Fundamentals of Thermodynamics

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Symbols
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1 Fundamental Concepts
	1.1 System and Environment
	1.2 State of a System
	1.3 Simple Systems
	1.4 Mass, Molecular Mass and Moles in a System
	1.5 Intensive Variables Defining a System
		1.5.1 Pressure
		1.5.2 Temperature
			1.5.2.1 Empirical Temperature θ
			1.5.2.2 Absolute Temperature T
			1.5.2.3 Temperature in K and °C
	1.6 State of a System: State Variables/Thermodynamic Properties
	1.7 Change of State of a System: Quasi-Static, Reversible and Cyclic Processes
		1.7.1 Quasi-Static Process
		1.7.2 Reversible Process
		1.7.3 Cyclic Process: Efficiency and Coefficient of Performance
Chapter 2 Equation of State
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Equation of State for an Ideal Gas
	2.3 Equations of State for Real Gases
		2.3.1 Virial Equation of State
		2.3.2 van der Waal’s Equation of State
		2.3.3 Berthelot and Dieterici Equations of State
		2.3.4 Redlich–Kwong Equation of State
	2.4 Compressibility Factor and Generalized Compressibility Chart
	2.5 Mixture of Ideal Gases
Chapter 3 First Law of Thermodynamics
	3.1 Statement of the First Law
	3.2 Internal Energy and Adiabatic Work
	3.3 Heat
	3.4 Heat Capacity of a System
		3.4.1 Heat Capacity at Constant Volume
		3.4.2 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure
		3.4.3 Relation between Heat Capacities
		3.4.4 Specific Heats
	3.5 Internal Energy and Enthalpy for an Ideal Gas
	3.6 Experimental Verification of Dependence of Internal Energy on Temperature, Specific Volume and Pressure
	3.7 Experimental Verification of Enthalpy to Be Independent of Pressure for an Ideal Gas
	3.8 First Law Applied to Open Systems
Chapter 4 Second Law of Thermodynamics
	4.1 Statements of the Second Law
	4.2 Equivalence of Kelvin-Plank and Clausius Statements
	4.3 Carnot’s Principle
		4.3.1 Efficiencies of Reversible Engines
	4.4 Heat Transfer and Temperature
	4.5 Thermodynamic Temperature
		4.5.1 Efficiency of Reversible Engine Depends on Temperature of Both Reservoirs
		4.5.2 Thermodynamic Temperature Ratios
		4.5.3 Thermodynamic or Absolute Temperature Scale
	4.6 Clausius Inequality
	4.7 Entropy
		4.7.1 Entropy Statement of the Second Law
		4.7.2 Equivalence of Entropy Statement of Second Law and Clausius and Kelvin-Plank Statements
Chapter 5 Entropy
	5.1 Entropy between Two States
	5.2 Path Independence
	5.3 Generalized Expression for Entropy Change
		5.3.1 Entropy from Internal Energy Changes: (Variables T and V)
		5.3.2 Entropy from Enthalpy Changes: (Variables p and T)
		5.3.3 Entropy Changes as a Function of Heat Capacities: (Variables p and V)
	5.4 Entropy Changes for an Ideal Gas
Chapter 6 Reversible Work, Availability and Irreversibility
	6.1 Reversible Work
	6.2 Work from Different Reversible Paths between Two States
	6.3 Reversible Work of a System Interacting with Environment: Availability Φ
	6.4 Reversible Work of a System Interacting with Reservoir and Environment
	6.5 Reversible Work When System Changes Its Volume
	6.6 Irreversibility of a System Undergoing a Process
	6.7 Two Examples Illustrating Irreversibility
		6.7.1 Expansion of an Ideal Gas into Vacuum
		6.7.2 Cooling of a Cup of Hot Coffee
	6.8 Irreversibility in Open Systems
Chapter 7 Thermodynamic State Functions
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 State Functions
		7.2.1 Internal Energy
		7.2.2 Entropy
		7.2.3 Enthalpy
		7.2.4 Helmholtz- and Gibbs-Free Energies
		7.2.5 Summary of Relationships between State Properties
	7.3 Derivation of State Functions using the Legendre Transform
	7.4 Maxwell’s Relationships for State Variables
	7.5 Thermodynamic Potentials and Forces
	7.6 Determination of State Functions
		7.6.1 Internal Energy
		7.6.2 Enthalpy
		7.6.3 Entropy
	7.7 Thermodynamic Functions for Dense Gases
	7.8 Generalized Enthalpy and Entropy Charts
Chapter 8 Thermodynamic Coefficients and Specific Heats
	8.1 Thermodynamic Coefficients
		8.1.1 Coefficient of Volume Expansion
		8.1.2 Isothermal and Isentropic Compressibility
		8.1.3 Pressure Coefficient
		8.1.4 Relationships among the Coefficients
	8.2 Specific Heats
		8.2.1 Specific Heats at Constant Pressure cand c[sub(p)] Constant Volume c[sub(v)]
		8.2.2 Ratio of Specific Heats
		8.2.3 Variation of Specific Heats c[sub(v)] and  c[sub(p)] with Specific Volume v and Pressure p
	8.3 Joule Thomson Coefficient
	8.4 Thermodynamic Coefficients for Dense Gases
Chapter 9 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Equilibrium Criterion
	9.3 Thermal Equilibrium
	9.4 Mechanical Equilibrium
	9.5 Equilibrium with Mass Exchange
	9.6 Chemical Potential
Chapter 10 Equilibrium of Species in a Chemically Reacting System
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Choice of Basic Datum for the State Functions and Heat of Formation
	10.3 Entropy of the Species in a Chemical Reaction: Third Law of Thermodynamics
	10.4 Enthalpy Changes
	10.5 Product Species in a Chemical Reaction at a Given Temperature and Pressure
	10.6 Example of Determining Equilibrium Composition
	10.7 Chemical Equilibrium of Species at Given Temperature and Volume
	10.8 Corrections for Real Gas: Fugacity
Chapter 11 Statistical Thermodynamics
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Distribution of Particles and Their Energy Levels: Bose–Einstein, Fermi–Dirac and Boltzmann Statistics
	11.3 Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution: Partition Function
	11.4 Boltzmann’s Formula
	11.5 Partition Function for a Monoatomic Gas: Internal Energy, Pressure, Equation of State and Entropy of an Ideal Gas
	11.6 Reversible Heat Transfer, Work and The First Law
	11.7 Entropy and the Second Law
Index