Fundamentals of Solar Cell Design

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Organic Solar Cells
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Classification of Solar Cells
	1.3 Solar Cell Structure
	1.4 Photovoltaic Parameters or Terminology Used in BHJOSCs
		1.4.1 Open-Circuit Voltage Voc
		1.4.2 Short-Circuit Current Jsc
		1.4.3 Incident-Photon-to-Current Efficiency (IPCE)
		1.4.4 Power Conversion Efficiency ηp (PCE)
		1.4.5 Fill Factor (FF)
	1.5 Some Basic Design Principles/Thumb Rules Associated With Organic Materials Required for BHJOSCs
	1.6 Recent Research Advances in Small-Molecule Acceptor and Polymer Donor Types
	1.7 Recent Research Advances in All Small-Molecule Acceptor and Donor Types
	1.8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
2 Plasmonic Solar Cells
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Plasmonic Nanostructure
		2.1.2 Classification of Plasmonic Nanostructures
	2.2 Principles and Working Mechanism of Plasmonic Solar Cells
		2.2.1 Working Principle
		2.2.2 Mechanism of Plasmonic Solar Cells
	2.3 Important Optical Properties
		2.3.1 Trapping of Light
		2.3.2 Scattering and Absorption of Sunlight
		2.3.3 Multiple Energy Levels
	2.4 Advancements in Plasmonic Solar Cells
		2.4.1 Direct Plasmonic Solar Cells
		2.4.2 Plasmonic-Enhanced Solar Cell
		2.4.3 Plasmonic Thin Film Solar Cells
		2.4.4 Plasmonic Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (PDSSCs)
		2.4.5 Plasmonic Photoelectrochemical Cells
		2.4.6 Plasmonic Quantum Dot (QD) Solar Cells
		2.4.7 Plasmonic Perovskite Solar Cells
		2.4.8 Plasmonic Hybrid Solar Cells
	2.5 Conclusion and Future Aspects
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 Tandem Solar Cell
	List of Abbreviations
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Review of Organic Tandem Solar Cell
	3.3 Review of Inorganic Tandem Solar Cell
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
4 Thin-Film Solar Cells
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Why Thin-Film Solar Cells?
	4.3 Amorphous Silicon
	4.4 Cadmium Telluride
	4.5 Copper Indium Diselenide Solar Cells
	4.6 Comparison Between Flexible a-Si:H, CdTe, and CIGS Cells and Applications
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5 Biohybrid Solar Cells
	Abbreviations
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Photovoltaics
	5.3 Solar Cells
		5.3.1 First-Generation
		5.3.2 Second-Generation
		5.3.3 Third-Generation
		5.3.4 Fourth-Generation
	5.4 Biohybrid Solar Cells
	5.5 Role of Photosynthesis
	5.6 Plant-Based Biohybrid Devices
		5.6.1 PS I–Based Biohybrid Devices
		5.6.2 PS II–Based Biohybrid Devices
	5.7 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
	5.8 Polymer and Semiconductors-Based Biohybrid Solar Cells
	5.9 Conclusion
	References
6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Cell Architecture and Working Mechanism
	6.3 Fabrication of Simple DSSC in Lab Scale
	6.4 Electrodes
	6.5 Counter Electrode
	6.6 Blocking Layer
	6.7 Electrolytes Used
		6.7.1 Liquid-Based Electrolytes
		6.7.2 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes
		6.7.3 Solid-State Transport Materials
	6.8 Commonly Used Natural Dyes in DSSC
		6.8.1 Chlorophyll
		6.8.2 Flavonoids
		6.8.3 Anthocyanins
		6.8.4 Carotenoids
	6.9 Calculations
		6.9.1 Power Conversion Efficiency
		6.9.2 Fill Factor
		6.9.3 Open-Circuit Voltage
		6.9.4 Short Circuit Current
		6.9.5 Determination of Energy Gap of Electrode Material Adsorbed With Natural Dye
		6.9.6 Absorption Coefficient
		6.9.7 Dye Adsorption
	6.10 Conclusion
	References
7 Characterization and Theoretical Modeling of Solar Cells
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Classification of SC
		7.2.1 Inorganic Solar Cells
		7.2.2 Organic Solar Cell
	7.3 Working Principle of DSSC
	7.4 Operation Principle of DSSC
	7.5 Photovoltaic Parameters
	7.6 Theoretical and Computational Methods
		7.6.1 Density Functional Theory (DFT)
		7.6.2 Basis Sets
		7.6.3 TDDFT Method
		7.6.4 Molecular Descriptors
		7.6.5 Force Field Parameterization for MD Simulations
		7.6.6 Excited States
		7.6.7 UV-Vis Spectroscopy
		7.6.8 Charge Transfer and Carrier Transport
		7.6.9 Coarse-Grained (CG) Simulations
		7.6.10 Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) Modeling
		7.6.11 Car-Parrinello Method
		7.6.12 Solvent Effects
		7.6.13 Global Reactivity Descriptors
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Efficient Performance Parameters for Solar Cells
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Potential, Production, and Climate of Ankara
	8.2 Solar Radiation Intensity Calculation
		8.2.1 Horizontal Superficies
		8.2.2 On Inclined Superficies, Computing Sun Irradiation Intensity
	8.3 Methodology
		8.3.1 The Solar Radiation Assessments by Correlation Models With MATLAB Simulation Software
		8.3.2 MATLAB Simulation Results and Findings
		8.3.3 For Ankara Province, the Determinants of the Most Efficiency Solar Cell With AHP Methodology
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
9 Practices to Enhance Conversion Efficiencies in Solar Cell
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Basics on Conversion Efficiency
	9.3 Approaches for Improving Conversion Efficiencies in Solar Cells
	9.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
10 Solar Cell Efficiency Energy Materials
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Solar Cell Efficiency
	10.3 Historical Development of Solar Cell Materials
	10.4 Solar Cell Materials and Efficiencies
		10.4.1 Crystalline Silicon
		10.4.2 Silicon Thin-Film Alloys
		10.4.3 III-V Semiconductors
		10.4.4 Chalcogenide
		10.4.5 Organic Materials
		10.4.6 Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials
		10.4.7 Quantum Dots
	10.5 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
11 Analytical Tools for Solar Cell
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy
		11.2.1 Application of Transient Absorption Spectroscopy in Solar Cells
	11.3 Electron Tomography
		11.3.1 Application of Electron Tomography (ET) in Solar Cells
	11.4 Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM)
		11.4.1 Application of C-AFM in Solar Cells
	11.5 Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
		11.5.1 Application of Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy for Solar Cells
	11.6 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy
		11.6.1 Application of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy in Solar Cell
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
12 Applications of Solar Cells
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 An Overview on Photovoltaic Cell
		12.2.1 History
		12.2.2 Working Principle of Solar Cell
		12.2.3 First-Generation Photovoltaic Cells: Crystalline Silicon Form
		12.2.4 Second-Generation Photovoltaic Cells: Thin-Film Solar Cells
		12.2.5 Third-Generation Photovoltaic Cells
	12.3 Applications of Solar Cells
		12.3.1 Perovskite Solar Cell
		12.3.2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
		12.3.3 Nanostructured Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells (NSIOHSCs)
		12.3.4 Polymer Solar Cells
		12.3.5 Quantum Dot Solar Cell (QDCs)
		12.3.6 Organic Solar Cells
	12.4 Conclusion and Summary
	References
13 Challenges of Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Degradation Phenomena and Stability Measures in Perovskite
		13.2.1 Thermal Stability
		13.2.2 Structural and Chemical Stability
		13.2.3 Oxygen and Moisture
		13.2.4 Visible and UV Light Exposure
	13.3 Stability-Interface Interplay
		13.3.1 Chemical Reaction at the Interface
		13.3.2 Degradation on the Top Electrode
		13.3.3 Hysteresis Phenomenon in PSC Devices
	13.4 Effect of Selective Contacts on Stability
		13.4.1 Electron-Transport Layers
		13.4.2 Hole Transport Layers
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
14 State-of-the-Art and Prospective of Solar Cells
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 State-of-the-Art of Solar Cells
		14.2.1 Production Volume
		14.2.2 Cost Breakdown
		14.2.3 Main Technologies
	14.3 Prospective of Solar Cells
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
15 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Device Architectures
		15.2.1 Conventional n-i-p Device Structure
		15.2.2 Inverted p-i-n Device Structure
	15.3 Optical Assessment
		15.3.1 Average Visible Transmittance
		15.3.2 Corresponding Color Temperature
		15.3.3 Color Rendering Index
		15.3.4 Transparency Color Perception
		15.3.5 Light Management
	15.4 Materials
		15.4.1 Photoactive Layer
		15.4.2 Charge Transport Layers (ETL and HTL)
		15.4.3 Transparent Electrode
	15.5 Applications
		15.5.1 Building-Integrated Photovoltaics
		15.5.2 Tandem Devices
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
16 Flexible Solar Cells
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Need for Solar Energy Harnessing
		16.1.2 Brief Overview of Generations of Solar Cells
		16.1.3 Limitations of Solar Cells
		16.1.4 What is Flexible Solar Cell (FSC)?
	16.2 Materials for FSCs
		16.2.1 Semiconductors
		16.2.2 Substrates
		16.2.3 Electrodes
		16.2.4 Encapsulations
	16.3 Thin-Film Deposition
		16.3.1 R2R Processing
		16.3.2 Chemical Bath Deposition
		16.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
		16.3.4 Dip Coating
		16.3.5 Spin Coating
		16.3.6 Screen Printing
	16.4 Characterizations for FSCs
		16.4.1 Material Characterization
		16.4.2 Device Characterization
	16.5 Issues in FSCs
	16.6 Performance Comparison of RSCs and FSCs
	16.7 Applications of Flexible Solar Cell
	16.8 Conclusion
	References
Index
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