Gas Injection for Disposal and Enhanced Recovery

Content: Section 1: Data and Correlations    1 Densities of Carbon Dioxide-Rich Mixtures Part I: Comparison with Pure CO2 1  Erin L. Roberts and John J. Carroll    1.1 Introduction 1    1.2 Density 2    1.3 Literature Review 2    1.4 Calculations 4    1.5 Discussion 19    1.6 Conclusion 27    References 27    2 Densities of Carbon Dioxide-Rich Mixtures Part II: Comparison with Thermodynamic Models 29  Erin L. Roberts and John J. Carroll    2.1 Introduction 29    2.2 Literature Review 30    2.3 Calculations 30    2.4 Lee Kesler 31    2.5 Benedict-Webb- Rubin (BWR) 37    2.6 Peng-Robinson 43    2.7 Soave-Redlich-Kwong 49    2.8 AQUAlibrium 54    2.9 Discussion 60    2.10 Conclusion 62    References 63    3 On Transferring New Constant Pressure Heat Capacity Computation Methods to Engineering Practice 65  Sepideh Rajaeirad and John M. Shaw    3.1 Introduction 65    3.2 Materials and Methods 66    3.3 Results and Discussion 67    3.4 Conclusions 70    References 70    4 Developing High Precision Heat Capacity Correlations for Solids, Liquids and Ideal Gases 73  Jenny Boutros and John M. Shaw    4.1 Introduction 73    4.2 Databases and Methods 75    4.3 Results and Discussion 77    4.4 Conclusion 77    References 77    5 Method for Generating Shale Gas Fluid Composition from Depleted Sample 79  Henrik Sorensen, Karen S. Pedersen and Peter L. Christensen    5.1 Introduction 79    5.2 Theory of Chemical Equilibrium Applied to Reservoir Fluids 80    5.3 Reservoir Fluid Composition from a Non-Representative Sample 83    5.4 Numerical Examples 87    5.5 Discussion of the Results 94    5.6 Conclusions 96    5.7 Nomenclature 97    Greek letters 97    Sub and super indices 97    References 98    6 Phase Equilibrium in the Systems Hydrogen Sulfi de + Methanol and Carbon Dioxide + Methanol 99  Marco A. Satyro and John J. Carroll    6.1 Introduction 100    6.2 Literature Review 101    6.3 Modelling With Equations Of State 102    6.4 Summary 107    6.5 Nomenclature 108    Greek 109    Subscripts 109    References 109    7 Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium, Viscosity and Interfacial Tension Modelling of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol or Triethylene Glycol in the Presence of Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide 111  Shu Pan, Na Jia, Helmut Schroeder, Yuesheng Cheng, Kurt A.G. Schmidt and Heng-Joo Ng    7.1 Introduction 111    7.2 Results and Discussion 112    7.3 Conclusions 122    7.4 Nomenclature 122    7.5 Acknowledgement 125    References 124    Appendix 7.A 125    Section 2: Process Engineering    8 Enhanced Gas Dehydration using Methanol Injection in an Acid Gas Compression System 129  M. Rafay Anwar, N. Wayne McKay and Jim R. Maddocks    8.1 Introduction 129    8.2 Methodology 130    8.3 CASE I: 100 % CO2 132    8.4 CASE II: 50 Percent CO2, 50 Percent H2S 140    8.5 CASE III: Enhanced Oil Recovery Composition 142    8.6 Conclusion 150    8.7 Additional Notes 151    References 151    9 Comparison of the Design of CO2-capture Processes using Equilibrium and Rate Based Models 153  A.R.J. Arendsen, G.F. Versteeg, J. van der Lee,R. Cota and M.A. Satyro    9.1 Introduction 155    9.2 VMG Rate Base 155    9.3 Rate Based Versus Equilibrium Based Models 157    9.4 Process Simulations 162    9.5 Conclusions 173    References 174    10 Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Using Aqueous Amines: A Mass-Transfer Study 177  Ray A. Tomcej    10.1 Introduction 178    10.2 Mass Transfer Basics 179    10.3 Factors Infl uencing Mass Transfer 182    10.4 Examples 188    10.5 Summary 190    References 191    11 BASF Technology for CO2 Capture and Regeneration 193  Sean Rigby, Gerd Modes, Stevan Jovanovic, John Wei, Koji Tanaka, Peter Moser and Torsten Katz    11.1 Introduction 195    11.2 Materials and Methods 197    11.3 Results 206    11.4 Conclusions 223    11.5 Acknowledgements and Disclaimer 225    References 226    12 Seven Deadly Sins of Filtration and Separation Systems in Gas Processing Operations 227  David Engel and Michael H. Sheilan    12.1 Gas Processing and Contamination Control 228    12.2 The Seven Deadly Sins of Filtration and Separation Systems in Gas Processing Operations 231    12.3 Concluding Remarks 240    Section 3: Acid Gas Injection    13 Development of Management Information System of Global Acid Gas Injection Projects 243  Qi Li, Guizhen Liu and Xuehao Liu    13.1 Background 243    13.2 Architecture of AGI-MIS 244    13.3 Data management 246    13.4 Data mining and information visualization 248    13.5 Interactive program 251    13.6 Conclusions 252    13.7 Acknowledgements 252    References 253    14 Control and Prevention of Hydrate Formation and Accumulation in Acid Gas Injection Systems During Transient Pressure/Temperature Conditions 255  Alberto A. Gutierrez and James C. Hunter    14.1 General Agi System Considerations 255    14.2 Composition And Properties Of Treated Acid Gases 256    14.3 Regulatory And Technical Restraints On Injection Pressures 258    14.4 Phase Equilibria, Hydrate Formation Boundaries And Prevention Of Hydrate Formation In Agi Systems 259    14.5 Formation, Remediation And Prevention Of Hydrate Formation During Unstable Injection Conditions - Three Case Studies 263    14.6 Discussion And Conclusions 272    References 273    15 Review of Mechanical Properties Related Problems for Acid Gas Injection 275  Qi Li, Xuehao Liu, Lei Du and Xiaying Li    15.1 Introduction 276    15.2 Impact Elements 276    15.3 Coupled Processes 285    15.4 Failure Criteria 286    15.5 Conclusions 286    15.6 Acknowledgements 287    References 287    16 Comparison of CO2 Storage Potential in Pyrolysed Coal Char of different Coal Ranks 293  Pavan Pramod Sripada, MM Khan, Shanmuganathan Ramasamy, VajraTeji Kanneganti, Japan Trivedi and Rajender Gupta    16.1 Introduction 294    16.2 Apparatus, Methods, & Materials 295    16.3 Results And Discussion 298    16.4 Conclusion 302    References 302    Section 4: Carbon Dioxide Storage    17 Capture of CO2 and Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs in Alberta as Gas Hydrate 305  Duo Sun, Nagu Daraboina, John Ripmeester and Peter Englezos    17.1 Experimental 306    17.2 Results And Discussion 307    17.3 Conclusions 310    Reference 310    18 Geological Storage of CO2 as Hydrate in a McMurray Depleted Gas Reservoir 311  Olga Ye. Zatsepina, Hassan Hassanzadeh and Mehran Pooladi-Darvish    18.1 Introduction 312    18.2 Fundamentals 313    18.3 Reservoir 314    18.4 Sensitivity Studies 322    18.5 Long-term storage 326    18.6 Summary and conclusions 327    18.7 Acknowledgements 329    References 329    Section 5: Reservoir Engineering    19 A Modified Calculation Method for the Water Coning Simulation Mode in Oil Reservoirs with Bottom Water Drive 331  Weiyao Zhu, Xiaohe Huang and Ming Yue    19.1 Introduction 331    19.2 Mathematical Model 332    19.3 Solution 334    19.4 Results and Discussion 335    19.5 Conclusions 336    19.6 Nomenclature 336    References 337    20 Prediction Method on the Multi-scale Flow Patterns and the Productivity of a Fracturing Well in Shale Gas Reservoir 339  Weiyao Zhu, Jia Deng and M.A. Qian    20.1 Introduction 340    20.2 Multi-scale flow state analyses of the shale gas reservoirs 340    20.3 Multi-scale seepage non-linear model in shale gas reservoir 343    20.4 Productivity prediction method of fracturing well 348    20.5 Production Forecasting 351    20.6 Conclusions 354    20.7 Acknowledgements 354    References 355    21 Methane recovery from natural gas hydrate in porous sediment using gaseous CO2, liquid CO2, and CO2 emulsion 357  Sheng-li Li, Xiao-Hui Wang, Chang-Yu Sun,Qing-Yuan and Guang-Jin Chen    21.1 Introduction    21.2 Experiments 359    21.3 Results and Discussion 361    21.4 Conclusion 368    21.5 Acknowledgements 369    References 369    Section 6: Hydrates    22 On the Role of Ice-Solution Interface in Heterogeneous Nucleation of Methane Clathrate Hydrates 371  PaymanPirzadeh and Peter G. Kusalik    22.1 Introduction 371    22.2 Method Summary 373    22.3 Results and Discussion 373    22.4 Summary 378    References 379    23 Evaluating and Testing of Gas Hydrate Anti-Agglomerants in (Natural Gas + Diesel Oil + Water) Dispersed System 381  Chang-Yu Sun, Jun Chen, Ke-Le Yan, Sheng-Li Li, Bao-ZiPeng and Guang-Jin Chen    23.1 Introduction 381    23.2 Experimental Apparatus And Analysis 382    23.3 Results And Discussion 382    23.4 Conclusion 385    Section 7: Biology    24 "Is That a Bacterium in Your Trophosome, or Are You Just Happy to See Me?" - Hydrogen Sulfide, Chemosynthesis, and the Origin of Life 387  Neil Christopher Griffin    24.1 Introducing the extremophiles 387    24.2 Tempted by the guts of another 388    24.3 Chemosynthesis 101 389    24.4 Chemosynthetic bacteria and the origins of life 391    References 392    Index 399