Fundamentals of Psychodrama

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Methodological Fundamentals of Psychodrama
1 Introduction
	1.1 What Is Psychodrama?
	1.2 Psychodrama and Role Play
	1.3 Definition and Classification of Psychodrama
	1.4 Psychodrama as a System
2 An Overview of Psychodrama
	2.1 Getting Started
	2.2 Warm Up
	2.3 The Protagonist Play
	2.4 The Integration Phase
	2.5 Working with the Group
	2.6 Summary
	Reference
3 Basic Elements of Psychodrama
	3.1 The Stage
	3.2 The Protagonist
	3.3 The Auxiliary Ego
	3.4 The Group
	3.5 The Director
	3.6 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
4 Psychodramatic Arrangements
	4.1 Scenic Play of Real or Fictional Events
	4.2 The Vignette
	4.3 The Role Play
	4.4 Role Training
	4.5 The Future Projection
	4.6 The Empty Chair
	4.7 Systemic Constellations and Sculptures
		4.7.1 Psychodramatic Constellations
		4.7.2 Sculpture Work
	4.8 Scenic Exploration of Processes
	4.9 Scenic Miniatures
	4.10 Impromptu Play
	4.11 Playback
	4.12 The Action Sociometry
		4.12.1 Unidimensional Presentation
		4.12.2 Two-Dimensional Presentation
		4.12.3 Polar Presentation
		4.12.4 Applications of Action Sociometry
	4.13 The Spontaneity Test
	4.14 “Behind Your Back”
	4.15 The Magic Shop
	4.16 The Good Fairy
	4.17 Psychodramatic Work with Fairy Tales, Fables or Mythological Stories
	4.18 Psychodramatic Dream Analysis
	4.19 Summary
	References
5 Action Techniques in Psychodrama
	5.1 The Psychodramatic Interview
	5.2 Verbalization Techniques
	5.3 Role Reversal and Role Change
		5.3.1 The “Simple Role Reversal”
		5.3.2 Role Reversal from the Antagonist’s Role with Another Auxiliary Ego
		5.3.3 Indirect Role Reversal with a Stand-In
		5.3.4 Role Change with Auxiliary Objects and Symbols
		5.3.5 Collective Role Reversal
		5.3.6 Theoretical Background of Role Reversal
		5.3.7 Objectives and Rationale of Role Reversal
		5.3.8 Recommendations for the Application of Role Reversal
	5.4 Double
		5.4.1 Empathetic/Supportive Double
		5.4.2 The Supportive Double
		5.4.3 Exploratory Double
		5.4.4 Doubling of Self-observations
		5.4.5 Questioning Double
		5.4.6 Strengthening Double
		5.4.7 Persuasive Double
		5.4.8 Interpretive Double
		5.4.9 Paradoxical Double
		5.4.10 Divided/Multiple Doubles
		5.4.11 Advisory Double
		5.4.12 Theoretical Background of the Double
		5.4.13 Objectives and Rationale of the Doubling Technique
		5.4.14 Recommendations for the Use of the Double
	5.5 The Mirror Technique
	5.6 Personification of Metaphors
	5.7 Personification of Emotions
	5.8 Slow Motion
	5.9 Time Lapse
	5.10 Maximization
	5.11 The Freezing Technique
	5.12 Other Action Techniques in Psychodrama
	5.13 Summary
	References
6 Psychodrama in Individual Settings
	6.1 Structuring the Warm-up Phase
	6.2 Structuring the Action Phase
		6.2.1 Working with Individual Psychodramatic Elements
		6.2.2 Monodrama
		6.2.3 Psychodrama à Deux
		6.2.4 Autodrama
	6.3 Structuring the Integration Phase
	6.4 Summary
	References
7 Psychodramatic Work in Groups: Sociodrama
	7.1 An Overview of Different Types of Sociodrama
	7.2 Topic-Centered Sociodrama
	7.3 Group-Centered Sociodrama
		7.3.1 Action Sociometry in Group-Centered Sociodrama
		7.3.2 Systemic Constellations in Group-Centered Sociodrama
		7.3.3 The Impromptu Play (Stegreifspiel) in Group-Centered Sociodrama
	7.4 The Sociocultural Sociodrama
	7.5 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
Preparation and Design of Psychodramatic Processes
8 Establishing Contact, Clarification of Contract and Goal Planning
	8.1 Initial Contact and Contract Clarification
	8.2 Conception
	8.3 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
9 The Warming-up Phase
	9.1 Functions of the Warming-up Phase and Tasks of the Director
	9.2 Designing the Warming-up Phase
	9.3 Arrangements for Use in the Warming-up Phase (“Warming-up Techniques”)
	9.4 Choosing the Method and the Protagonist
	9.5 Summary
	References
10 The Action Phase
	10.1 Functions of the Action Phase
	10.2 Opening of the Stage
	10.3 Exploration of the Topic
	10.4 Clarification of the Task
		10.4.1 Fulfillment of the Task as a Success Criterion?
	10.5 Diagnostics and Intervention Planning
		10.5.1 Formulating Diagnostic Hypotheses
		10.5.2 Developing Process Objectives
		10.5.3 Developing Process Steps: The “Central Idea” of the Psychodrama Director
		10.5.4 Selection of Suitable Scenic Arrangements
	10.6 Setting up the Stage
	10.7 Casting the Auxiliary Ego Roles
	10.8 The Psychodramatic Action
		10.8.1 Entry into Psychodramatic Surplus Reality and the Psychodramatic Interview
		10.8.2 Selection of Action Techniques
		10.8.3 Basic Rules for the Psychodrama Director
			10.8.3.1 Ending and Changing the Scene
	10.9 Closing
	10.10 Summary
	References
11 The Integration Phase
	11.1 Functions of the Integration Phase and Tasks of the Director
	11.2 Sharing
	11.3 Role Feedback
	11.4 Identification Feedback
	11.5 Summary
	References
12 The Appraisal and Integration Phase
	12.1 Functions of the Appraisal and Integration Phase and Tasks of the Director
	12.2 Processing
	12.3 Analysis and Integration
	12.4 Summary
	References
Theoretical Foundations of Psychodrama
13 The Life of J. L. Moreno and the Origin of Psychodrama
	References
	Further Reading
14 Basic Theoretical Concepts of Psychodrama
	14.1 Man as a Cosmic Being: Spontaneity and Creativity
	14.2 Man as a Social Being: Tele, Encounter and the Theory of Social Networks
		14.2.1 Tele, Empathy and Transference
		14.2.2 Encounter
		14.2.3 The Social Atom and Theory of Social Networks
	14.3 Man as a Role Player: Moreno’s Role Theory
		14.3.1 Psychodrama, Sociometry and Group 	Psychotherapy—A “Triadic System”
	14.4 Surplus Reality as the Basic Principle of Psychodramatic Work
	14.5 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
15 Sociometry
	15.1 Theoretical Assumptions of Sociometry
	15.2 The Sociometric Test
	15.3 Alternatives to the Sociometric Test
	15.4 The Sociogram
	15.5 The Social Atom
	15.6 The Social Network Inventory (SNI)
	15.7 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
Interdisciplinary Topics in Working with Psychodrama
16 Emotional Trauma, Shame and “Taboo Topics”
	16.1 Working with Shame and “Taboo Topics”
	16.2 Working with Sexuality and Aggression
	16.3 Working with Emotional Abuse and Trauma
		16.3.1 Psychodramatic Trauma Processing
	16.4 Working with Clients Feeling Destabilized, Engaging in Self-destructive Behavior and/or Being at Risk of External Harm
	16.5 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
17 “Resistance” to Change
	17.1 Manifestations of Resistance
	17.2 Fundamentals of the Concept of Resistance
	17.3 Resistance in Psychodrama
	17.4 Resistance as a Multidimensional Phenomenon
	17.5 Strategies in Dealing with Resistance
	17.6 Psychodramatic Processing of Resistance
	17.7 Resistance in Groups and Non-therapeutic Fields of Work
	17.8 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
18 Group Dynamics
	18.1 What Is Group Dynamics?
	18.2 Phases of Group Development
	18.3 The Orientation Phase (“Forming”)
		18.3.1 Building Group Cohesion
		18.3.2 The Leader’s Tasks in the Orientation Phase
	18.4 The Conflict Phase (“Storming”)
		18.4.1 Conflict
		18.4.2 Power and Influence
		18.4.3 Schindler’s Rank Dynamic Position Model
		18.4.4 Stock Whitaker’s Focal Group Conflict Model
		18.4.5 Sociometry and Group Conflict
		18.4.6 The Leader’s Tasks in the Conflict Phase
	18.5 The Structuring Phase (“Norming”)
		18.5.1 Norms, Roles and Status
		18.5.2 The Leader’s Tasks in the Structuring Phase
	18.6 The Phase of Constructive Work (“Performing”)
	18.7 The Dissolution Phase (“Adjourning”)
	18.8 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
19 The Intercultural Dimension in Working with Psychodrama
	19.1 The Intercultural Dimension in Psychosocial Work
		19.1.1 Language
		19.1.2 Migration and Discriminatory Experiences in the Sociopolitical Context as Well as the “Cultural Identity”
		19.1.3 Psychotherapy/Counseling Norms
		19.1.4 Interculturality and Group Dynamics
	19.2 The Intercultural Dimension in Working with Psychodrama
	19.3 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
20 Therapeutic Factors in Psychodrama
	20.1 Outcome Variables: Empirical Findings on the Effects of Psychodrama
		20.1.1 Change in Attitude
		20.1.2 Improving Interpersonal Competence and Empathy
		20.1.3 Role Expansion
		20.1.4 Changes in the Clinical Representation
	20.2 Process Variables: Therapeutic Factors of Psychodrama
		20.2.1 Non-specific Therapeutic Factors
		20.2.2 Specific Therapeutic Factors
	20.3 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
Glossary