Gamma Ray Imaging: Technology and Applications

Contents
Editors Biography
Nuclear Structure Studies Using Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy and Digital Signal Processing
	1 Introduction
	2 Detectors for Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy
	3 Digital Instrumentation
	4 Energy Measurements with Semiconductor Detectors
	5 Coincidence and Timing Measurements
		5.1 Energy Correlations
		5.2 Time Resolution and Lifetime Measurement
	6 Selected Results on Nuclear Structure Studies
		6.1 Nanosecond Isomers in Pt Isotopes
		6.2 Microsecond Isomer in 180Hf
		6.3 Metastable State in 202Tl
		6.4 Octupole Deformation in 221Th
	7 Summary
	References
Toward a New Frontier in PET Image Reconstruction: A Paradigm Shift to the Learning-Based Methods
	1 Analytical Methods
	2 Model-Based Methods
		2.1 Noise Model of the Poisson Process
		2.2 The System Model of the Photon Detection Process
		2.3 Image Prior Model
	3 Data-Driven/Learning-Based Methods
		3.1 Dictionary Learning and Kernel-Based Methods
		3.2 Deep-Learning Based Methods
			3.2.1 Direct End-to-End Reconstruction
			3.2.2 Deep Learning-Based Regularized Iterative Reconstruction
			3.2.3 Unrolled Deep Learning-Based Iterative Reconstruction
	4 Summary
	References
Cascade Gamma Emission Coincidence Tomography
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Inadequacy of Standard Imaging Approach
		1.2 The Opportunity for Cascade Coincidence Imaging
			1.2.1 The Physics of Cascade Emission
			1.2.2 Cascade Photon Coincidence
			1.2.3 Advantages: Higher Information Quality, Real-Time Imaging
			1.2.4 Potential Application & Nuclides
	2 Design Issues that Are Unique to CGECT Systems
		2.1 Detector\'s Timing Resolution
		2.2 System Detection Efficiency
		2.3 Image Generation
			2.3.1 Choose a Coincidence Timing Window: NECR Analysis
			2.3.2 Sampling Completeness
			2.3.3 System Matrix
			2.3.4 Reconstruction Algorithms
	3 CGECT Systems in the Literature
		3.1 CGECT Systems with Collimators
		3.2 CGECT Systems Without Collimators
		3.3 Performance Summary
	4 Discussion
		4.1 More Suitable Nuclides
		4.2 New Detectors
		4.3 New System Design
		4.4 Reconstruction with Both Singles and Coincidence Events
		4.5 Other Possible Points
	5 Summary
	References
Compton Imaging Systems Based on Semiconductor Detectors
	1 Introduction
	2 Compton Imaging System
		2.1 Principles of Compton Camera
		2.2 Effective Parameters on the Performance of Compton Camera
	3 Sensitivity Analysis of Efficiency in Compton Imaging System
		3.1 Distance Between the Detectors and the Radioisotope Source
		3.2 Geometry of the Detectors
		3.3 Energy of Gamma-Ray
		3.4 Material Scatterer and Absorber Detectors
		3.5 Number of Scatterer Detectors
	4 Conclusion
	References
Spatial Localization of Radioactive Sources for Homeland Security
	1 Introduction
	2 Radioactive Source Localization Using a Single Sensor and Collimator
	3 Radioactive Source Localization Using a Network of CZT Sensors
		3.1 Analytical Method
		3.2 Machine Learning Methods
	4 Radioactive Source Localization Using a Single Sensor in 360
	5 Conclusions
	References
Concepts for Solid State Detectors in Space-Based Gamma-Ray Astrophysics
	1 Introduction
	2 Brief History of Space-Based Gamma-Ray Astronomy
	3 Orbits for Spaced-Based Gamma-Ray Instruments
	4 Background Sources for Space-Based Gamma-Ray Instruments
		4.1 Impact of Background on Space Telescopes
	5 Detection Techniques for Gamma-Ray Astrophysics
		5.1 Collimators
		5.2 Coded-Masks
		5.3 Laue and Fresnel Lenses
		5.4 Compton Telescopes
		5.5 Pair Telescopes
	6 Radiation Detectors and Their Applications in Astrophysics
	7 Solid-State Detectors in Gamma-Ray Astrophysics
		7.1 Silicon Detectors
			7.1.1 The Tracking System of the Fermi-LAT and AGILE Telescopes
			7.1.2 Future Applications of Silicon Tracking Detectors
		7.2 Germanium Detectors
			7.2.1 Application of Germanium Detectors in Space
		7.3 Cadmium Telluride and Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detectors
			7.3.1 CdTe and CdZnTe in Space: IBIS, Swift-BAT and AstroSat
			7.3.2 Future Application of CdZnTe Detectors
	8 Conclusions
	References
Radioxenon Detection for Monitoring Subsurface Nuclear Explosion
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Role of Xenon in Identifying Subsurface Nuclear Explosions
			1.1.1 Inert Chemical Nature
			1.1.2 Half Lives
			1.1.3 High Independent and Cumulative Yield
			1.1.4 Coincidence Decay Scheme
		1.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operation Versus Nuclear Explosions – The Difference
		1.3 Requirements for IMS Stations
		1.4 Minimum Detectable Concentration
	2 Initial Radioxenon Detection Systems and Improvements
		2.1 Xenon Counting Strategies
		2.2 Automated Radio-Xenon Sampler/Analyzer and Xenon International
		2.3 Swedish Automatic Unit for Noble Gas Acquisition
		2.4 Analyzer for Xenon Radioisotopes
		2.5 Système de Prélèvement Automatique en Ligne Avec l\'Analyse du Xénon
	3 Novel Detection Systems and Materials
		3.1 Gas Based and High-Pressure Scintillation Detectors
		3.2 Phoswich Detectors
		3.3 Scintillator Systems
		3.4 Semi-Conductor Systems
		3.5 Scintillator-Semiconductor Systems
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Shield-Free Directional Gamma-Ray Detector Using Small-Angle Compton Scattering
	1 Introduction
	2 Principles of Existing Gamma-Ray Imagers and GISAS
		2.1 Principles of Compton and Pinhole Cameras
		2.2 Principle of GISAS
	3 Principle of Shield-Free Directional Gamma-Ray Detector
	4 Feasibility Study by Simulation
		4.1 Selection of Scattering Angle Using Detected Energy Information
		4.2 Relationship Between G, cut, and Directivity
	5 Simple Experiments with Prototype Shield-Free Directional Gamma-Ray Detector
	6 Conclusion
	References
Materials for Gamma Radiation Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 Producing Radiation Detectors
	3 Scintillator Gamma-Ray Sensor Materials
	4 Semiconductor Gamma-Ray Sensor Materials
	5 Perovskites
	6 Conclusions
	References
Metascintillators for Ultra-Fast Gamma Detectors
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Time-of-Flight
		1.2 PET Detectors
		1.3 Scintillation
		1.4 Scintillators
		1.5 Definition of Metascintillators
	2 Metascintillators: Review of State of the Art
		2.1 First Generation Heterostructure Metascintillators
		2.2 Nanocrystal Based Metascintillators
		2.3 Metamaterial Aspect of Metascintillators
		2.4 Metascintillator Signal Analysis
	3 Future Perspectives
		3.1 Metascintillator System Level Application
		3.2 Cherenkov-Based Timing
		3.3 New Materials
		3.4 Light-Guiding with Photonic Crystal Slabs
		3.5 Other Future Developments
	4 Conclusions
	References
Metal-Loaded Plastic Scintillators Toward Gamma Spectroscopy Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Bismuth-Loaded Plastic Scintillators
	3 Lead-Loaded Plastic Scintillators
	4 Tin-Loaded Plastic Scintillators
	5 Phosphorescent Sensitizers-Loaded Plastic Scintillators
	6 Summary and Outlook
	References
Index