Fundamentals of strength : principles, experiments, and applications of an internal state variable constitutive formulation

Foreword to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgment
How to Use This Textbook
Contents
About the Author
Symbols
Chapter 1: Measuring the Strength of Metals
	1.1 How Is Strength Measured?
	1.2 The Tensile Test
	1.3 Stress in a Test Specimen
	1.4 Strain in a Test Specimen
	1.5 The Elastic Stress Versus Strain Curve
	1.6 The Elastic Modulus
	1.7 Lateral Strains and Poisson´s Ratio
	1.8 Defining Strength
	1.9 Stress-Strain Curve
	1.10 The True Stress-True Strain Conversion
	1.11 Example Tension Tests
	1.12 Accounting for Strain Measurement Errors
	1.13 Formation of a Neck in a Tensile Specimen
	1.14 Strain Rate
	1.15 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 2: Structure and Bonding
	2.1 Forces and Resultant Energies Associated with an Ionic Bond
	2.2 Elastic Straining and the Force Versus Separation Diagram
	2.3 Crystal Structure
	2.4 Plastic Deformation
	2.5 Dislocations
	2.6 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 3: Contributions to Strength
	3.1 Strength of a Single Crystal
	3.2 The Peierls Stress
	3.3 The Importance of Available Slip Systems and Geometry of HCP Metals
	3.4 Contributions from Grain Boundaries
	3.5 Contributions from Impurity Atoms
	3.6 Contributions from Stored Dislocations
	3.7 Contributions from Precipitates
	3.8 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 4: Dislocation-Obstacle Interactions
	4.1 A Simple Dislocation/Obstacle Profile
	4.2 Thermal Energy-Boltzmann´s Equation
	4.3 The Implication of 0 K
	4.4 Addition of a Second Obstacle to a Slip Plane
	4.5 Kinetics
	4.6 Analysis of Experimental Data
	4.7 Multiple Obstacles
	4.8 Kinetics of Hardening
	4.9 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 5: A Constitutive Law for Metal Deformation
	5.1 Constitutive Laws in Engineering Design and Materials Processing
	5.2 Simple Hardening Models
	5.3 State Variables
	5.4 Defining a State Variable in Metal Deformation
	5.5 The Mechanical Threshold Stress Model
		5.5.1 Example Material and Constitutive Law
	5.6 Common Deviations from Model Behavior
	5.7 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 6: Further MTS Model Developments
	6.1 Removing the Temperature Dependence of the Shear Modulus
	6.2 Introducing a More Descriptive Obstacle Profile
	6.3 Dealing with Multiple Obstacles
	6.4 Defining the Activation Volume in the Presence of Multiple Obstacles Populations
	6.5 The Evolution Equation
	6.6 Adiabatic Deformation
	6.7 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 7: Data Analysis: Deriving MTS Model Parameters
	7.1 A Hypothetical Alloy
	7.2 Pure Fosium
	7.3 Hardening in Pure Fosium
	7.4 Yield Stress Kinetics in Unstrained FoLLyalloy
	7.5 Hardening in FoLLyalloy
	7.6 Evaluating the Stored Dislocation Obstacle Population
	7.7 Deriving the Evolution Equation
	7.8 The Constitutive Law for FoLLyalloy
	7.9 Summary
	Exercises
Chapter 8: Application of MTS Model to Copper and Nickel
	8.1 Pure Copper
	8.2 Follansbee and Kocks Experiments
	8.3 Temperature-Dependent Stress-Strain Curves
	8.4 Eleiche and Campbell Measurements in Torsion
	8.5 Analysis of Deformation in Nickel
	8.6 Predicted Stress-Strain Curves in Nickel and Comparison with Experiment
	8.7 Application to Shock Deformed Nickel
	8.8 Deformation in Nickel Plus Carbon Alloys
	8.9 Monel 400-Analysis of Grain-Size Dependence
	8.10 Copper-Aluminum Alloys
	8.11 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 9: Application of MTS Model to BCC Metals and Alloys
	9.1 Pure BCC Metals
	9.2 Comparison with Campbell and Ferguson Measurements
	9.3 Trends in the Activation Volume for Pure BCC Metals
	9.4 Structure Evolution in BCC Pure Metals and Alloys
	9.5 Analysis of the Constitutive Behavior of a Fictitious BCC Alloy-UfKonel
	9.6 Analysis of the Constitutive Behavior of AISI 1018 Steel
	9.7 Analysis of the Constitutive Behavior of Polycrystalline Vanadium
	9.8 Deformation Twinning in Vanadium
	9.9 Signature of Dynamic Strain Aging in Vanadium
	9.10 Analysis of Deformation Behavior of Polycrystalline Niobium
	9.11 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 10: Application of MTS Model to HCP Metals and Alloys
	10.1 Pure Zinc
	10.2 Kinetics of Yield in Pure Cadmium
	10.3 Structure Evolution in Pure Cadmium
	10.4 Pure Magnesium
	10.5 Magnesium Alloy AZ31
	10.6 Pure Zirconium
	10.7 Structure Evolution in Zirconium
		10.7.1 The Influence of Deformation Twinning on Hardening
	10.8 Analysis of Deformation in Irradiated Zircaloy-2
	10.9 Analysis of Deformation Behavior of Polycrystalline Titanium
		10.9.1 Dynamic Strain Aging in Polycrystalline Titanium
	10.10 Analysis of Deformation Behavior of Titanium Alloy Ti6Al-4V
	10.11 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 11: Application of MTS Model to Austenitic Stainless Steels
	11.1 Variation of Yield Stress with Temperature and Strain Rate in Annealed Materials
	11.2 Nitrogen in Austenitic Stainless Steels
	11.3 The Hammond and Sikka Study in 316
	11.4 Modeling the Stress-Strain Curve
	11.5 Dynamic Strain Aging in Austenitic Stainless Steels
	11.6 Application of the Model to Irradiation-Damaged Material
	11.7 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 12: Application of MTS Model to Nickel-Base Superalloys
	12.1 Deformation in Nickel-Based Superalloys
	12.2 Yield Stress Kinetics
	12.3 Strain Hardening in Several Nickel-Base Superalloys
		12.3.1 Strain Hardening in Inconel 600
		12.3.2 Strain Hardening in Inconel 718
		12.3.3 Yield Stress Kinetics and Strain Hardening in C-276
		12.3.4 Yield Stress Kinetics and Strain Hardening in C-22
		12.3.5 Potential Origins of High Hardening Rates
	12.4 Signatures of Dynamic Strain Aging
	12.5 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 13: A Model for Dynamic Strain Aging
	13.1 Review of Signatures of DSA
	13.2 Focusing on the Increased Stress Levels Accompanying DSA
	13.3 Toward a Mechanistic Understanding
	13.4 Model Predictions
	13.5 Predicting the Stresses When DSA is Active
	13.6 Summary
	Appendix 13.A1 The Effect of an Incorrect Assumption on the Analysis Using Eq. 13.15
	Appendix 13.A2 The Effect of DSA on the Stage II Hardening Rate
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 14: Application of MTS Model to the Strength of Heavily Deformed Metals
	14.1 Complications Introduced at Large Deformations
	14.2 Stress Dependence of the Normalized Activation Energy goε
	14.3 Addition of Stage IV Hardening to the Evolution Law
	14.4 Grain Refinement
	14.5 Application to Large-Strain ECAP Processing of Copper
		14.5.1 Using the Torsion Curve Rather Than the Compression Curve
	14.6 Further Insight into the Strain Hardening at High Strains
	14.7 A Large-Strain Constitutive Description of Nickel
	14.8 Application to Large-Strain ECAP Processing of Nickel
	14.9 Application to Large-Strain ECAP Processing of Austenitic Stainless Steel
	14.10 Analysis of Fine-Grained Processed Tungsten
	14.11 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 15: Summary and Status of Model Development
	15.1 Analyzing the Temperature-Dependent Yield Stress
	15.2 Stress Dependence of the Normalized Activation Energy goε
	15.3 Evolution
	15.4 Temperature and Strain-Rate Dependence of Evolution (Strain Hardening)
	15.5 The Effects of Deformation Twinning
	15.6 The Signature of Dynamic Strain Aging
	15.7 Adding Insight to Deformation in Nickel-Base Superalloys
	15.8 Adding Insight to Complex Processing Routes
	15.9 Temperature Limits
	15.10 Summary
	References
Index