Gas hydrates 1 : fundamentals, characterization and modeling

Content: Preface ix Chapter 1 Neutron Scattering of Clathrate and Semiclathrate Hydrates 1Arnaud DESMEDT, Laura BEDOURET, Jacques OLLIVIER and Claire PETUYA 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Neutron scattering 2 1.2.1 A basic ideal scattering experiment 3 1.2.2 Neutron scattering theory 4 1.2.3 Correlation functions 6 1.2.4 Coherent and incoherent scattering 7 1.2.5 A simple example of scattering 11 1.3 Probing structural and dynamical properties of gas hydrates 14 1.3.1 Structures 15 1.3.2 Relaxation of guest molecules and water molecules 16 1.3.3 Excitations and vibrational density of states 19 1.4 Selected examples 22 1.4.1 Inhibition and formation mechanisms 22 1.4.2 Guest replacement in gas hydrates 29 1.4.3 Hydrogen: from its dynamics properties to its storage capabilities 33 1.4.4 Ionic clathrate hydrates and semiclathrates 41 1.5 Concluding remarks 47 1.6 Bibliography 49 Chapter 2 Spectroscopy of Gas Hydrates: From Fundamental Aspects to Chemical Engineering, Geophysical and Astrophysical Applications 63Bertrand CHAZALLON, Jennifer A NOBLE and Arnaud DESMEDT 2.1 Introduction 63 2.2 Vibrational spectrum 65 2.2.1 Intramolecular modes 66 2.2.2 Intermolecular modes 68 2.3 Applications to the investigation of formation mechanism 72 2.3.1 Formation mechanism: nucleation and growth 72 2.3.2 The Raman contribution 74 2.3.3 Insights from IR spectroscopy 77 2.3.4 Formation mechanism: chemical engineering applications 81 2.4 NGHs: contribution of spectroscopy 84 2.5 Clathrate hydrates in astrophysical environments 92 2.5.1 IR spectroscopy of astrophysical ices 93 2.5.2 Interstellar ices 94 2.5.3 Solar system ices 96 2.5.4 Insights from laboratory spectroscopy 100 2.6 Concluding remarks 101 2.7 Bibliography 102 Chapter 3 High-Resolution Optical Microscopy of Gas Hydrates 113Nelly HOBEIKA, Maria Lourdes MARTINEZ DE BANOS, Patrick BOURIAT, Daniel BROSETA and Ross BROWN 3.1 Introduction 113 3.2 Optical methods 114 3.2.1 Beyond bright-field modes in optical microscopy 114 3.2.2 Brewster angle microscopy 123 3.3 Selected examples 126 3.3.1 Hydrate halos growing on glass substrates 128 3.3.2 Hydrate crystallization in a guest-in-water emulsion 131 3.3.3 Adsorption of kinetic hydrate inhibitors 136 3.4 Concluding remarks 141 3.5 Acknowledgments 142 3.6 Bibliography 142 Chapter 4 Calorimetric Characterization of Clathrate and Semiclathrate Hydrates 145Didier DALMAZZONE, Luiz Paulo SALES SILVA, Anthony DELAHAYE and Laurence FOURNAISON 4.1 Introduction 145 4.2 DTA and differential scanning calorimetry 146 4.2.1 Principles of DTA and DSC 146 4.2.2 Examples of pressure-controlled DTA and DSC devices for hydrate studies 147 4.2.3 Temperature calibration of DSC 152 4.3 Phase equilibrium determination in hydrate systems using pressure-controlled TDA and DSC 153 4.3.1 Proper exploitation of DSC thermograms 153 4.4 Measuring the heat of dissociation and heat capacity of gas hydrates 158 4.4.1 Quantitative in situ hydrate formation 160 4.4.2 Indirect enthalpy measurement and gas content evaluation 162 4.4.3 Heat capacity measurement 163 4.5 Measuring the kinetics of hydrate formation 166 4.6 Conclusion 168 4.7 Bibliography 169 Chapter 5 Thermodynamic Modeling of Solid-Fluid Equilibria: From Pure Solid Phases to Gas Semiclathrate Hydrates 177Patrice PARICAUD 5.1 Introduction 177 5.2 Solid-fluid equilibrium between a fluid mixture and a pure solid phase 179 5.2.1 Solid-liquid equilibrium condition 179 5.2.2 SLE in the presence of electrolyte solutions 185 5.2.3 Solid-fluid equilibrium condition 188 5.3 Solid-liquid equilibrium between a liquid mixture and a solid solution 189 5.4 SLE between a liquid mixture and a solid compound 192 5.4.1 Solid-liquid equilibrium with salt hydrates 192 5.4.2 Solid-liquid equilibrium with semiclathrate hydrates 199 5.5 Thermodynamic model for gas semiclathrate hydrates 202 5.5.1 Paricaud's approach 203 5.5.2 The Eslamimanesh et al model 213 5.6 Conclusion 215 5.7 Bibliography 215 Chapter 6 Volume and Non-Equilibrium Crystallization of Clathrate Hydrates 227Baptiste BOUILLOT and Jean-Michel HERRI 6.1 Introduction 227 6.2 Driving force and evidence for non-equilibrium gas hydrate crystallization 229 6.2.1 Driving force 229 6.2.2 Cage occupancy from equilibrium thermodynamics 233 6.3 Non-equilibrium hydrate formation? 235 6.3.1 Evidence from experimental studies 236 6.3.2 Clathrate hydrates in fluid inclusions 238 6.3.3 Evidence from molecular dynamics 239 6.3.4 Experimental and modeling issues 240 6.4 Modeling gas to hydrate transfer: equilibrium thermodynamics versus kinetics 241 6.5 Non-equilibrium flash calculations 242 6.5.1 Basics of flash calculations 242 6.5.2 Conventional flash approach for clathrate hydrates 243 6.5.3 Conclusions on standard flash approaches 248 6.5.4 Non-stoichiometric flash approaches 249 6.5.5 Discussion 255 6.6 A kinetic Langmuir based modeling approach 258 6.6.1 Introduction to the kinetic approach of mixed hydrates 258 6.6.2 Kinetic approach of enclathration 267 6.7 Conclusion 274 6.8 Nomenclature 274 6.8.1 Letters 274 6.8.2 Greek letters 275 6.8.3 Subscript 276 6.8.4 Superscript 276 6.9 Bibliography 276 List of Authors 283 Index 285