Futures of Anti-Racism: Paradoxes of Deracialization in Brazil, South Africa, Sweden, and the UK

Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Contributors
List of Tables
1: Introduction
	South Africa: Deracialization and Decolonization
	Brazil: Competing ‘Mixing’ and Affirmation
	The UK: Aggressive Racial Majoritarianism
	Sweden: Paradoxes of Racialization
2: South Africa and the Struggle for Racial Equality: Debating Deracialization, Non-racialism, Decolonization, and Africanization
	Introduction
	Non-racialism: From 1930s’ Cape Town to Twenty-First-Century South Africa
	Anti-racism: Constitution and Legislation Do Not Work
	Decolonization and Its Possibilities
	The Promise of Social Justice Transformation: Decolonization, Non-racialism, and Africanization for a Deracialized South Africa?
		Structure-Environment and Institutions
		Law
		Economy
		Society
		Knowledge and Minds
		Cross-racial Solidarities to Support Deracialization
	Conclusion
3: The Dynamics of Racialization and Anti-racism in Contemporary Brazil
	Introduction
	Brazil: A Racial State
		Mulatto Woman and Mulatto Man as a National Symbol
		Brazilian Foreign Policy
	Racism in Brazil: ‘Racismo Cordial’ and Ostensive Racism
	Racism and Whiteness
	SEPPIR: Anti-racism and the Promotion of Racial Equality
		The Background of the Special Secretariat of Policies for the Promotion of Racial Equality (SEPPIR)
		The SEPPIR
			SEPPIR During the Golden Period: The Construction of Racial Equality Policies
				Laws 10,639/2003 and 11,645/2008: Afro-Brazilian and Indigenous History and Culture
				Affirmative Actions in Higher Education
				Law 12,990/2014: Quotas in Public Service
				Decree 4887/2003: Demarcation and Titling of Quilombola (Maroon) Lands
				National Plan for Integral Health of the Black Population (PNSIPN)
				Racial Equality Statute and the National Policy System for the Promotion of Racial Equality
			SEPPIR in the Decadent Period: The Dismantling of Racial Equality Policies
			SEPPIR’s Announced Death and New Racialization Processes
	Contemporary Forms of Racialization
		The Rising of a Conservative Far-Right Agenda: The Bolsonaro Government
		The Ambiguity Between Anti-racialism and Racist Racialism
			The Genocide of the Black Population
	The Future of Anti-racism: Racialization or Deracialization?
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4: The Retreat from Deracialization in the UK
	Introduction
	The Dynamics of Racialization, Post-imperial Loss, the Rejection of Anti-racism, and the Making of Contemporary Racism in the UK
	Perspectives on the Transition from Race Relations Legislation to Equality Legislation
	Contemporary Forms of Racialization
	Approaches to Challenging Racialization in the UK
	Cabinet Office Race Disparity Unit
	Devolution, Race Equality Strategy, and the Northern Ireland Case
	Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)
	Paradoxes of Challenging Racialization
	Postscript
5: Challenging Racism in Sweden
	Introduction
	Swedes and Immigrants: Legal and Sociological Perspectives
		Exceptions to the Rule: Minority Groups and Nordic Migrants
		Mapping Definitions: Immigrants, Census Categories, and Critiques
	The Dynamics of Racialization and the Logics of the Contemporary Racial State
	Anti-racism in Sweden: Civil Society and State Policies
		Actors
		State Measures
			Knowledge, Education, and Research
			Coordination and Monitoring Efforts
			Civil Society Measures
	Future of Anti-racisms and Deracialization in Sweden and Proposed Strategies
		The Swedish Debate on Equality Statistics
		Work with Legislation
		Cooperation with and Support to Civil Society
		Active Measures When It Comes to Combatting Racism and Hate Crime
	Conclusion
6: Conclusion: Operationalizing Deracialization—Paradoxes and Lessons
	Introduction
	Old and New Approaches in the North: UK and Sweden
	Racial Inequality and Anti-racism in the South: Brazil and South Africa
	Cross-national Implications for Deracialization Projects
	Paradoxes of Challenging Racialization
	Conclusion: Decolonization, Deracialization, and Anti-racism
Ian Law and Mapping Global Racisms
References
Index