Future-Proofing the Judiciary: Preparing for Demographic Change (Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies)

Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1: Introduction
	1.1	 Requiem for a Lost Science
	1.2	 Demography Is Destiny
	1.3	 Population Preparedness
	1.4	 New Research Questions
		1.4.1	 Institutional Frame
		1.4.2	 Instrumental Frame
		1.4.3	 Temporal Frame
		1.4.4	 Jurisdictional Frame
		1.4.5	 Methodological Frame
	1.5	 The Search for Data
		1.5.1	 Judicial Data
		1.5.2	 Population Data
	1.6	 Four Case Studies
	1.7	 Case Selection and Core System Values
	1.8	 Limitations of This Study
	References
2: Demography and the Judicial System
	2.1	 Origins and Development of Demography
	2.2	 The Central Concerns of Demography as a Science
		2.2.1	 Size and Growth
		2.2.2	 Components of Change
			Demographic Balancing Equation
			Fertility
			Mortality
			Migration
		2.2.3	 Composition and Structure
			Age structure
			Sex structure
		2.2.4	 Spatial Distribution
		2.2.5	 Population Data
	2.3	 Population Projections
	2.4	 Population and the Judicial System
		2.4.1	 Population and Demand for Adjudication
			Aggregated Lodgements Data
			Disaggregated Lodgements Data
		2.4.2	 Derived Demand for Judicial Officers
		2.4.3	 Population and the Supply of Judicial Officers
	2.5	 Key Points
	References
3: Mortality and the Future of Judicial Tenure
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Declining Mortality and Population Health
		3.2.1	 Demographic Measures of Mortality
		3.2.2	 Death in Office
		3.2.3	 Death in Retirement
		3.2.4	 Age and Population Health
	3.3	 Life Tenure: Till Death Us Do Part
		3.3.1	 A Short History of Life Tenure
		3.3.2	 United States and Australian Apex Courts Compared
		3.3.3	 Problems of Declining Mortality Under Life Tenure
			Declining Capacity in Old Age
			Dampening Institutional Renewal
			Impeding Intergenerational Equity
	3.4	 Mandatory Retirement: Statutory Senility
		3.4.1	 Federal Judicial Officers
		3.4.2	 State and Territory Judicial Officers
		3.4.3	 Problems of Declining Mortality Under Mandatory Retirement
			Loss of Skills and Experience
			Inbuilt Obsolescence
	3.5	 The Future of Judicial Tenure
		3.5.1	 Quasi-judicial Work of Retired Judicial Officers
		3.5.2	 Judicial Work of Retired Judicial Officers
		3.5.3	 Increasing the Mandatory Retirement Age
		3.5.4	 Reverting to Life Tenure
		3.5.5	 Term Limits
	3.6	 Re-examining Judicial Capacity
		3.6.1	 Graceful Exits and Taps on the Shoulder
		3.6.2	 Removal from Office
		3.6.3	 Complaints Against Judicial Officers
		3.6.4	 Capacity Assessment
	3.7	 Conclusion
	References
4: Population Ageing and the Future of Judicial Pensions
	4.1	 Introduction
		4.1.1	 The Challenges of Pension Reform
		4.1.2	 Judicial Pensions in Comparator Countries
	4.2	 Population Ageing and its Effects
		4.2.1	 The Demography of Population Ageing
		4.2.2	 Ageing, the Economy, and Age Pensions
		4.2.3	 Ageing and Judicial Pensions
	4.3	 A Judge’s Life Course
		4.3.1	 Visualising a Judge’s Life Course
		4.3.2	 Judicial Appointments
		4.3.3	 Judicial Terminations
	4.4	 Principal Components of the Cost of Judges
		4.4.1	 Judicial Salaries
		4.4.2	 Judicial Pensions
		4.4.3	 Spousal Pensions
	4.5	 Three Paradigms of Appointment and Termination
		4.5.1	 Paradigm I: Judge Adam
		4.5.2	 Paradigm II: Judge Benedict
		4.5.3	 Paradigm III: Judge Carol
	4.6	 Measuring the Cost of Judges
	4.7	 Demographic Change and the Cost of Judges
		4.7.1	 Projected Life Expectancy in Australia
		4.7.2	 Impact of Life Expectancy on the Cost of Judges
	4.8	 Reforming Law and Policy
		4.8.1	 The Need for Reform
			Individuals Are Living Longer
			Judicial Salaries Are Outstripping Inflation
			Judicial Retirement Rates Are Increasing
			More Judges Have a Professional Life Beyond the Bench
			Judges Have Access to Pre-appointment Superannuation
			Spouses Have Greater Financial Security
			The Federal Judiciary Has Grown Substantially
			A Long History of Legislative Change
			Parity with Other Pension Schemes
		4.8.2	 Approaches to Reform
		4.8.3	 Constraints on Reform
			Protecting Judicial Independence
			Maintaining the Quality of Justice
			Respecting Existing Entitlements
	4.9	 The Future of Judicial Pensions
		4.9.1	 Increasing the Minimum Qualifying Age
		4.9.2	 Increasing the Minimum Length of Service
		4.9.3	 Reducing the Judicial Pension Rate
		4.9.4	 Abolishing the Spousal Pension
		4.9.5	 Decoupling the Pension from Current Judicial Salaries
	4.10	 Conclusion
	References
5: Population Redistribution and the Future of Lower Courts
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 The Geography of Access to Justice
	5.3	 A Study of the New South Wales Local Court
		5.3.1	 Background
		5.3.2	 Conceptual Model
		5.3.3	 Data Sources
			Population data
			Criminal caseload data
			Demand for magistrates
			Supply of magistrates
	5.4	 Population
		5.4.1	 Growth
		5.4.2	 Age and Sex Composition
		5.4.3	 Spatial Distribution
	5.5	 Criminal Convictions
		5.5.1	 Rates of Criminal Conviction by Age, Sex, and Offence Type
		5.5.2	 Rates of Criminal Conviction by Locality
		5.5.3	 Projected Number of Criminal Convictions
	5.6	 Demand for Magistrates
		5.6.1	 Initial Population of Magistrates
		5.6.2	 Judicial Productivity
		5.6.3	 Level of Demand and Its Spatial Dimensions
	5.7	 Supply of Magistrates
		5.7.1	 Natural Attrition with No Replacement
		5.7.2	 Replacement to 2017–2019 Level
		5.7.3	 Recruitment to Meet Projected Demand
		5.7.4	 Types of Supply Deficit
	5.8	 Solutions to Geospatial Challenges
		5.8.1	 Allocating Judicial Officers Within a Single Court
			Authorised Places of Sitting
			Assignment of Judicial Officers to Places of Sitting
		5.8.2	 Allocating Judicial Officers Between Jurisdictions
			State/Territory Courts to State/Territory Courts
			Federal Courts to State/Territory Courts
			State/Territory Courts to Federal Courts
			Revitalising Judicial Exchange Programmes
		5.8.3	 Technology and the Courtroom
	5.9	 Conclusion
	References
6: Population Composition and the Future of Judicial Diversity
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Justifying Judicial Diversity
		6.2.1	 Equality: Opportunities for All
		6.2.2	 Quality: Improving Decision Making
		6.2.3	 Utility: Expanding the Talent Pool
		6.2.4	 Legitimacy: Public Trust in the Courts
	6.3	 Countering the Critics
	6.4	 Identifying Diversity Characteristics
		6.4.1	 Implications from the Justifications for Diversity
		6.4.2	 Implications from the National Census
	6.5	 Measuring the Diversity Deficit
		6.5.1	 Composition of the Australian Population
			Population Diversity in the 2016 Census
			Temporal Variations
			Geographic Variations
		6.5.2	 Composition of the Australian Judiciary
			The Data Deficit
			Select Australian Studies
		6.5.3	 Judges and Magistrates in the National Census: A New Dataset
			Age
			Marital Status
			Religion
			Ancestry
			Country of Birth
			Languages Spoken at Home
			Disability
			Educational Status
		6.5.4	 Summary
	6.6	 The Gender Gap
		6.6.1	 By Court Level: The Impact of Hierarchy
		6.6.2	 By Jurisdiction: The Impact of Geography
	6.7	 Redressing the Diversity Deficit
		6.7.1	 Judicial Pipeline
		6.7.2	 Judicial Selection
		6.7.3	 Judicial Conditions
		6.7.4	 Judicial Education
	6.8	 Conclusion
	References
7: Conclusion
	7.1	 Reprise
	7.2	 Adaptation of Judicial Institutions
	7.3	 Modalities of Change
		7.3.1	 Legislative Reform
		7.3.2	 Policies and Practices
		7.3.3	 Constitutional Reform
		7.3.4	 Judicial Reform
	7.4	 Differences Across the Judicial System
		7.4.1	 Demographic Variation
		7.4.2	 Federal-State Differences
		7.4.3	 Diversity Among the States and Territories
		7.4.4	 Levels of the Court Hierarchy
		7.4.5	 Civil-Criminal Subject Matter
	7.5	 Core Values of the Judicial System
		7.5.1	 Judicial Independence
		7.5.2	 Access to Justice
		7.5.3	 Quality of Justice
		7.5.4	 Public Trust
		7.5.5	 Cost-effectiveness
	7.6	 A Renaissance of Population Law?
	References
Index