Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Astrophysics

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introductory Material
	1.1 UNITS AND NOMENCLATURE
		1.1.1 Issues with Units of Electricity and Magnetism
		1.1.2 Astronomy Units
		1.1.3 Nomenclature for Atomic Ionization States
	1.2 RADIATION MEASURES
		1.2.1 Luminosity
		1.2.2 Flux
		1.2.3 Flux Density
		1.2.4 Intensity
		1.2.5 Polarization
	1.3 SKY COORDINATES
		1.3.1 Equatorial Coordinate System
		1.3.2 Galactic Coordinate System
	1.4 DOPPLER EFFECT
		1.4.1 Classical Doppler Effect
		1.4.2 Relativistic Doppler Effect
	1.5 COSMOLOGICAL REDSHIFT AND THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE
	1.6 DISTANCE AND AGE CALCULATIONS
	QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Chapter 2: Propagation of Radiation
	2.1 RADIATIVE TRANSFER
		2.1.1 Absorption of Radiation
		2.1.2 Emission of Radiation
		2.1.3 General Radiative Transfer Equation
	2.2 PROPAGATION IN AN IONIZED MEDIUM
		2.2.1 Plasma Frequency
		2.2.2 Dispersion Measure
		2.2.3 Faraday Rotation
	QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Chapter 3: Continuum Emission Processes
	3.1 RADIATION FROM ACCELERATED CHARGES
	3.2 THERMAL RADIATION
		3.2.1 Blackbody Radiation
		3.2.2 Rayleigh-Jeans Approximation
		3.2.3 Brightness Temperature
		3.2.4 Thermal Bremsstrahlung Radiation (or Free-Free Emission)
	3.3 NON-THERMAL RADIATION
		3.3.1 Cyclotron Radiation
		3.3.2 Synchrotron Radiation by a Single Relativistic Electron
		3.3.3 Radiation by an Ensemble of Relativistic Electrons
		3.3.4 Polarization of Synchrotron Radiation
		3.3.5 Optical Depth Effects: Synchrotron Self-Absorption
	QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Chapter 4: Spectral Lines
	4.1 EMISSION AND ABSORPTION LINES
		4.1.1 Einstein Coefficients
			4.1.1.1 Spontaneous Emission
			4.1.1.2 Absorption
			4.1.1.3 Stimulated Emission
			4.1.1.4 Absorption Coefficient
			4.1.1.5 Relations between the Einstein A and B Coefficients
		4.1.2 Line Broadening
		4.1.3 Spectral Line Radiative Transfer
		4.1.4 Kirchhoff’s Rules for Spectroscopy
		4.1.5 Collisional Transition Rates and Excitation Temperature
	4.2 RADIO SPECTRAL LINES
		4.2.1 21-cm Spectral Line of Atomic Hydrogen
		4.2.2 Radio Recombination Spectral Lines
		4.2.3 Molecular Rotational Spectral Lines
	QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Chapter 5: The Cold Interstellar Medium of the Milky Way
	5.1 21-CM SPECTRAL LINE OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN
		5.1.1 Observations of the 21-cm Line
		5.1.2 Rotation Curve of the Galaxy
		5.1.3 Distribution of HI in the Milky Way
		5.1.4 Absorption Lines - Warm and Cold Gas
		5.1.5 Magnetic Field
	5.2 OBSERVATIONS OF THE ROTATIONAL LINES OF MOLECULES
		5.2.1 Molecular Clouds
		5.2.2 Distribution of Molecular Clouds in the Galaxy
		5.2.3 Molecular Cloud Cores
		5.2.4 Astrochemistry
	5.3 OBSERVATIONS OF THE THERMAL EMISSION FROM DUST
		5.3.1 Dust Extinction
		5.3.2 Dust Emission
		5.3.3 Global Distribution of Dust
	QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Chapter 6: HII Regions and Planetary Nebulae at Radio Wavelengths
	6.1 HII REGIONS
		6.1.1 Ionization Structure of HII Regions
		6.1.2 The Temperature of HII Regions
		6.1.3 Time Scales of HII Regions
	6.2 RADIO EMISSION FROM HII REGIONS
		6.2.1 Bremsstrahlung Emission from HII Regions
		6.2.2 Radio Recombination Line Emission from HII Regions
		6.2.3 Gas Density and Temperature from RRLs: Non-Equilibrium Effects
	6.3 THE CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION OF HII REGIONS
		6.3.1 Classification of HII Regions
		6.3.2 Evolution of HII Regions
	6.4 PLANETARY NEBULAE
	QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Chapter 7: Radio Emission from Stellar Objects
	7.1 SOLAR RADIO EMISSION
		7.1.1 The Quiet Sun
		7.1.2 Slowly Varying Component of the Sun
		7.1.3 Radio Bursts
	7.2 RADIO EMISSION FROM STARS
		7.2.1 Thermal Radio Emission
			7.2.1.1 Main Sequence Stars
			7.2.1.2 Giant and Supergiant Stars
		7.2.2 Winds from Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars
		7.2.3 Flare Stars
	7.3 YOUNG STARS
		7.3.1 Proto-stellar Disks
		7.3.2 Thermal Radio Jets
		7.3.3 Molecular Outflows
	7.4 RADIO PULSARS
		7.4.1 Pulsar Mechanics
		7.4.2 Pulsar Emission Mechanisms
		7.4.3 Pulsar Searches
		7.4.4 Binary Pulsars
		7.4.5 Radio Pulsars as Probes of the Interstellar Medium
		7.4.6 Supernova Remnants
	QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Chapter 8: Galaxies at Radio Wavelengths
	8.1 21-CM HI OBSERVATIONS
		8.1.1 HI Mass of Galaxies
		8.1.2 Imaging HI in Galaxies
	8.2 MOLECULAR GAS IN GALAXIES
		8.2.1 Molecular Gas Mass
		8.2.2 Imaging CO in Galaxies
		8.2.3 Other Molecules in Galaxies
	8.3 RADIO CONTINUUM EMISSION FROM GALAXIES
		8.3.1 Dust Emission
		8.3.2 Long Wavelength Radio Continuum Emission
	8.4 DISTANT GALAXIES
	QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Chapter 9: Radio Galaxies and Quasars
	9.1 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI
	9.2 AGN MODEL
	9.3 MORPHOLOGIES, SIZES, AND SPECTRA OF RADIO GALAXIES AND QUASARS
		9.3.1 Synchrotron Spectrum from an Inhomogeneous Source
		9.3.2 Free-free Absorption of Synchrotron Radiation
		9.3.3 Inverse Compton Scattering and the Compton Limit
	9.4 INFERRING PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN AGN
		9.4.1 Spectral Index Maps
		9.4.2 Kinematic Studies
		9.4.3 Magnetic Field Estimates
		9.4.4 Electron Cooling Timescales and the Nature of Hot Spots in Jets
	9.5 THE CENTER OF THE MILKY WAY
	QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Chapter 10: Cosmic Microwave Background
	10.1 COSMOLOGICAL MODELS
	10.2 BLACKBODY NATURE OF THE CMB
	10.3 ANISOTROPIES IN THE CMB
	10.4 COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
	10.5 CMB POLARIZATION
	QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Appendix A: Constants and Conversions
Appendix B: Mathematica Code for Calculating Age of Universe and Distances for Given Redshift
Appendix C: Complex-Valued Wave Functions
Appendix D: Derivations of the Effects of Propagation of Radiation in Ionized Media
	D.1 BASIC EQUATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
	D.2 APPLICATIONS TO REAL MEDIA
		D.2.1 Dissipative Media
		D.2.2 The Plasma Frequency Equation
		D.2.3 Derivation of the Wave Velocity as a Function of Frequency and the Arrival Time of a Pulse
	D.3 DERIVATION OF THE ROTATION ANGLE OF POLARIZATION IN MAGNETIZED MEDIA
Appendix E: Fourier Transform
	E.1 MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION
	E.2 EXAMPLE: FOURIER TRANSFORM OF A GAUSSIAN FUNCTION
	E.3 APPLICATION TO AN ACCELERATED CHARGE
Index