Future of Organizations and Work After the 4th Industrial Revolution: The Role of Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Automation, and Robotics

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Driving Innovative and Creative Practices
Challenges of the Industrial IOT (IIoT) in Higher Education in the Kingdom of Bahrain
	1 Introduction
	2 The Internet of Things and the Industry 4.0.
		2.1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Context
		2.2 Evolution of Industry from 1.0 to 4.0
		2.3 Basic IIoT Concepts and Glossary of Terms
		2.4 Smart Manufacturing Use Cases
		2.5 Benefits of Adopting an Industry 4.0 Model
		2.6 Internet of Things and Its Impact on the Fourth Industrial Revolution
		2.7 Bahrain’s Adoption of Industry 4.0
		2.8 Strategy for Adopting Modern Technologies
		2.9 Cloud Computing Adoption in Government (Cloud First Policy)
	3 IIoT and Higher Education
	4 A Symbiotic Relationship Between Education and Industry
		4.1 Benefits of IoT on HEI’s
		4.2 Educational Facilities That Are Connected and Immersive
		4.3 Infrastructure that is Interconnected and Safer
		4.4 Personalized Learning Solutions
		4.5 Sustainability and Benefits of IoT
	5 The Emerging Technologies Ecosystem in Bahrain
		5.1 AI Stands for Artificial Intelligence
		5.2 The Chat-Bot Project
		5.3 The Role of Bahrain’s Education in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
	6 Conclusions
	References
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Improvement of Industrial Multicriteria Decision Making: A Model Driven Approach for Emotional Intelligence Testing
	1 Introduction
	2 The Purpose of the Study
	3 Literature Review
		3.1 Decision Making
		3.2 Emotional Intelligence
	4 Emotional Intelligence Testing
		4.1 Item-Based EI Tests
		4.2 Item Construction
	5 Model-Driven Approach for Emotional Intelligence Testing
		5.1 The CIM Model
		5.2 The PIM Model
		5.3 The Transformation
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
		6.1 Conclusion
		6.2 Future Work
	References
Redesigning and Reinvention of Retail Industry Through Artificial Intelligence (AI)
	1 Introduction
	2 Retail Marketing
	3 Role of AI in Retail
	4 Literature Review
	5 Methodology
	6 The Objectives of the Study
	7 Analytical Representation and Discussion
	8 Major Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Retail Industry
	9 Conclusion
	References
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources
	1 Introduction
	2 The Aspects of Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources
	3 Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Workplace
	4 The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Recruitment Process, and Its Advantages
	5 The Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources
	6 The Future of Human Resource Management
	7 HR Digital Transformation
	8 Digital Transformation
	9 Conclusion
	References
Transforming into Smart Business: The Role of Artificial Intelligence
	1 Introduction
		1.1 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
		1.2 What is Business Intelligence (BI)?
		1.3 AI and BI—Synergy or Competition?
	2 Methodology
	3 Transforming Organizations Through AI
	4 Combining AI and BI for Organizational Excellence
	5 Modern Business Intelligence (MBI)
	6 Most of Today’s AI Uses in Business
	7 AI Impact on Business
		7.1 Transforming Innovation Process
		7.2 Transforming Marketing Process
		7.3 Transforming Human Resource Management
		7.4 Transforming Manufacturing and Products
		7.5 Transforming Financial Services and Activities
		7.6 Retail and E-Commerce
		7.7 Transforming Supply Chain Management
	8 Implementing AI in Business: Major Challenges
	9 SHAM AI-Driven Business Transformation Model
		9.1 Sense (the Need to Change)
		9.2 Think (Plan AI Transformation Strategy)
		9.3 Act (Implement AI Transformation Strategy)
	10 Conclusion
		10.1 Implications for Future Research
	References
The Dynamic Capital Structure Decision of Firms in Indonesia
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Past Studies on Indonesia
	3 Factors Affecting Capital Structure and Development of Hypotheses
		3.1 Non Debt Tax Shield (NDTS)
		3.2 Size of Firm
		3.3 Business Risk
		3.4 Tangibility
		3.5 Liquidity
		3.6 Profitability
		3.7 Intangibility
		3.8 Growth
		3.9 Age
		3.10 Share Price Performance (SPP)
		3.11 Concentrated Ownership (COwn)
		3.12 Industry Munificence
		3.13 Industry Dynamism
		3.14 Industry Concentration
	4 Data and Methodology
		4.1 Data
		4.2 Methodology
	5 Analysis and Findings
		5.1 Descriptive Statistics
		5.2 Determinants of Leverage
	6 Conclusion
	References
The Suitability of Gold as a High-Quality Liquid Asset: Empirical Evidence from Volatility Structure Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Method and Data Analysis
	4 Method of Analysis
		4.1 Symmetric Measurement (Long Memory)
		4.2 Asymmetric Measurement (Leverage Effect)
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Descriptive Statistics
		5.2 The Estimation Results of Symmetric Measurement (Long Memory)
		5.3 The Estimation Outcomes of Asymmetric Measurement (Leverage Effect)
	6 Conclusion and Discussions
	References
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Banking Industry Performance
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Artificial Intelligence
		2.2 Robotic Process Automation
		2.3 AI and RPA Applications in Banks
		2.4 The Impact of AI on the Banks’ Performance
	3 Conclusion
	References
Social Media, Communication and Its Effects on Society and Business
In Influencers We Trust? A Model of Trust Transfer in Social Media Influencer Marketing
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Social Media Influencers
		1.2 Trust and Social Media Influencers
	2 Conceptual Model and Hypothesis Justification
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 Measurement
		3.3 Data Analysis
	4 Results
		4.1 Descriptive Statistics
		4.2 Reliability and Validity of Measurement Models
		4.3 Hypothesis Testing
	5 Discussion
	References
The Usage of Artificial Intelligence in Journalism
	1 Introduction
	2 Defining Artificial Intelligence Journalism
	3 Artificial Intelligence Journalism and Robot Journalism, What is the Difference Between Them?
	4 Smart Interaction in the New Press
	5 From Voice to Text
	6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Applying Artificial Intelligence Journalism in News Organizations
	7 The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Newsrooms in Three Areas
	8 The Most Important Modern Practices
	9 Newsletter Journalism
	10 Big Data and Journalism
	11 Robots and Write Press Articles
		11.1 Speed of News Transfer
		11.2 Changing the Quantity and Cost of News Production
		11.3 Detecting Literary Theft
		11.4 Detecting Fake News
	12 Challenges Facing Some AI Journalism Techniques
		12.1 I—Writing Articles and Reports
		12.2 Notification of the Near Future
	13 Legal and Ethical Challenges
		13.1 Redefining Copyright and Fair Use
		13.2 Ensuring Corporate Accountability
		13.3 Exacerbation of Asymmetric Strength
	14 The Dangers of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in the Media Field
	15 Benefits of Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques in the Media Field
	16 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence Journalism
	17 Examples of Uses
	18 Will the Use of Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms Be the End of Journalism as We Know It, or Will It Save It and Take It to Another Future?
	19 Is It Possible for Robots to Take Over the Journalist Profession?
	20 What is the Future of Artificial Intelligence in Content Production?
	21 Can AI Journalism Put New Limits on Media Freedom?
	22 To What Extent Can We Talk About the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Arab Press?
	23 Conclusion
	24 Study Recommendations
	References
Societal Partnership in the Fourth Era of Industrial Revolution Between the Media and Civil Society Institutions Aiming to Reducing the Demand for Drugs
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Problem
	3 Research Objective
	4 Research Approach
	5 Community Participation: Meaning, Indication and Significance of the Concept
	6 Partnership Between Civil Society Institutions and the Media
	7 Community Participation of the Media in Drug Prevention
	8 Conclusion
	References
Artificial Intelligence: Chatbot—The New Generation of Communication
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview
		1.2 Research Problem
		1.3 Contributions
		1.4 Main Terms Definition
		1.5 Context
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Artificial Intelligence
		2.2 Chatbots
		2.3 Classification of Chatbots
		2.4 Chatbot Usage
		2.5 Chatbots and Marketing
		2.6 Chatbots Field of Application
		2.7 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Chatbots
		2.8 Previous Studies
	3 Conclusion
		3.1 Implications
		3.2 Limitations and Future Studies
	References
The Relationship Between Food E-Advertising and Children’s Obesity in Bahrain
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Advertising
		2.2 Obesity
		2.3 Food E-advertisement and Its Relation to Obesity
	3 Conclusion
	References
Technological Sustainability in the Twenty-First Century
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background of the Research
		1.2 Research Method
		1.3 Research Problem
		1.4 Research Rationale
		1.5 Research Aim and Main Terms of the Research
		1.6 Research Context
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Contribution of Technology to Sustainability
		2.3 Evolution of Technological Sustainability in Twenty-First Century
		2.4 Relevant Sustainable Technologies for Twenty-First Century
		2.5 Role of Technology in Sustainable Future
		2.6 Scope of the Study
	3 Conclusion
		3.1 Implications in Theory and Practice
		3.2 Study Limitations
	References
The Implementation of Technology and the Future of Education and Knowledge
Interns’ Self-efficacy, Internet Addiction, Wellbeing, and Online Learning Experiences: A Descriptive-Correlational Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Ethics, Participants and Sampling
		2.2 Measures
		2.3 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussions
	5 Limitations
	6 Study Implications and Recommendations
	7 Conclusion
	References
The Challenges and Factors Influencing the E-Learning System Usage During COVID-19 Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 The Importance of E-Learning
	3 Types of e-Learning
	4 E-Learning Technologies
	5 Challenges Facing E-Learning
	6 The Challenges Faced by E-Learning from the Point of View of Academics
	7 Here Are the Top 5 Problems Students Face in E-Learning and Some Suggestions on How to Overcome Them
	8 How to Overcome Obstacles Related to the Tasks and Activities Required of Students
	9 Challenges Facing the Family in E-Learning
	10 Challenges Facing the Community in E-Learning
	11 Successful Experiences in E-Learning
	12 The Challenges of E-Learning After the Corona Crisis
	13 Conclusion
	References
Student Invigilation Detection Using Deep Learning and Machine After Covid-19: A Review on Taxonomy and Future Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Machine Learning and Student Invigilation
		2.1 Supervised Machine Learning
		2.2 Unsupervised Machine Learning
	3 Deep Learning and Student Invigilation
	4 Classification and Invigilation
	5 Methods of Cheating
	6 Conclusion
	References
The Websites Technology for Arabic Language Learning Through COVID-19 Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 The ACTFL Standards for Foreign Language Learning
	3 Significant of Study
	4 Learning Using Internet Website
	5 Websites Components
	6 Research Methodology
	7 Analysis and Discussion
	8 Websites with Some Arabic Materials
	9 Finding and Results
	10 Conclusion
	References
The Impact of Digitizing Business Education on the Quality of Education During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of International Accreditation Bodies
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Digitizing BE
		2.2 COVID-19 and Its Impact on the Educational Sector in the GCC Region
		2.3 Student’s Perception of Digital Learning
		2.4 Quality of BE
		2.5 The Link Between User Satisfaction of Digital Learning and Quality of Education
		2.6 Quality Through Accreditation
		2.7 Quality of Education and Accreditation in the Kingdom of Bahrain
		2.8 Accreditation in HEIs
		2.9 Challenges Faced During Digital Learning in Terms of Quality Assurance
	3 Conclusion
	References
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Management
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview
		1.2 The Research Problem
		1.3 The Purpose of the Study
		1.4 Definition of Terms
		1.5 Contributions
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Artificial Intelligence
		2.3 AI in Our Daily Life
		2.4 Knowledge Management
		2.5 Knowledge Management Types
		2.6 Knowledge Management Cycle/Model
		2.7 AI and KM Relationship
		2.8 Scope of the Research
	3 Conclusion
		3.1 Implications
		3.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
	References
Knowledge and Perceptions of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Kingdom of Bahrain: A Descriptive Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Sample Demographics
		3.2 Government’s Reaction
		3.3 Anxiety About Getting COVID-19
		3.4 Knowledge About Quarantine Period
		3.5 Behaviors During COVID-19
		3.6 Reasons to Leave Home
		3.7 Social Distancing Measures
		3.8 Effect of Coronavirus on Household’s Economic Situation
		3.9 Coronavirus and the Future
		3.10 Government’s Economic and Financial Support Program
		3.11 Current Situation
		3.12 Lessons from COVID-19
		3.13 Conspiracy Theories
		3.14 Opinions About COVID-19
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	Appendices
		Appendix 1: Demographic Data
		Appendix 2: Descriptive Variable
	References
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Cryptocurrency, Cybersecurity, Ethics and Corporate Performance
Risks, Advantages and Obstacles Associated with Bitcoin: The Perspective of Palestinian Banks
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Framework and Previous Studies
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Study Community
		3.2 Study Sample
		3.3 Study Tool
		3.4 Authenticity and Stability of the Tool
	4 Statistical Analysis and Hypothesis Testing
		4.1 Descriptive Analysis
		4.2 Hypothesis Testing
	5 Discussion and Recommendations
	6 Future Work
	7 Conclusion
	References
The Impact of Major Technologies in Fourth Industrial Revolution
	1 Introduction
	2 Fourth Industrial Revolution
	3 Opportunities of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
	4 Technologies in Fourth Industrial Revolution
		4.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
		4.2 Robotics
		4.3 Blockchain
		4.4 Big Data
		4.5 The Internet of Things (IoT)
		4.6 The 5G Network
		4.7 Cloud and Edge Computing
		4.8 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
		4.9 3D Printing
		4.10 Autonomous Vehicles
		4.11 Genomics and Gene Editing
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Usage of Financial Technology Payments During the Pandemic of Covid-19
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Financial Technology
		2.2 Types of Fintech
		2.3 Fintech Payment
		2.4 Mobile Payments and Digital Wallets
		2.5 Fintech in Bahrain
		2.6 Fintech Payments and Covid-19
		2.7 Fintech Payments and Regulations
		2.8 Fintech Payments and Customer Experience
		2.9 Quality of Fintech Payments Products and Services
	3 Conclusion
	References
The Influence of Cybersecurity on the Firms’ Financial Performance
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Research Problem
		1.2 Research Objectives
		1.3 Research Questions
	2 Introduction
		2.1 Cybersecurity
		2.2 Financial Performance
	3 Conclusion
	References
The Fact of Corporate Governance in the Palestinian Territories
	1 Introduction
	2 Corporate Governance
		2.1 Origins and Evolution
		2.2 Definition of Corporate Governance
		2.3 Corporate Governance in Palestine
	3 Applying to Implement the Following
	4 The Main Features of Corporate Governance of the Joint Stock Companies Listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange
	5 Board of Directors and Executive Management
	6 The Composition of the Boards of Directors of the Listed Joint Stock Companies
	7 Membership of the Boards of More Than One Public Shareholding Company Listed
	8 Committees Emanating from the Board of Directors
	9 Disclosure of the Benefits Granted to the Board of Directors and the Executive Management
	10 Having an Effective Website
	11 Internal Audit
	12 Disclosure of Social Responsibility
	13 Concentration of Ownership
	14 Conclusion
	References
Malay Ethnic Directors, Board Attributes and Ownership Structure on Firm Performance: Corporate Governance Evidence from an Emerging Market
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review and Development of Hypotheses
		2.1 The Code of Corporate Governance (MCCG)
		2.2 The Governing Theories of Corporate Governance
		2.3 Past Studies on CG and Firm Performance
	3 The Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Hypotheses Development
		3.1 Malay (Ethnic) Director
		3.2 Board Size (BS)
		3.3 Board Independence (BI)
		3.4 Board Remuneration
		3.5 CEO Duality (CEOD)
		3.6 Ownership Concentration (OC)
		3.7 Ownership Identity (OI)
	4 Data and Methodology
	5 Analysis and Discussion
		5.1 Descriptive Statistics
		5.2 Diagnostic Tests
		5.3 Panel Regression Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Impact of Derivatives on Firm Value: Evidence on Shariah and Non-Shariah Compliant Firms
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Sample Firms
		3.2 Dependent and Explanatory Variables
		3.3 Control Variables
		3.4 Empirical Model
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Matrix
		4.2 Regression Results
		4.3 Robustness Test
	5 Conclusion, Limitation and Future Research
	References
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Oil and Gas Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Brief Review of the Research Problem and Related Issues
		2.2 Summary of the History of the Problem within Relevant Context and Background.
		2.3 Shortcomings and Gaps in the Literature
		2.4 Sustainability of the Oil and Gas Sector
	3 Conclusion
	References