Fundamentals of Tank and Process Equipment Design

Preface
Contents
1 Design Methods, Design Guidelines
	1.1 Equipment and Storage Tank Loads, Classification and Requirements
	1.2 Impact and Consideration of Loads in Design
2 Corrosion Loads, Corrosion Resistance, Corrosion-Proof Design
	2.1 Definition of Corrosion
	2.2 Electrochemical Corrosion
		2.2.1 Manifestations and Types of Electrochemical Corrosion
	2.3 Chemical Corrosion and Its Types
	2.4 Corrosion Prevention, Corrosion Protection
		2.4.1 Corrosion Prevention by Surface Protection
	References
3 Dimensioning of Process Equipment and Storage Tanks. Dimensioning by Taking Membrane Stresses into Account
	3.1 Determination of Allowable Stress
	3.2 Membrane Stress State of Equipment and Storage Tanks with Axially Symmetrical Geometry
		3.2.1 Structural Model
		3.2.2 Membrane Edge Forces, Membrane Elongations
		3.2.3 Membrane Stress State Equilibrium Equations
	3.3 Dimensioning by Taking Vapour Pressure into Account
		3.3.1 Dimensioning the Cylindrical Part of the Vessel
		3.3.2 Dimensioning Spherical Tanks and Hemispherical Pressure Vessel Ends
		3.3.3 Dimensioning Conical Pressure Vessel Ends
	3.4 Dimensioning by Taking Hydrostatic Pressure, Mass Forces, Environmental Impacts (Snow, Wind), and Centrifugal Force Fields into Account
		3.4.1 Dimensioning Cylindrical Fluid Tanks with a Conical Pressure Vessel End
		3.4.2 Dimensioning the Cylindrical Part of Fluid Tanks with Large Diameter
		3.4.3 Dimensioning Cylindrical Centrifuges
		3.4.4 Dimensioning Tower Structures Exposed to Environmental Impacts
		3.4.5 Dimensioning Outdoor Spherical Tanks with Large Diameter
	References
4 Dimensioning Equipment Loaded by External Pressure
	4.1 Dimensioning Cylindrical Shells and Conical Pressure Vessel Ends for External Pressure
	4.2 Dimensioning Doubly Curved Pressure Vessel Ends for External Pressure
	References
5 Bending Stress State of Axi-symmetrical Shells. Strength Analysis by Taking Bending Stresses into Account
	5.1 Axially Symmetrical Bending Stress State of Cylindrical Shells
		5.1.1 Bending Stress State of Cylindrical Shells Loaded by Shearing Force at the Rim
		5.1.2 Bending Stress State of Cylindrical Shells Loaded by Moment at the Rim
		5.1.3 Bending Stress State of Cylindrical Shells Loaded by Shearing Force at the Main Circle
		5.1.4 Bending Stress State of Cylindrical Shells Loaded by Moment at the Main Circle
	5.2 Examination of Shell Connections
		5.2.1 Strength Tests of Cylinder—Cone Connections
		5.2.2 Strength Tests of Cylinder—Hemisphere Connections
	References
6 Strength Tests of Pressure Vessel Ends, Nozzle and Support Environments
	6.1 Pressure Vessel Ends
		6.1.1 Stress States and Dimensioning of Elliptical Pressure Vessel Ends
		6.1.2 Stress States and Dimensioning of Torispheric Pressure Vessel Ends
	6.2 Design of Openings on Cylindrical Shells and Pressure Vessel Ends
	6.3 Strength Tests of the Support Environment
		6.3.1 Strength Tests of the Support Environment of Spherical Tanks
	References
7 Strength Test and Dimensioning on Leak Tightness of Flange Joints
	7.1 Engineering Design of Pipeline and Equipment Flange Joints
	7.2 Internal Loads of Flange Structure
		7.2.1 Flange Joint Operation Under Simultaneous Heat and Mechanical Load
		7.2.2 Tests and Calculations to Verify the Model
		7.2.3 Dimensioning on Leak Tightness of Flange Joints Exposed to Simultaneous Heat and Mechanical Load
	References
8 Investigation of Stress Concentrating Cross-Sections Using the Finite Element Method
	8.1 Defining Material Law to Serve as a Basis for Finite Element Calculations
		8.1.1 Specimen-Level Tests
		8.1.2 Structural Tests
	8.2 Evaluation Method for Elastic–Plastic Finite Element Calculations
	8.3 Numerical Tests and Results
	References
Annex
Strategic Storage Tank Production
Spherical Tank Production