Fundamentals of Optical Networks and Components

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author
Chapter 1 Introductory Concept
	1.1 Basic Communication Model
		1.1.1 Local Area Network
			1.1.1.1 OSI Model
			1.1.1.2 TCP/IP Protocol
		1.1.2 Wide Area Network
			1.1.2.1 Circuit Switching
			1.1.2.2 Packet Switching
			1.1.2.3 Frame Relay
			1.1.2.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
		1.1.3 VSAT Network via Satellite
		1.1.4 Integrated Services Digital Network
			1.1.4.1 Narrowband ISDN
			1.1.4.2 Broadband ISDN
	1.2 Optical Fiber Principle
		1.2.1 Optical Fiber
			1.2.1.1 Optical Transmission in Fiber
			1.2.1.2 Difference between Single- and Multimode Fibers
		1.2.2 Attenuation in Fiber
			1.2.2.1 Absorption
		1.2.3 Scattering Loss
		1.2.4 Dispersion in Fiber
		1.2.5 Nonlinearities
		1.2.6 Nonlinear Refraction
		1.2.7 Stimulated Raman Scattering
		1.2.8 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
		1.2.9 Four-Wave Mixing
	1.3 Optical Transmitters
		1.3.1 Laser Action
		1.3.2 Semiconductor Diode Laser
		1.3.3 Multiple Quantum Well Laser
		1.3.4 Tunable and Fixed Lasers
			1.3.4.1 Laser Characteristics
			1.3.4.2 Mechanically Tuned Lasers
			1.3.4.3 Acoustooptically and Electrooptically Tuned Lasers
			1.3.4.4 Injection-Current-Tuned Lasers
		1.3.5 Laser Arrays
	1.4 Optical Receivers and Filters
		1.4.1 Photodetector
			1.4.1.1 PIN Photodiode
			1.4.1.2 Avalanche Photodiode
		1.4.2 Tunable Optical Filters
			1.4.2.1 Filter Characteristics
			1.4.2.2 Etalon
			1.4.2.3 Mach–Zehnder Chain
			1.4.2.4 Acousto-optic Filters
			1.4.2.5 Electrooptic Filters
			1.4.2.6 Liquid Crystal Fabry–Perot Filters
		1.4.3 Fixed Filters
			1.4.3.1 Grating Filters
			1.4.3.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG)
			1.4.3.3 Thin-Film Interference Filters
		1.4.4 Comparison between Different Filters
	1.5 Optical Modulation
		1.5.1 Digital-to-Digital Modulation
			1.5.1.1 NRZ
			1.5.1.2 Bipolar AMI
			1.5.1.3 Pseudo Ternary AMI
			1.5.1.4 Biphase Coding
			1.5.1.5 B8ZS Code
			1.5.1.6 HDB3 Code
		1.5.2 Digital-to-Analog Modulation
		1.5.3 Analog-to-Analog Modulation
			1.5.3.1 Amplitude Modulation
			1.5.3.2 Frequency Modulation
			1.5.3.3 Phase Modulation
	Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 2 Different Optical Network Node
	2.1 Non-Reconfigurable Node
		2.1.1 Non-Reconfigurable Wavelength Router Node
		2.1.2 Arrayed Waveguide Grating-Based Node
		2.1.3 Node Architecture of a Passive-Star WDM Network
	2.2 Reconfigurable Wavelength-Routing Node
		2.2.1 Add/Drop Multiplexer-Based Reconfigurable Node in a Ring WDM Network
		2.2.2 Wavelength Convertible Node Architecture
		2.2.3 Reconfigurable Node Architecture in WDM-Based Mesh Optical Network
			2.2.3.1 Wavelength-Router–Based Reconfigurable Node
			2.2.3.2 Fully Wavelength Convertible Node Architecture of a WDM Mesh Network
		2.2.4 SONET over WDM Node Architecture for a Mesh Optical Network
		2.2.5 Transport Node of a WDM Optical Network
		2.2.6 IP over WDM Network Node Architecture
		2.2.7 Node Architecture for Multicasting Optical Network
		2.2.8 Traffic Grooming Node Architecture for an Optical Mesh Network
		2.2.9 Node Architecture of Optical Packet-Switched Network
	2.3 Network Node Based on Delivery and Coupling Switch
	2.4 Multihop Network Node Architecture
	Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 3 Devices in Optical Network Node
	3.1 Basic Components of Integrated Waveguide Devices
		3.1.1 Directional Coupler
			3.1.1.1 Coupled Mode Theory
			3.1.1.2 Power Transferred between Two Waveguides Due to Coupling
			3.1.1.3 Coupling Coefficient
		3.1.2 MMI Coupler
			3.1.2.1 Guided Mode Propagation Analysis
			3.1.2.2 Power Transferred to the Output Waveguides
		3.1.3 TMI Coupler
			3.1.3.1 Power Transferred to Output Waveguides
		3.1.4 Array Waveguide Grating
		3.1.5 MZ Active Device
			3.1.5.1 TE Polarization
	3.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexer/Demultiplexer-Based Waveguide Coupler
		3.2.1 WDM-Based TMI Coupler
	3.3 Optical Switching
		3.3.1 MZ Switch
			3.3.1.1 TOMZ Switch-Based DC
			3.3.1.2 TE Polarization
			3.3.1.3 EOMZ-Based DC
			3.3.1.4 MMI Coupler-Based MZ Switch
			3.3.1.5 TMI Coupler-Based MZ Switch
		3.3.2 X-Junction Switch
		3.3.3 DC-Based Electrooptic Switch
		3.3.4 Gate Switches
	3.4 Optical Crossconnect (OXC)
		3.4.1 Architecture-Based Crossconnect
		3.4.2 Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
	3.5 Optical ADM (OADM)
		3.5.1 Thermooptic Delay Line Structure
	3.6 SONET/SDH
		3.6.1 Transmission Formats and Speeds of SONET
		3.6.2 SONET/SDH Rings
	3.7 Optical Regenerator
		3.7.1 Optical Amplifiers
		3.7.2 Optical Amplifier Characteristics
		3.7.3 Semiconductor Laser Amplifier
		3.7.4 Doped Fiber Amplifier
		3.7.5 Raman Amplifier
	3.8 Channel Equalizers
	3.9 Wavelength Conversion
		3.9.1 Opto Electronic Wavelength Conversion
		3.9.2 Wavelength Conversion Using Coherent Effects
		3.9.3 Wavelength Conversion Using Cross Modulation
			3.9.3.1 Semiconductor Laser Based Wavelength Conversion
			3.9.3.2 All-Optical Wavelength Conversion Based on CPM in Optical Fiber
	3.10 High-Speed Silicon Photonics Transceiver
		3.10.1 Silicon Photonics Transceiver Architecture
		3.10.2 Performance
	Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 4 Processing of Integrated Waveguide Devices for Optical Network Using Different Technologies
	4.1 Fabrication and Characteristics of Silica (SiO[sub(2)])/Silicon Oxynitride (SiON)-Based Devices
		4.1.1 Deposition of Thin Film SiON Layer by Using LPCVD
		4.1.2 Deposition of SiO[sub(2)]/SiON Layer by Using PECVD
			4.1.2.1 Silicon Dioxide (SiO[sub(2)])
			4.1.2.2 Silicon Nitride
			4.1.2.3 SiON Layer
		4.1.3 Tuning of Refractive Index Using Thermooptic Effect
		4.1.4 Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Using SiO[sub(2)]/SiON Material
		4.1.5 Properties of SiO[sub(2)]/SiON
	4.2 Fabrication and Characteristics of SiO[sub(2)]/GeO[sub(2)]-SiO[sub(2)] Waveguide Material
		4.2.1 Deposition of SiO[sub(2)]/GeO[sub(2)]-SiO[sub(2)] Layer Using PECVD
		4.2.2 Deposition of SiO[sub(2)]/GeO[sub(2)]-SiO[sub(2)] Material Using Flame Hydrolysis
		4.2.3 Tuning of Refractive Index Using Thermooptic Effect
		4.2.4 Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Previous Authors Using SiO[sub(2)]/GeO[sub(2)]-SiO[sub(2)] Material
		4.2.5 Properties of SiO[sub(2)]/GeO[sub(2)]-SiO[sub(2)]
	4.3 Fabrication and Characteristics of SOI Waveguide Material
		4.3.1 Fabrication of SOI Wafer
			4.3.1.1 BESOI Processing
			4.3.1.2 SIMOX Method
		4.3.2 Device Fabricated and Demonstrated by Previous Authors Using SOI Material
		4.3.3 Properties of SOI
	4.4 Fabrication and Characteristics of Ti:LiNbO[sub(3)] Waveguide Material
		4.4.1 Processing of LiNbO[sub(3)] -Based Waveguide
			4.4.1.1 Thermal in Ti-Diffusion Method
			4.4.1.2 Proton Exchange Method
		4.4.2 Tuning of Refractive Index Using Electrooptic Effect
		4.4.3 Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Previous Authors Using LiNbO[sub(2)] Material
		4.4.4 Properties of LiNbO[sub(2)]
	4.5 Fabrication and Characteristics of InP/GaAsInP Waveguide Materials
		4.5.1 Processing of InP/InGaAsP Waveguide
			4.5.1.1 Deposition of GaAsInP and InP Layers Using MBE Growth System
			4.5.1.2 InP/GaAsInP Waveguide Fabrication
		4.5.2 Tuning of Refractive Index of InP/GaAsInP Waveguide
		4.5.3 Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Previous Authors Using InP/GaAsInP Material
		4.5.4 Properties of InP/GaAsInP
	4.6 Fabrication and Characteristics of Polymeric Waveguide Material
		4.6.1 Fabrication of Polymeric Waveguides
		4.6.2 Tuning of Refractive Index Using Thermooptic Effect
		4.6.3 Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Previous Authors Using Polymer Technology
		4.6.4 Properties of Polymeric Material
	4.7 Comparative Study of Integrated Waveguide Materials
	Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 5 Data Link Control for Optical Network
	5.1 Frame Synchronization
		5.1.1 Asynchronous Transmission
		5.1.2 Synchronous Transmission
	5.2 Flow Control
		5.2.1 Stop and Wait Flow Control
		5.2.2 Sliding Window Flow Control
	5.3 Error Detection and Control
		5.3.1 Error Detection
			5.3.1.1 Vertical and Horizontal Redundancy Check
			5.3.1.2 Cyclic Redundancy Check
		5.3.2 Error Control
			5.3.2.1 Stop and Wait ARQ
			5.3.2.2 Go-Back-N ARQ
			5.3.2.3 SREJ ARQ
	5.4 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
		5.4.1 Types of Station
		5.4.2 Types of Configurations
		5.4.3 Types of Data Transfer Modes
		5.4.4 HDLC Frame Format
		5.4.5 Operation of HDLC
			5.4.5.1 Initialization
			5.4.5.2 Data Transfer
			5.4.5.3 Disconnect
		5.4.6 Examples of HDLC Operations
	5.5 Other Link Control Protocol
		5.5.1 LAPB
		5.5.2 LAPD
		5.5.3 LLC/MAC
		5.5.4 LAPF
		5.5.5 ATM
			5.5.5.1 ATM Protocol
			5.5.5.2 ATM Logical Connections
			5.5.5.3 Transmission of ATM Cells
	Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 6 Data Communication Networks Having No Optical Transmission
	6.1 History and Background of Networking-Different Generations
	6.2 First Generation of Network
		6.2.1 Protocol Architectures
		6.2.2 Topologies
			6.2.2.1 Bus Topology
			6.2.2.2 Tree Topology
			6.2.2.3 Ring Topology
			6.2.2.4 Star Topology
			6.2.2.5 Mesh Topology
		6.2.3 Medium Access Control
			6.2.3.1 Round Robin
			6.2.3.2 Reservation
			6.2.3.3 Contention
		6.2.4 Logical Link Control
		6.2.5 Wireless LANs
			6.2.5.1 Medium Access Control (MAC)
		6.2.6 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) LAN
	Summary
	Exercise
	References
Chapter 7 Fiber-Optic Network without WDM
	7.1 Bus Topology
		7.1.1 Fasnet
		7.1.2 Expressnet
		7.1.3 Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB)
	7.2 Ring Topology: FDDI
		7.2.1 MAC Frame
		7.2.2 MAC Protocol of FDDI
	7.3 Star Topology
		7.3.1 Fibernet
		7.3.2 Fibernet-II
	7.4 Wavelength Routed Networks without WDM
	Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 8 Single-Hop and Multihop WDM Optical Networks
	8.1 Single-Hop Networks
		8.1.1 Characteristics of a Basic Single-Hop WDM Star Network
	8.2 Different Single-Hop Optical Networks
		8.2.1 SONATA
		8.2.2 LAMBDANET
		8.2.3 Rainbow
			8.2.3.1 Rainbow Protocol
			8.2.3.2 Model of Rainbow
		8.2.4 Fiber-Optic Crossconnect (FOX)-Based Single-Hop Network
		8.2.5 STARNET
		8.2.6 Other Experimental Single-Hop Systems
	8.3 Coordination Protocol for a Single-Hop System
		8.3.1 Non Pre-transmission Coordination
			8.3.1.1 Fixed Assignment
			8.3.1.2 Partial Fixed Assignment Protocols
			8.3.1.3 Random Access Protocol-I
			8.3.1.4 Random Access Protocol II
			8.3.1.5 The PAC Optical Network
		8.3.2 Pre-transmission Coordination Protocols
			8.3.2.1 Partial Random Access Protocols
			8.3.2.2 Improved Random Access Protocols
			8.3.2.3 Receiver Collision Avoidance (RCA) Protocol
			8.3.2.4 Reservation Protocols
	8.4 Multihop Optical Network
		8.4.1 Optimal Virtual Topologies Using Optimization
			8.4.1.1 Link Flow
			8.4.1.2 Delay-Based Optimization
		8.4.2 Regular Structures
			8.4.2.1 ShuffleNet
			8.4.2.2 de Bruijn Graph
			8.4.2.3 Torus (MSN)
			8.4.2.4 Hypercube
			8.4.2.5 GEMNET
	8.5 SC Multihop Systems
		8.5.1 Channel Sharing in Shuffle Net
		8.5.2 Channel Sharing in GEMNET
	Summary
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 9 Optical Access Architecture
	9.1 Performance Measures and Notation of Access Architecture
		9.1.1 Random-Access Methods
			9.1.1.1 ALOHA
			9.1.1.2 Slotted ALOHA
		9.1.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
			9.1.2.1 Non-Persistent CSMA
			9.1.2.2 Slotted Non-Persistent CSMA
			9.1.2.3 1-Persistent CSMA
			9.1.2.4 p-Persistent CSMA
		9.1.3 CSMA/CD: IEEE Standard 802.3
			9.1.3.1 Throughput Analysis for Non-Persistent CSMA/CD
			9.1.3.2 Throughput Analysis for 1-Persistent CSMA/CD
		9.1.4 Stability of CSMA and CSMA/CD
		9.1.5 Controlled-Access Schemes
			9.1.5.1 Token Ring: IEEE Standard 802.5
			9.1.5.2 Token Bus: IEEE Standard 802.4
	9.2 Optical Access Network
		9.2.1 Issues in Optical Access Architecture
	9.3 Simple Fiber-Optic Access Network Architectures
	9.4 Components of PON Technologies
		9.4.1 Optical Splitters/Couplers
		9.4.2 PON Topologies
		9.4.3 Burst-Mode Transceivers
	9.5 EPON Access Architecture
		9.5.1 Operation of EPON
	9.6 Multi-Point Control Protocol (MPCP)
		9.6.1 Discovery Processing
		9.6.2 Report Handling
		9.6.3 Gate Handling
		9.6.4 Clock Synchronization
	9.7 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) Algorithms in EPON
		9.7.1 IPACT
		9.7.2 Services
	9.8 IP-Based Services over EPON
		9.8.1 Slot-Utilization Problem
		9.8.2 Circuit Emulation (TDM over IP)
		9.8.3 Real-Time Video and VoIP
		9.8.4 Performance of CoS-Aware EPON
		9.8.5 Light-Load Penalty
	9.9 Other Types of PONs
		9.9.1 APON
		9.9.2 GFP-PON
		9.9.3 WDM-PON
			9.9.3.1 Need for WDM in PONs
			9.9.3.2 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG)-Based WDM-PON
			9.9.3.3 WDM-PON Architectures
			9.9.3.4 Scalability of WDM-PON
		9.9.4 Deployment Model of WDM-PONS
			9.9.4.1 Open Access
	Summary
	Exercises
	References
Index