential Characteristics of Tacheometer Methods of Tacheometry Stadia Method Contouring Contour Interval Horizontal Equivalent Contour Gradient Characteristics of Contours Methods of Contouring Direct Methods Indirect Methods Uses of Contour Maps Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Curves and Triangulation Survey Curves Introduction Simple Curves Chainages Degree of a Curve (D) Methods of Setting out a Curve Linear Methods Angular Methods Triangulation Survey Introduction Geodetic Surveying Objects of Geodetic Triangulation Classification of Triangulation System(Based on Accuracy) First Order or Primary Triangulation Second Order or Secondary Triangulation Third-Order or Tertiary Triangulation Triangulation Figures or Systems Criteria for Selection of the Figure Well-conditioned Triangle Strength of Figure Signals and Towers Non-luminous Signals Luminous or Sun Signals Geometry of the Instrument(Total Station) and Reflector Fundamental Measurements Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 6 Remote Sensing,Photogrammetry GIS and GPS Photogrammetry Introduction Definitions Scale of a Vertical Photograph Relief Displacement on aVertical Photograph Scale of a Tilted Photograph Overlap in the Photographs Number of Photographto Cover a Given Area Interval Between Exposures Elevation of a Point by PhotographicMeasurement Solved Examples Remote Sensing Observation Platforms Air Borne Platforms Space Based Platforms Sensors Sensors used in Indian RS Satellites (IRS) Visual Image Interpretation Applications of Remote Sensing Geographic InformationSystem (GIS) Data for GIS Representation of Features Data Structure for GIS Vector Data Structure Raster Data Structure Applications of GIS GLoBaL Positioning System (GPS) GPS Surveying Techniques Static Surveying Techniques (TraditionalStatic Surveying) Dynamic Survey Technique(Kinematic Surveying) Applications of GPS Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Geomatics Engineering Answer Keys
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