Gas Turbine Theory

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 8
Prefaces......Page 9
Publisher’s Acknowledgements......Page 19
1 Introduction......Page 20
 1.1 Open-cycle single-shaft and twin-shaft arrangements......Page 24
 1.2 Multi-spool arrangements......Page 27
 1.3 Closed cycles......Page 29
 1.4 Aircraft propulsion......Page 30
 1.5 Industrial applications......Page 38
 1.6 Marine and land transportation......Page 49
 1.7 Environmental issues......Page 52
 1.8 Some future possibilities......Page 54
 1.9 Gas turbine design procedure......Page 57
 2.1 Ideal cycles......Page 63
 2.2 Methods of accounting for component losses......Page 71
 2.3 Design point performance calculations......Page 92
 2.4 Comparative performance of practical cycles......Page 101
 2.5 Combined cycles and cogeneration schemes......Page 106
 2.6 Closed-cycle gas turbines......Page 111
 3.1 Criteria of performance......Page 116
 3.2 Intake and propelling nozzle efficiencies......Page 121
 3.3 Simple turbojet cycle......Page 130
 3.4 The turbofan engine......Page 139
 3.5 The turboprop engine......Page 156
 3.6 The turboshaft engine......Page 158
 3.7 Auxiliary power units......Page 160
 3.8 Thrust augmentation......Page 164
 3.9 Miscellaneous topics......Page 167
4 Centrifugal compressors......Page 173
 4.1 Principle of operation......Page 174
 4.2 Work done and pressure rise......Page 176
 4.3 The diffuser......Page 184
 4.4 Compressibility effects......Page 189
 4.5 Non-dimensional quantities for plotting compressor characteristics......Page 194
 4.6 Compressor characteristics......Page 196
 4.7 Computerized design procedures......Page 200
5 Axial flow compressors......Page 202
 5.1 Basic operation......Page 203
 5.2 Elementary theory......Page 206
 5.3 Factors affecting stage pressure ratio......Page 209
 5.4 Blockage in the compressor annulus......Page 214
 5.5 Degree of reaction......Page 216
 5.6 Three-dimensional flow......Page 218
 5.7 Design process......Page 227
 5.8 Blade design......Page 248
 5.9 Calculation of stage performance......Page 257
 5.10 Compressibility effects......Page 266
 5.11 Off-design performance......Page 272
 5.12 Axial compressor characteristics......Page 275
 5.13 Closure......Page 281
6 Combustion systems......Page 284
 6.1 Operational requirements......Page 285
 6.2 Types of combustion system......Page 286
 6.3 Some important factors affecting combustor design......Page 288
 6.4 The combustion process......Page 290
 6.5 Combustion chamber performance......Page 294
 6.6 Some practical problems......Page 311
 6.7 Gas turbine emissions......Page 318
 6.8 Pressure gain combustion......Page 329
 6.9 Coal gasification......Page 333
7 Axial and radial flow turbines......Page 337
 7.1 Elementary theory of axial flow turbine......Page 338
 7.2 Vortex theory......Page 355
 7.3 Choice of blade profile, pitch and chord......Page 361
 7.4 Estimation of stage performance......Page 374
 7.5 Overall turbine performance......Page 384
 7.6 The cooled turbine......Page 385
 7.7 The radial flow turbine......Page 408
8 Mechanical design of gas turbines......Page 416
 8.1 Design process......Page 417
 8.2 Gas turbine architecture......Page 419
 8.3 Loads and failure modes......Page 421
 8.4 Gas turbine materials......Page 423
 8.5 Design against failure and life estimations......Page 443
 8.6 Blades......Page 448
 8.7 Bladed rotor discs......Page 458
 8.8 Blade and disc vibration......Page 465
 8.9 Engine vibration......Page 472
 8.10 Power transmissions......Page 477
 8.12 Closure......Page 493
9 Prediction of performance of simple gas turbines......Page 494
 9.1 Component characteristics......Page 496
 9.2 Off-design operation of the single-shaft gas turbine......Page 498
 9.3 Equilibrium running of a gas generator......Page 503
 9.4 Off-design operation of free turbine engine......Page 506
 9.5 Off-design operation of the jet engine......Page 517
 9.6 Methods of displacing the equilibrium running line......Page 525
 9.7 Incorporation of variable pressure losses......Page 528
 9.8 Power extraction......Page 529
10 Prediction of performance—further topics......Page 531
 10.1 Methods of improving part load performance......Page 532
 10.2 Matching procedures for twin-spool engines......Page 537
 10.3 Some notes on the behaviour of twin-spool engines......Page 541
 10.4 Matching procedures for turbofan engines......Page 545
 10.5 Transient behaviour of gas turbines......Page 546
 10.6 Performance deterioration......Page 555
 10.7 Principles of control systems......Page 558
 A.1 Compressibility effects (qualitative treatment)......Page 563
 A.2 Basic equations for steady one-dimensional compressible flow of a perfect gas in a duct......Page 568
 A.3 Isentropic flow in a duct of varying area......Page 571
 A.4 Frictionless flow in a constant area duct with heat transfer......Page 572
 A.5 Adiabatic flow in a constant area duct with friction......Page 574
 A.6 Plane normal shock waves......Page 576
 A.7 Oblique shock waves......Page 581
 A.8 Isentropic two-dimensional supersonic expansion and compression......Page 585
Appendix B Problems......Page 587
Appendix C References......Page 606
Index......Page 619