Fundamentals of Physics, Volume 2, 12th Edition

Cover
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
21 Coulomb\'s law
	21.1 COULOMB’S LAW
		What Is Physics?
		Electric Charge
		Conductors and Insulators
		Coulomb’s Law
	21.2 CHARGE IS QUANTIZED
		Charge Is Quantized
	21.3 CHARGE IS CONSERVED
		Charge Is Conserved
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
22 Electric Fields
	22.1 THE ELECTRIC FIELD
		What Is Physics?
		The Electric Field
		Electric Field Lines
	22.2 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE
		The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge
	22.3 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A DIPOLE
		The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole
	22.4 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A LINE OF CHARGE
		The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge
	22.5 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED DISK
		The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk
	22.6 A POINT CHARGE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
		A Point Charge in an Electric Field
	22.7 A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
		A Dipole in an Electric Field
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
23 Gauss\'s Law
	23.1 ELECTRIC FLUX
		What Is Physics?
		Electric Flux
	23.2 GAUSS’ LAW
		Gauss’ Law
		Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law
	23.3 A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
		A Charged Isolated Conductor
	23.4 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: CYLINDRICAL SYMMETRY
		Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry
		Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry
	23.5 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: PLANAR SYMMETRY
		Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry
	23.6 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: SPHERICAL SYMMETRY
		Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
24 Electric Potential
	24.1 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
		What Is Physics?
		Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy
	24.2 EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES AND THE ELECTRIC FIELD
		Equipotential Surfaces
		Calculating the Potential from the Field
	24.3 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE
		Potential Due to a Charged Particle
		Potential Due to a Group of Charged Particles
	24.4 POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE
		Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
	24.5 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
		Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution
	24.6 CALCULATING THE FIELD FROM THE POTENTIAL
		Calculating the Field from the Potential
		Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles
	24.7 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF CHARGEDPARTICLES
		Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles
	24.8 POTENTIAL OF A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
		Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
25 Capacitance
	25.1 CAPACITANCE
		What Is Physics?
		Capacitance
	25.2 CALCULATING THE CAPACITANCE
		Calculating the Capacitance
	25.3 CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL AND IN SERIES
		Capacitors in Parallel and in Series
	25.4 ENERGY STORED IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
		Energy Stored in an Electric Field
	25.5 CAPACITOR WITH A DIELECTRIC
		Capacitor with a Dielectric
	25.6 DIELECTRICS AND GAUSS’ LAW
		Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law
	Review & Summary
	Problems
26 Current Resistance
	26.1 ELECTRIC CURRENT
		What Is Physics?
		Electric Current
	26.2 CURRENT DENSITY
		Current Density
	26.3 RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY
		Resistance and Resistivity
	26.4 OHM’S LAW
		Ohm’s Law
		A Microscopic View of Ohm’s Law
	26.5 POWER, SEMICONDUCTORS, SUPERCONDUCTORS
		Power in Electric Circuits
		Semiconductors
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
27 Circuits
	27.1 SINGLE-LOOP CIRCUITS
		What Is Physics?
		“Pumping” Charges
		Work, Energy, and Emf
		Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit
		Other Single-Loop Circuits
		Potential Difference Between Two Points
	27.2 MULTILOOP CIRCUITS
		Multiloop Circuits
	27.3 THE AMMETER AND THE VOLTMETER
		The Ammeter and the Voltmeter
	27.4 RC CIRCUITS
		RC Circuits
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
28 Magnetic Fields
	28.1 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND THE DEFINITION OF B
		What Is Physics?
		What Produces a Magnetic Field?
		The Definition of B→
	28.2 CROSSED FIELDS: DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON
		Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron
	28.3 CROSSED FIELDS: THE HALL EFFECT
		Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect
	28.4 A CIRCULATING CHARGED PARTICLE
		A Circulating Charged Particle
	28.5 CYCLOTRONS AND SYNCHROTRONS
		Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons
	28.6 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE
		Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
	28.7 TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP
		Torque on a Current Loop
	28.8 THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT
		The Magnetic Dipole Moment
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents
	29.1 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT
		What Is Physics?
		Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current
	29.2 FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS
		Force Between Two Parallel Currents
	29.3 AMPERE’S LAW
		Ampere’s Law
	29.4 SOLENOIDS AND TOROIDS
		Solenoids and Toroids
	29.5 A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL AS A MAGNETIC DIPOLE
		A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
30 Induction and Inductance
	30.1 FARADAY’S LAW AND LENZ’S LAW
		What Is Physics?
		Two Experiments
		Faraday’s Law of Induction
	30.2 INDUCTION AND ENERGY TRANSFERS
		Induction and Energy Transfers
	30.3 INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS
		Induced Electric Fields
	30.4 INDUCTORS AND INDUCTANCE
		Inductors and Inductance
	30.5 SELF-INDUCTION
		Self-Induction
	30.6 RL CIRCUITS
		RL Circuits
	30.7 ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
		Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
	30.8 ENERGY DENSITY OF A MAGNETIC FIELD
		Energy Density of a Magnetic Field
	30.9 MUTUAL INDUCTION
		Mutual Induction
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current
	31.1 LC OSCILLATIONS
		What Is Physics?
		LC Oscillations, Qualitatively
		The Electrical–Mechanical Analogy
		LC Oscillations, Quantitatively
	31.2 DAMPED OSCILLATIONS IN AN RLC CIRCUIT
		Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit
	31.3 FORCED OSCILLATIONS OF THREE SIMPLE CIRCUITS
		Alternating Current
		Forced Oscillations
		Three Simple Circuits
	31.4 THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
		The Series RLC Circuit
	31.5 POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS
		Power in Alternating-Current Circuits
	31.6 TRANSFORMERS
		Transformers
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
32 Maxwell\'s Equations; Magnetism of Matter
	32.1 GAUSS’ LAW FOR MAGNETIC FIELDS
		What Is Physics?
		Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields
	32.2 INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELDS
		Induced Magnetic Fields
	32.3 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
		Displacement Current
		Maxwell’s Equations
	32.4 MAGNETS
		Magnets
	32.5 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRONS
		Magnetism and Electrons
		Magnetic Materials
	32.6 DIAMAGNETISM
		Diamagnetism
	32.7 PARAMAGNETISM
		Paramagnetism
	32.8 FERROMAGNETISM
		Ferromagnetism
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
33 Electromagnetic Waves
	33.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
		What Is Physics?
		Maxwell’s Rainbow
		The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Qualitatively
		The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Quantitatively
	33.2 ENERGY TRANSPORT AND THE POYNTING VECTOR
		Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector
	33.3 RADIATION PRESSURE
		Radiation Pressure
	33.4 POLARIZATION
		Polarization
	33.5 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
		Reflection and Refraction
	33.6 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
		Total Internal Reflection
	33.7 POLARIZATION BY REFLECTION
		Polarization by Reflection
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
34 Images
	34.1 IMAGES AND PLANE MIRRORS
		What Is Physics?
		Two Types of Image
		Plane Mirrors
	34.2 SPHERICAL MIRRORS
		Spherical Mirrors
		Images from Spherical Mirrors
	34.3 SPHERICAL REFRACTING SURFACES
		Spherical Refracting Surfaces
	34.4 THIN LENSES
		Thin Lenses
	34.5 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
		Optical Instruments
	34.6 THREE PROOFS
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
35 Interference
	35.1 LIGHT AS A WAVE
		What Is Physics?
		Light as a Wave
	35.2 YOUNG’S INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT
		Diffraction
		Young’s Interference Experiment
	35.3 INTERFERENCE AND DOUBLE-SLIT INTENSITY
		Coherence
		Intensity in Double-Slit Interference
	35.4 INTERFERENCE FROM THIN FILMS
		Interference from Thin Films
	35.5 MICHELSON’S INTERFEROMETER
		Michelson’s Interferometer
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
36 Diffraction
	36.1 SINGLE-SLITDIFFRACTION
		What Is Physics?
		Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light
		Diffraction by a Single Slit: Locating the Minima
	36.2 INTENSITY IN SINGLE-SLITDIFFRACTION
		Intensity in Single-SlitDiffraction, Qualitatively
		Intensity in Single-SlitDiffraction, Quantitatively
	36.3 DIFFRACTION BY A CIRCULAR APERTURE
		Diffraction by a Circular Aperture
	36.4 DIFFRACTION BY A DOUBLE SLIT
		Diffraction by a Double Slit
	36.5 DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
		Diffraction Gratings
	36.6 GRATINGS: DISPERSION AND RESOLVING POWER
		Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power
	36.7 X-RAYDIFFRACTION
		X-RayDiffraction
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
37 Relativity
	37.1 SIMULTANEITY AND TIME DILATION
		What Is Physics?
		The Postulates
		Measuring an Event
		The Relativity of Simultaneity
		The Relativity of Time
	37.2 THE RELATIVITY OF LENGTH
		The Relativity of Length
	37.3 THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION
		The Lorentz Transformation
		Some Consequences of the Lorentz Equations
	37.4 THE RELATIVITY OF VELOCITIES
		The Relativity of Velocities
	37.5 DOPPLER EFFECT FOR LIGHT
		Doppler Effect for Light
	37.6 MOMENTUM AND ENERGY
		A New Look at Momentum
		A New Look at Energy
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
38 Photons and Matter Waves
	38.1 THE PHOTON, THE QUANTUM OF LIGHT
		What Is Physics?
		The Photon, the Quantum of Light
		The Photoelectric Effect
	38.2 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
		The Photoelectric Effect
	38.3 PHOTONS, MOMENTUM, COMPTON SCATTERING, LIGHTINTERFERENCE
		Photons Have Momentum
		Light as a Probability Wave
	38.4 THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM PHYSICS
		The Birth of Quantum Physics
	38.5 ELECTRONS AND MATTER WAVES
		Electrons and Matter Waves
	38.6 SCHRÖDINGER’S EQUATION
		Schrödinger’s Equation
	38.7 HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
		Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
	38.8 REFLECTION FROM A POTENTIAL STEP
		Reflection from a Potential Step
	38.9 TUNNELING THROUGH A POTENTIAL BARRIER
		Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
39 More About Matter Waves
	39.1 ENERGIES OF A TRAPPED ELECTRON
		What Is Physics?
		String Waves and Matter Waves
		Energies of a Trapped Electron
	39.2 WAVE FUNCTIONS OF A TRAPPED ELECTRON
		Wave Functions of a Trapped Electron
	39.3 AN ELECTRON IN A FINITE WELL
		An Electron in a Finite Well
	39.4 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON TRAPS
		More Electron Traps
		Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps
	39.5 THE HYDROGEN ATOM
		The Hydrogen Atom Is an Electron Trap
		The Bohr Model of Hydrogen, a Lucky Break
		Schrödinger’s Equation and the Hydrogen Atom
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
40 All About Atoms
	40.1 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS
		What Is Physics?
		Some Properties of Atoms
		Angular Momentum, Magnetic Dipole Moments
	40.2 THE STERN–GERLACH EXPERIMENT
		The Stern–Gerlach Experiment
	40.3 MAGNETIC RESONANCE
		Magnetic Resonance
	40.4 EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE AND MULTIPLE ELECTRONS IN A TRAP
		The Pauli Exclusion Principle
		Multiple Electrons in Rectangular Traps
	40.5 BUILDING THE PERIODIC TABLE
		Building the Periodic Table
	40.6 X RAYS AND THE ORDERING OF THE ELEMENTS
		X Rays and the Ordering of the Elements
	40.7 LASERS
		Lasers and Laser Light
		How Lasers Work
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids
	41.1 THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
		What Is Physics?
		The Electrical Properties of Solids
		Energy Levels in a Crystalline Solid
		Insulators
		Metals
	41.2 SEMICONDUCTORS AND DOPING
		Semiconductors
		Doped Semiconductors
	41.3 THE p-n JUNCTION AND THE TRANSISTOR
		The p-n Junction
		The Junction Rectifier
		The Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
		The Transistor
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
42 Nuclear Physics
	42.1 DISCOVERING THE NUCLEUS
		What Is Physics?
		Discovering the Nucleus
	42.2 SOME NUCLEAR PROPERTIES
		Some Nuclear Properties
	42.3 RADIOACTIVE DECAY
		Radioactive Decay
	42.4 ALPHA DECAY
		Alpha Decay
	42.5 BETA DECAY
		Beta Decay
	42.6 RADIOACTIVE DATING
		Radioactive Dating
	42.7 MEASURING RADIATION DOSAGE
		Measuring Radiation Dosage
	42.8 NUCLEAR MODELS
		Nuclear Models
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
43 Energy from the Nucleus
	43.1 NUCLEAR FISSION
		What Is Physics?
		Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process
		A Model for Nuclear Fission
	43.2 THE NUCLEAR REACTOR
		The Nuclear Reactor
	43.3 A NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR
		A Natural Nuclear Reactor
	43.4 THERMONUCLEAR FUSION: THE BASIC PROCESS
		Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process
	43.5 THERMONUCLEAR FUSION IN THE SUN AND OTHER STARS
		Thermonuclear Fusion in the Sun and Other Stars
	43.6 CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION
		Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
44 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang
	44.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
		What Is Physics?
		Particles, Particles, Particles
		An Interlude
	44.2 LEPTONS, HADRONS, AND STRANGENESS
		The Leptons
		The Hadrons
		Still Another Conservation Law
		The Eightfold Way
	44.3 QUARKS AND MESSENGER PARTICLES
		The Quark Model
		The Basic Forces and Messenger Particles
	44.4 COSMOLOGY
		A Pause for Reflection
		The Universe Is Expanding
		The Cosmic Background Radiation
		Dark Matter
		The Big Bang
		A Summing Up
	Review & Summary
	Questions
	Problems
Appendix A THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)*
Appendix B SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS OF PHYSICS*
Appendix C SOME ASTRONOMICAL DATA
Appendix D CONVERSION FACTORS
Appendix E MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
Appendix F PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS
Appendix G PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Answers To Checkpoints and Odd‑Numbered Questions and Problems
Index