Fundamentals of Physics II

Cover
Half-Title
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface to the Expanded Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1. Electrostatics I
	1.1 Review of ???? = ????????
	1.2 Enter electricity
	1.3 Coulomb’s law
	1.4 Properties of charge
		1.4.1 Superposition principle
	1.5 Verifying Coulomb’s law
	1.6 The ratio of gravitational to electric forces
	1.7 Coulomb’s law for continuous charge density
2. The Electric Field
	2.1 Review of key ideas
	2.2 Digression on nuclear forces
	2.3 The electric field ????
	2.4 Visualizing the field
	2.5 Field of a dipole
		2.5.1 Far field of dipole: general case
	2.6 Response to a field
		2.6.1 Dipole in a uniform field
3. Gauss’s Law I
	3.1 Field of an infinite line charge
	3.2 Field of an infinite sheet of charge
	3.3 Spherical charge distribution: Gauss’s law
	3.4 Digression on the area vector ????????
		3.4.1 Composition of areas
		3.4.2 An application of the area vector
	3.5 Gauss’s law through pictures
		3.5.1 Continuous charge density
4. Gauss’s Law II: Applications
	4.1 Applications of Gauss’s law
	4.2 Field inside a shell
	4.3 Field of an infinite charged wire, redux
	4.4 Field of an infinite plane, redux
	4.5 Conductors
		4.5.1 Field inside a perfect conductor is zero
		4.5.2 The net charge on a conductor will reside at the surface
		4.5.3 A conductor with a hole inside
		4.5.4 Field on the surface of a conductor
5. The Coulomb Potential
	5.1 Conservative forces and potential energy
	5.2 Is the electrostatic field conservative?
	5.3 Path independence through pictures
	5.4 Potential and field of a dipole
6. Conductors and Capacitors
	6.1 Cases where computing ???? from ???? is easier
	6.2 Visualizing ????
	6.3 Equipotentials
	6.4 Method of images
		6.4.1 Proof of uniqueness (optional section)
		6.4.2 Additional properties of the potential ????(????)
	6.5 Capacitors
	6.6 Energy stored in a capacitor
	6.7 Energy of a charge distribution
7. Circuits and Currents
	7.1 Energy in the electric field
	7.2 Circuits and conductivity
	7.3 Circuits
	7.4 The battery and the emf ℰ
	7.5 The RC circuit with a battery
	7.6 Miscellaneous circuits
8. Magnetism I
	8.1 Experiments pointing to magnetism
	8.2 Examples of the Lorentz force, the cyclotron
	8.3 Lorentz force on current-carrying wires
	8.4 The magnetic dipole
	8.5 The DC motor
9. Magnetism II: Biot-Savart Law
	9.1 Practice with Biot-Savart: field of a loop
	9.2 Microscopic description of a bar magnet
	9.3 Magnetic field of an infinite wire
	9.4 Ampère’s law
	9.5 Maxwell’s equations (static case)
10. Ampère II, Faraday, and Lenz
	10.1 Field of an infinite wire, redux
	10.2 Field of a solenoid
	10.3 Faraday and Lenz
	10.4 Optional digression on Faraday’s law
11. More Faraday
	11.1 Betatron
	11.2 Generators
	11.3 Inductance
	11.4 Mutual inductance
	11.5 Self-inductance
	11.6 Energy in the magnetic field
12. AC Circuits
	12.1 Review of inductors
	12.2 The ???????? circuit
		12.2.1 Driven ???????? circuit
	12.3 The LCR circuit
		12.3.1 Review of complex numbers
		12.3.2 Solving the LCR equation
		12.3.3 Visualizing ????
	12.4 Complex form of Ohm’s law
13. LCR Circuits and Displacement Current
	13.1 Analysis of LCR results
		13.1.1 Transients and the complementary solution
	13.2 Power of the complex numbers
	13.3 Displacement current
14. Electromagnetic Waves
	14.1 The wave equation
	14.2 Restricted Maxwell equations in vacuum
		14.2.1 Maxwell equations involving infinitesimal cubes
		14.2.2 Maxwell equations involving infinitesimal loops
	14.3 The wave!
	14.4 Sinusoidal solution to the wave equation
	14.5 Energy in the electromagnetic wave
	14.6 Origin of electromagnetic waves
	14.7 Maxwell equations—the general case (optional)
		14.7.1 Maxwell equations involving infinitesimal cubes
		14.7.2 Maxwell equations involving infinitesimal loops
		14.7.3 Consequences for the restricted ???? and ????
	14.8 From microscopic to macroscopic (optional)
		14.8.1 Maxwell equations involving cubes
		14.8.2 Maxwell equations involving loops
15. Electromagnetism and Relativity
	15.1 Magnetism from Coulomb’s law and relativity
	15.2 Relativistic invariance of electrodynamics
	15.3 Review of Lorentz transformations
		15.3.1 Implications for Newtonian mechanics
	15.4 Scalar and vector fields
	15.5 The derivative operator
	15.6 Lorentz scalars and vectors
	15.7 The four-current ????
		15.7.1 Charge conservation and the four-current ????
	15.8 The four-potential ????
		15.8.1 Gauge invariance
	15.9 Wave equation for the four-vector ????
		15.9.1 Why work with ???? and ?????
	15.10 The electromagnetic tensor ℱ
		15.10.1 Tensors
		15.10.2 The electromagnetic field tensor ℱ
16. Optics I: Geometric Optics Revisited
	16.1 Geometric or ray optics
	16.2 Brief history of ????
	16.3 Some highlights of geometric optics
	16.4 The law of reflection from Fermat’s principle
	16.5 Snell’s law from Fermat’s principle
	16.6 Reflection off a curved surface by Fermat
	16.7 Elliptical mirrors and Fermat’s principle
	16.8 Parabolic mirrors
17. Optics II: More Mirrors and Lenses
	17.1 Spherical approximations to parabolic mirrors
	17.2 Image formation: geometric optics
		17.2.1 A midlife crisis
	17.3 Image formation by Fermat’s principle
	17.4 Tricky cases
		17.4.1 Fermat’s principle for virtual focal points
		17.4.2 Ray optics for virtual images
	17.5 Lenses à la Fermat
	17.6 Principle of least action
	17.7 The eye
18. Wave Theory of Light
	18.1 Interference of waves
	18.2 Adding waves using real numbers
	18.3 Adding waves with complex numbers
	18.4 Analysis of interference
	18.5 Diffraction grating
	18.6 Single-slit diffraction
	18.7 Understanding reflection and crystal diffraction
	18.8 Light incident on an oil slick
		18.8.1 Normal incidence
		18.8.2 Oblique incidence
19. Quantum Mechanics: The Main Experiment
	19.1 Double-slit experiment with light
	19.2 Trouble with Maxwell
	19.3 Digression on photons
		19.3.1 Photoelectric effect
		19.3.2 Compton effect
	19.4 Matter waves
	19.5 Photons versus electrons
	19.6 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle
		19.6.1 There are no states of well-defined position and momentum
		19.6.2 Heisenberg microscope
	19.7 Let there be light
	19.8 The wave function ????
	19.9 Collapse of the wave function
	19.10 Summary
20. The Wave Function and Its Interpretation
	20.1 Probability in classical and quantum mechanics
	20.2 Getting to know ????
	20.3 Statistical concepts: mean and uncertainty
21. Quantization and Measurement
	21.1 More on momentum states
	21.2 Single-valuedness and quantization of momentum
		21.2.1 Quantization
		21.2.2 The integral of ????ₚ(????)
	21.3 Measurement postulate: momentum
		21.3.1 An example solvable by inspection
		21.3.2 Using a normalized ????
	21.4 Finding ????(????) by computation
	21.5 More on Fourier’s theorems
	21.6 Measurement postulate: general
	21.7 More than one variable
22. States of Definite Energy
	22.1 Free particle on a ring
		22.1.1 Analysis of energy levels: degeneracy
	22.2 Thinking inside the box
		22.2.1 Particle in a well
		22.2.2 The box: an exact solution
	22.3 Energy measurement in the box
23. Scattering and Dynamics
	23.1 Quantum scattering
		23.1.1 Scattering for ???? > ????₀
		23.1.2 Scattering for ???? < ????₀
	23.2 Tunneling
	23.3 Quantum dynamics
		23.3.1 A solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation
		23.3.2 Derivation of the particular solution ????_????(????, ????)
	23.4 Special properties of the product solution
	23.5 General solution for time evolution
		23.5.1 Time evolution: a more complicated example
24. Summary and Outlook
	24.1 Postulates: first pass
	24.2 Refining the postulates
		24.2.1 Toward a compact set of postulates
		24.2.2 Eigenvalue problem
		24.2.3 The Dirac delta function and the operator ????
	24.3 Postulates: final
	24.4 Many particles, bosons, and fermions
		24.4.1 Identical versus indistinguishable
		24.4.2 Implications for atomic structure
	24.5 Energy-time uncertainty principle
	24.6 What next?
Exercises
	Problem Set 1, for Chapters 1 and 2
	Problem Set 2, for Chapters 3 and 4
	Problem Set 3, for Chapters 5 and 6
	Problem Set 4, for Chapter 7
	Problem Set 5, for Chapters 8 and 9
	Problem Set 6, for Chapter 10
	Problem Set 7, for Chapters 11, 12, and 13
	Problem Set 8, for Chapters 14 and 15
	Problem Set 9, for Chapters 16, 17, and 18
	Problem Set 10, for Chapters 19 and 20
	Problem Set 11, for Chapters 21 and 22
	Problem Set 12, for Chapters 23 and 24
Answers to Exercises
	Problem Set 1, for Chapters 1 and 2
	Problem Set 2, for Chapters 3 and 4
	Problem Set 3, for Chapters 5 and 6
	Problem Set 4, for Chapter 7
	Problem Set 5, for Chapters 8 and 9
	Problem Set 6, for Chapter 10
	Problem Set 7, for Chapters 11, 12, and 13
	Problem Set 8, for Chapters 14 and 15
	Problem Set 9, for Chapters 16, 17, and 18
	Problem Set 10, for Chapters 19 and 20
	Problem Set 11, for Chapters 21 and 22
	Problem Set 12, for Chapters 23 and 24
Constants
Index