Fungi And Allied Microorganisms

Cover
Half Title
About the Author
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 What are Fungi?
	1.2 Various Names Used for Fungi
	1.3 Numerical Estimates of Fungi
	1.4 Why Should we Study Fungi?
	1.5 Hypha and Mycelium
	1.6 A Fungal Cell (Ultrastructure)
	1.7 Fungal Growth
	1.8 Haustorium
	1.9 Nutrition
	1.10 Reproduction
	1.11 Some Important Indian Journals of Fungi
	1.12 Some Important Foreign Journals of Fungi
	1.13 Some International Journals Which also Publish Fungal Research
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 2: History of Mycology (Chronology of Major Events)
	2.1 Global Developments of Mycology
	2.2 Some Major International Contributors of 21st Century
	2.3 Development of Mycology in India
	2.4 Some other Indian Contributors and their Major Contributions
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 3: Fungal Cell: Structure and Composition
	3.1 Cell Envelope
	3.2 Cytoskeleton
	3.3 Nucleus
	3.4 Mitochondria
	3.5 Hydrogenosomes: Hydrogen – Generating Organelles
	3.6 Microbodies
	3.7 Plasmids
	3.8 Mycoviruses
	3.9 Reserve Materials
	3.10 Vacuoles
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 4. Classification of Fungi
	4.1 What is Classifi cation?
	4.2 Whether there Exist only Two Kingdoms?
	4.3 Why is the Fungal Classification so Much Variable?
	4.4 Groups of Uncertain Affinity
	4.5 Criteria Used in Fungal Taxonomy
	4.6 Recommendations of International Committee
	4.7 Botanical Ranks of Nomenclatural Hierarchy
	4.8 Important Systems of Classification of Fungi
	4.9 Some Older Contributions from 1623 to 1926
	4.10 Classification Proposed by H.C.I. Gwynne-Vaughan and B. Barnes (1937)
	4.11 Classification Proposed by Lilian E. Hawker (1966)
	4.12 Classification Proposed by G.C. Ainsworth (1973)
	4.13 Classification Proposed by Constantine J. Alexopoulos and Charles W. Mims (1979)
	4.14 Classification Proposed by P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, J.C. David and J.A. Stalpers (2001)
	4.15 Outline of Latest Classification Proposed by John Webster and Roland W.S. Weber (2007) in their Book Introduction to Fungi
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 5: Myxomycota
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Acrasiomycetes
	5.3 Hydromyxomycetes
	5.4 Myxomycetes
	5.5 Life-Cycle of a Typical Myxomycete
	5.6 Stemonitis
	5.7 Plasmodiophoromycetes
	5.8 Plasmodiophora brassicae
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 6: Eumycota
	6.1 What are Eumycota?
	6.2 Characteristic Features
	6.3 Occurrence
	6.4 Vegetative Plant Body
	6.5 Branching
	6.6 Fine Structure of a Cell of Eumycota
	6.7 Haustorium
	6.8 Hyphal Aggregations
	6.9 Hyphal Aggregations into Reproductive Structures
	6.10 Vegetative Reproduction
	6.11 Some Asexual and Sexual Spores
	6.12 Sexual Reproduction
	6.13 Modes of Sexual Fusion
	6.14 Classification of Eumycota
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 7: Mastigomycotina (General Account and Chytridiomycetes)
	7.1 General Characteristics of Mastigomycotina
	7.2 Classification of Mastigomycotina
	7.3 Chytridiomycetes
	7.4 Chytridiales
	7.5 Synchytriaceae
	7.6 Synchytrium Endobioticum
	7.7 Blastocladiales
	7.8 Monoblepharidales
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 8: Hyphochytridiomycetes
	8.1 What are Hyphochytridiomycetes?
	8.2 General Characteristics
	8.3 Classification
	8.4 Rhizidiomyces
	8.5 Phylogeny of Hyphochytridiomycetes
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 9: Oomycetes
	9.1 What are Oomycetes?
	9.2 General Characteristics
	9.3 Classification of Oomycetes
	9.4 Order Saprolegniales
	9.5 Saprolegnia
	9.6 Achlya
	9.7 Peronosporales
	9.8 Family Pythiaceae
	9.9 Pythium
	9.10 Phytophthora
	9.11 Family Peronosporaceae (Downy Mildews)
	9.12 Peronospora
	9.13 Sclerospora
	9.14 Plasmopara
	9.15 Family Albuginaceae
	9.16 Albugo
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 10: Zygomycotina (Zygomycetes)
	10.1 What are Zygomycotina?
	10.2 General Characteristics of Zygomycetes
	10.3 Classification
	10.4 Mucorales
	10.5 Mucoraceae
	10.6 Rhizopus
	10.7 Mucor
	10.8 Pilobolaceae
	10.9 Pilobolus
	10.10 Economic Importance of Mucorales
	10.11 Heterothallism in Mucorales
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 11: Trichomycetes
	11.1 What are Trichomycetes?
	11.2 General Characteristics
	11.3 Classification
	11.4 Harpellales
	11.5 Asellariales
	11.6 Eccrinales
	11.7 Amoebidiales
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 12: Ascomycotina (Ascomycetes) (General Account )
	12.1 What are Ascomycotina?
	12.2 General Characteristics of Ascomycotina
	12.3 Economic Importance
	12.4 Somatic Structures
	12.5 Asexual Reproduction
	12.6 Sexual Reproduction
	12.7 Methods of Bringing Compatible Nuclei Together
	12.8 Compatibility
	12.9 Ascus Development
	12.10 Asci and Ascospores
	12.11 Ascocarps
	12.12 Classification
	12.13 Differences from Phycomycetes
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 13: Hemiascomycetes
	13.1 What are Hemiascomycetes?
	13.2 General Characteristics
	13.3 What are Yeasts?
	13.4 Classification
	13.5 Endomycetales
	13.6 Saccharomycetaceae
	13.7 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
	13.8 Economic Importance of Yeasts
	13.9 Taphrinales
	13.10 Taphrina
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 14: Loculoascomycetes
	14.1 What are Loculoascomycetes ?
	14.2 Habitat
	14.3 Somatic Structure
	14.4 Asexual Reproduction
	14.5 Sexual Reproduction
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 15: Plectomycetes
	15.1 What are Plectomycetes?
	15.2 General Characteristics
	15.3 Classification
	15.4 Eurotiales
	15.5 Eurotiaceae
	15.6 Aspergillus
	15.7 Penicillium
	15.8 Difference between Talaromyces and Eupenicillium
	15.9 Difference between Aspergillus and Penicillium
	15.10 Role of Aspergillus and Penicillium in Biotechnology
	15.11 Mycotoxins from Aspergillus and Penicillium
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 16: Laboulbeniomycetes
	16.1 What are Laboulbeniomycetes?
	16.2 A Brief Background
	16.3 Occurrence
	16.4 Thallus
	16.5 Sex Organs
	16.6 Perithecia, Asci and Ascospores
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 17: Pyrenomycetes
	17.1 What are Pyrenomycetes?
	17.2 Distinguishing Features
	17.3 Classification
	17.4 Erysiphales
	17.5 Erysiphe
	17.6 Phyllactinia
	17.7 Sphaerotheca
	17.8 Sphaeriales
	17.9 Sordariaceae
	17.10 Neurospora
	17.11 Clavicipitaceae
	17.12 Claviceps
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 18: Discomycetes
	18.1 General Characteristics
	18.2 Classification
	18.3 Pezizales
	18.4 Ascobolaceae
	18.5 Ascobolus
	18.6 Morchellaceae
	18.7 Morchella
	18.8 Pezizaceae
	18.9 Peziza
	18.10 Pyronemataceae
	18.11 Pyronema
	18.12 Tuberales
	18.13 Tuber
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 19: Basidiomycotina (General Account )
	19.1 What are Basidiomycotina?
	19.2 General Characteristics
	19.3 Mycelium and Dikaryotization
	19.4 Clamp Connection
	19.5 Dolipore Septum
	19.6 Asexual Reproduction
	19.7 Sexual Reproduction
	19.8 Basidium
	19.9 Basidiospore
	19.10 Discharge Mechanism of Basidiospores
	19.11 Buller Phenomenon
	19.12 Differences from Ascomycotina
	19.13 Classification
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 20: Teliomycetes
	20.1 General Characteristics
	20.2 Classification
	20.3 Uredinales
	20.4 Puccinia
	20.5 Puccinia graminis (Life Cycle)
	20.6 Control Measures of Rusts
	20.7 Annual Recurrence of Rust in India
	20.8 Comparison Between Black, Orange and Yellow Rusts
	20.9 Uromyces
	20.10 Phragmidium
	20.11 Ravenelia
	20.12 Melampsoraceae
	20.13 Melampsora
	20.14 Ustilaginales
	20.15 Ustilago
	20.16 Graphiolaceae and Graphiola
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 21: Hymenomycetes
	21.1 What are Hymenomycetes?
	21.2 Holobasidiomycetidae
	21.3 Agaricales
	21.4 Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms
	21.5 Fairy Rings
	21.6 Classification of Agaricales
	21.7 Agaricaceae
	21.8 Agaricus
	21.9 Aphyllophorales (= Polyporales)
	21.10 Polyporaceae
	21.11 Polyporus
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 22: Gasteromycetes
	22.1 What are Gasteromycetes?
	22.2 General Characteristics
	22.3 Classification
	22.4 Lycoperdales
	22.5 Lycoperdaceae
	22.6 Lycoperdon
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 23: Anamorphic Fungi (Deuteromycotina or Deuteromycetes )
	23.1 Anamorphic Fungi and their General Characteristics
	23.2 Types of Fructifications
	23.3 Parasexuality in Anamorphic Fungi
	23.4 Classification
	23.5 Recommendations of ICBN about Nomenclature of Anamorphic Fungi
	23.6 Delimitation of Taxonomic Entity of Anamorphic Fungi
	23.7 Blastomycetes
	23.8 Sporobolomyces
	23.9 Candida
	23.10 Cryptococcus
	23.11 Hyphomycetes
	23.12 Alternaria
	23.13 Cercospora
	23.14 Curvularia
	23.15 Pyricularia
	23.16 Helminthosporium
	23.17 Drechslera
	23.18 Fusarium
	23.19 Coelomycetes
	23.20 Colletotrichum
	23.21 Phyllosticta
	23.22 Phoma
	23.23 Phomopsis
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 24: Economic Importance of Fungi
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Negative Aspects of Fungi
	24.3 Positive Aspects of Fungi
	24.4 Future Expectations from Fungi and Mycologists
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 25: Fungi and Biotechnology
	25.1 Biotechnology and its Relation with Fungi
	25.2 Fermentation Technology
	25.3 Enzyme Technology
	25.4 Production Technology of Alcoholic Beverages
	25.5 Cultivation of Mushrooms and other Macrofungi
	25.6 Single-Cell Protein
	25.7 Fungi in Food Processing Industry
	25.8 Production of Primary Metabolites by Fungi
	25.9 Production of Secondary Metabolites by Fungi
	25.10 Role of Biotechnology in Selection and Mutation of Fungal Strains
	25.11 Role of Biotechnology in Genetic Recombination and Gene Cloning
	25.12 Gene Cloning and Future of Fungal Biotechnology
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 26: Mushroom Cultivation
	26.1 Mushrooms and Mycophagy
	26.2 Food Value of Mushrooms
	26.3 Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms
	26.4 Commercial Cultivation of Mushrooms
	26.5 Cultivation of White Button Mushroom on Commercial Basis
	26.6 Mushroom Growing in Laboratory
	26.7 Cultivation of Shiitake (Lentinus elodes)
	26.8 Paddy Straw Mushroom
	26.9 Oyster Mushroom
	26.10 Commercial Production of Some Other Macrofungi
	26.11 Mushroom Parasites
	26.12 Mushroom Dishes
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 27: Single-Cell Protein
	27.1 What is Single-Cell Protein?
	27.2 Why do we Need to Produce SCP?
	27.3 Microorganisms used for SCP-Production
	27.4 Composition of Single-Cell Proteins
	27.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Microorganisms for Animal or Human Consumption
	27.6 Mycoprotein
	27.7 Single-Cell Protein from Cyanobacteria
	27.8 Single-Cell Protein from Algae
	27.9 Single-Cell Protein from Organic Wastes
	27.10 SCP From Petroleum Hydrocarbons and other Related Substrates
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 28: Heterothallism in Fungi
	28.1 What is Heterothallism?
	28.2 Heterothallism in Mucorales
	28.3 Heterothallism in some other Lower Fungi
	28.4 Hormonal Basis of Sex and Heterothallism in Lower Fungi
	28.5 Heterothallism in Ascomycetes
	28.6 Heterothallism in Basidiomycetes
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 29: Sex Hormones and Pheromones in Fungi
	29.1 Hormones, Sex Hormones and Pheromones
	29.2 Some Earlier Studies on Sex Hormones and Pheromones in Fungi
	29.3 What has Finally Been Established with Sex Hormones in Fungi?
	29.4 Sex Hormones Isolated from Lower Fungi
	29.5 Some Extensively Studied Sex Hormones of Lower Fungi
	29.6 Sex Pheromones in Higher Fungi
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 30: Mycorrhizae
	30.1 What are Mycorrhizae?
	30.2 Nature of Mycorrhizal Relationship
	30.3 Types of Mycorrhizae
	30.4 Mycorrhizosphere and “Mycorrhization-Helper Bacteria” (MHB)
	30.5 Significance of Mycorrhizae
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 31: Lichens
	31.1 What is a Lichen?
	31.2 Components of Lichens
	31.3 A Brief History
	31.4 Occurrence
	31.5 Classification
	31.6 Lichen Thallus (Morphology and Anatomy)
	31.7 Interaction Between Phycobiont and Mycobiont
	31.8 Tissue Types in Lichens
	31.9 Attachment Organs in Lichens
	31.10 Propagules Associated with Lichen Thallus
	31.11 Vegetative Reproduction
	31.12 Asexual Spores
	31.13 Sexual Reproduction of Mycobiont
	31.14 Reproduction in Phycobiont
	31.15 Economic Importance
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 32: Bacteria
	32.1 What are Bacteria?
	32.2 Major Characteristics
	32.3 A Brief History
	32.4 Occurrence and Distribution
	32.5 Classification
	32.6 Morphology of Bacterial Cell
	32.7 Structures External to the Bacterial Cell Wall
	32.8 Bacterial Cell Wall: Ultrastructure and Composition
	32.9 Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Inclusions
	32.10 Mycoplasmas and L-forms of Bacteria
	32.11 Nutrition in Bacteria
	32.12 Gram Reaction
	32.13 Growth
	32.14 Cell Division (Binary Fission)
	32.15 Spore Formation
	32.16 Genetic Recombination (Sexual Reproduction)
	32.17 Economic Importance
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 33: Viruses
	33.1 What are Viruses?
	33.2 Major Distinguishing Features
	33.3 How do Viruses Differ from Bacteria and Mycoplasmas?
	33.4 Some Common Human Viral Diseases
	33.5 A Brief History
	33.6 Nature and Origin
	33.7 Classification
	33.8 Size and Symmetry of Viruses
	33.9 Three Dozen Interesting Facts about Viruses
	33.10 Chemical Composition
	33.11 Morphology (Virus Organization and Structure)
	33.12 Symptoms of Viral Infection in Plants
	33.13 Transmission
	33.14 Control of Viral Diseases of Plants
	33.15 Viral Vaccines
	33.16 Plant Viruses
	33.17 Animal Viruses
	33.18 Bacterial Viruses (Bacteriophages)
	33.19 Life-Cycle or Replication of Bacteriophage
	33.20 Mycoviruses
	33.21 Cyanophages
	33.22 Insect Viruses
	33.23 Satellite Viruses and Satellite Nucleic Acids
	33.24 Viroids
	33.25 Prions
	33.26 Swine Flu: Some Basics We Should all Know and Follow
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 34: Plant Diseases and their Control (General Account)
	34.1 Plant Pathology and its Objectives
	34.2 What is a Plant Disease?
	34.3 Causes of Plant Diseases
	34.4 Classification of Plant Diseases
	34.5 Symptoms of Plant Diseases
	34.6 Pathogenesis or Process of Infection
	34.7 Enzymes, Toxins and Growth Regulatory Substances
	34.8 Control of Plant Diseases
	Test Your Understanding
Chapter 35: Selected Diseases Caused by Fungi, Bacteria and Viruses
	(A) Some Diseases Caused by Fungi
		35.1 White Rust of Crucifers
		35.2 Late Blight of Potato
		35.3 Green-Ear Disease and Downy Mildew of Bajra
		35.4 Downy Mildew of Pea
		35.5 Powdery Mildew of Pea
		35.6 Powdery Mildew of Cucurbits
		35.7 Loose Smut of Wheat
		35.8 Covered Smut of Barley
		35.9 Whip Smut of Sugar Cane
		35.10 Black Rust or Stem Rust of Wheat
		35.11 Yellow Rust or Stripe Rust of Wheat
		35.12 Brown Rust or Orange Rust of Wheat
		35.13 Rust of Linseed
		35.14 Paddy Blast or Blast Disease of Rice
		35.15 Tikka Disease of Groundnuts
		35.16 Red Rot of Sugar Cane
		35.17 Wilt of Arhar
		35.18 Early Blight of Potato
	(B) Some Diseases Caused by Bacteria
		35.19 Tundu Disease or Yellow Ear Rot of Wheat
		35.20 Citrus Canker
		35.21 Brown Rot of Potato
	(C) Some Diseases Caused By Viruses
		35.22 Leaf Roll of Potato
		35.23 Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
		35.24 Leaf Curl of Papaya
		35.25 Vein-Clearing of Bhindi
	Test Your Understanding
Appendix 1: Some Common Culture Media and Mounting Media for Fungi
Appendix 2: Countrywise List of Institutions with Signifi cant Collections of Fungi, Fungus-Related Websites, and Websites Related to Lichens, Bacteria and Viruses
Appendix 3: Classification of Fungi
Appendix 4: Glossary of 210 Mycological Terms
Appendix 5: Answers to Questions
Appendix 6: 136 Recommended Readings
Index
Plates