Fuster and Hursts The Heart, 15e (May 12, 2022)_(1264257562)_(McGraw Hill)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Contributors
Preface
SECTION I Introduction
	1. The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases
	2. Clinical Cardiovascular Examination
	3. Cardiovascular Imaging
	4. Genomics and Epigenomics of Heart Diseases
SECTION II Risk Factors for
	5. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Hypertension
	6. Cardiometabolic Disease: Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome
	7. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
	8. Tobacco-Related Cardiovascular Disease
	9. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease
	10. Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperlipoproteinemia(a), Hypertriglyceridemia, and Low HDL
	11. Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Health and Disease
	12. Sedentary Lifestyle and Role of Exercise in Cardiovascular Diseases
	13. Nutrition, Diet, and Alcohol in Health and Cardiovascular Disease
	14. Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
	15. Location and Level of Care, Education, Availability of Medicines, and Cardiovascular Mortality
SECTION III Atherosclerosis and
	16. Pathological Basis of Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease
	17. Pathogenesis of Coronary Thrombosis and Myocardial Infarction
	18. ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
	19. Evaluation and Management of Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
		CHAPTER OUTLINE
		Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes
		Management
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
		INTRODUCTION
		EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY
		Figure 19–1. Comparisons of coronary atheroma complicated by thrombosis due to plaque rupture (top) or superficial erosion (bottom).
		Figure 19–2. Framework for definition of acute coronary syndromes. Reproduced with permission from Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, et al: 2020 ESCGuidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation.
		GENETICS
			TABLE 19–1. Factors That Modulate the Development andComplications of Acute Coronary Syndromes
		NONINVASIVE AND INVASIVEDIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES
			Acute Coronary Syndrome Definition andClassification
				Figure 19–3. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction.
			Initial Presentation
				TABLE 19–2. Likelihood That Chest Symptoms AreCaused by Myocardial Ischemia Attributable to ObstructiveCoronary Artery Disease
			History
			Electrocardiography
			Biochemical Cardiac Markers
			TABLE 19–3. Causes of Troponin Elevation Other Than AcuteCoronary Syndromes
			Risk Stratification
			Chest Pain Units
			Noninvasive Stress Testing
				TABLE 19–4. American College of Cardiology/American HeartAssociation Noninvasive Risk Stratification
			Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
			Figure 19–4. Side-by-side comparison of computed tomographic coronary angiography versus invasive angiography in a patient presenting withchest discomfort, ambiguous electrocardiography, and normal troponin concentrations. A severe stenosis of the left anterior descending artery(LAD) is identified using (A) coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) (white arrow) and confirmed at (B) invasive angiography (white arrow).LCx, left circumflex artery.
			Coronary Angiography
			Early Invasive versus Selective Invasive Strategies
	20. Mimickers of Atherosclerotic Myocardial Infarction
	21. Chronic Coronary Syndromes
		CHAPTER OUTLINE
		Chapter 21 Fuster and Hurst’s Central Illustration. The Duke, updated Diamond–Forrester, and CORSCORE risk models are the most accurate in prediction of coronary arterydisease. Diagnostic tests that rely on detection of perfusion defects (such as SPECT) are more sensitive than those that detect wall motion abnormalities (such as stressechocardiography) because perfusion defects occur earlier than wall motion abnormalities in the ischemic cascade. Patients with refractory symptoms despite goal-directed medicaltherapy, and/or elevated clinical or angiographic risk profiles and suitable coronary anatomy, may benefit from revascularization.
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
		EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY
		ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
		Figure 21–1. Natural history of chronic stable ischemic heart disease.
		TABLE 21–1. Conditions Provoking or Exacerbating Ischemia
		TABLE 21–2. Classification of Chest Pain
		DIAGNOSIS OF CCS
			Clinical Evaluation
				Angina or Anginal Equivalents
					TABLE 21–2. Classification of Chest Pain
				Asymptomatic Ischemia
			Other History and Physical Examination
			Biochemical Test, ECG, and Echocardiography
			Pretest Probability of CAD
				Figure 21–3. Pretest and posttest likelihood of coronary artery disease.Figure shows the use of Bayes’ theorem with regard to a hypotheticalnoninvasive test with 70% sensitivity and specificity.
			Diagnostic Testing
				The Ischemic Cascade
				Diagnostic Accuracy
				Functional versus Anatomic Noninvasive Testing
				TABLE 21–4. Diagnostic Accuracy of Stress Testing for Detecting Significant CAD
				TABLE 21–5. Accuracy of Exercise Testing Depends on CAD Prevalence
				Guideline Recommendations for the Choice of Testing
				Coronary Artery Calcification Score
				Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography
				Figure 21–5. Cumulative incidence of MACE by statin treatment and CAC score.
				Exercise ECG Stress Testing
				Stress Echocardiography
				Figure 21–6. Duke treadmill score calculation and utility.
				Myocardial Perfusion SPECT and PET Imaging
			TABLE 21–3. The Canadian Cardiovascular Society Angina Scale
			Figure 21–2. Comparison of physician-estimated Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) Class versus Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) anginafrequency scores in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for (A) stable ischemic heart disease and (B) unstable angina. Reproducedwith permission from Saxon JT, Chan PS, Tran AT, et al. Comparison of Patient-Reported vs Physician-Estimated Angina in Patients Undergoing Elective andUrgent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
			Figure 21–4. The ischemic cascade.
	22. Cardiac Rehabilitation
SECTION IV Diseases of the Great Vessels and Peripheral Vessels
	23. Diseases of the Aorta
	24. Carotid Artery Disease
	25. Cerebrovascular Disease
	26. Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the Peripheral Arteries
SECTION V Valvular Heart Disease
	27. Acute Rheumatic Fever
	28. Aortic Stenosis
	29. Aortic Regurgitation, Mixed Valvular Heart Disease, and Heart Valve Prostheses
	30. Mitral Regurgitation
	31. Acquired Tricuspid Valve Diseases
	32. Mitral Stenosis
	33. Infective Endocarditis
SECTION VI Rhythm and Conduction Abnormalities
	34. Electrophysiologic Anatomy, Mechanisms of Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances, and Genetics
	35. Supraventricular Tachycardia: Atrial Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry, and Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
	36. Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter
	37. Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death
	38. Conduction System Disturbances and Bradyarrhythmias
	39. Diagnosis and Management of Syncope
SECTION VII Heart Failure
	40. Classification of Cardiomyopathies
	41. Dilated Cardiomyopathy
	42. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
	43. Cardiac Amyloidosis
	44. Restrictive Heart Diseases
	45. Left Ventricular Noncompaction
	46. Myocarditis
	47. Obstructive and Nonobstructive Coronary Disease in Heart Failure
	48. Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure
	49. Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
	50. Evaluation and Management of Acute Heart Failure
	51. Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
	52. Mechanical Circulatory Support and Heart Transplantation in Severe Heart Failure
SECTION VIII Diseases of the Pericardium
	53. Acute Pericarditis
	54. Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade
	55. Constrictive Pericarditis
SECTION IX Cardiopulmonary Disease
	56. Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the Peripheral Venous System
	57. Pulmonary Hypertension
	58. Pulmonary Embolism
	59. Cor Pulmonale: The Heart in Structural Lung Disease
	60. Sleep-Disordered Breathing
SECTION X Critical Cardiovascular Care
	61. Evolution of Cardiac Critical Care
	62. Circulatory and Cardiogenic Shock
	63. Sudden Cardiac Death and Resuscitation
	64. Postoperative and Postprocedural Care in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
SECTION XI Adult Congenital
	65. Anatomical and Physiological Classification of Adult Congenital Heart Disease
	66. Shunt Lesions
	67. Right-Sided Lesions
	68. Left Heart Obstructive Lesions
	69. Single Ventricle Post Fontan Palliation: Tricuspid Atresia, Pulmonary Atresia, and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
	70. Complex Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: The “Mixing” Lesions
	71. Psychosocial Profiles in Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Transition to Adulthood
SECTION XII Special Populations and
	72. Perioperative Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery
	73. Anesthesia and the Patient with Cardiovascular Disease
	74. Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Cancer and Cardiovascular Complications of Cancer Therapies
	75. Heart Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
	76. Rheumatologic Disease and the Cardiovascular System
	77. Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with HIV
	78. Heart Disease in Pregnancy
	79. Traumatic Heart Disease
	80. Women and Ischemic Heart Disease
	81. Race, Ethnicity, Disparities, Diversity, and Heart Disease
	82. Cardiovascular Disease and Ageing: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
	83. Artificial Intelligence and Cardiovascular Care
	84. Cardiovascular Manifestations of COVID-19
Index