Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices (Wiley Series in Display Technology)

Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 14
Series Editor’s Foreword......Page 16
Preface......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 20
1.2.1 Thermodynamic laws......Page 23
1.2.2 Boltzmann distribution......Page 24
1.2.3 Thermodynamic quantities......Page 26
1.2.4 Criteria for thermodynamic equilibrium......Page 28
1.3.1 Orientational order parameter......Page 29
1.3.2 Landau–de Gennes theory of orientational order in the nematic phase......Page 31
1.3.3 Maier–Saupe theory......Page 35
1.4.1 Elastic properties of nematic liquid crystals......Page 37
1.4.2 Elastic properties of cholesteric liquid crystals......Page 40
1.4.3 Elastic properties of smectic liquid crystals......Page 41
1.5.1 Magnetic susceptibility......Page 43
1.5.2 Dielectric permittivity and refractive index......Page 44
1.6.1 Anchoring energy......Page 52
1.6.2 Alignment layers......Page 53
Homework Problems......Page 54
References......Page 56
2.1 Electromagnetic Waves......Page 58
2.2.2 Linear polarization states......Page 61
2.2.4 Elliptical polarization states......Page 62
2.3 Propagation of Light in Uniform Anisotropic Optical Media......Page 64
2.3.1 Eigenmodes......Page 66
2.3.2 Orthogonality of eigenmodes......Page 70
2.3.3 Energy flux......Page 71
2.3.4 Special cases......Page 72
2.3.5 Polarizers......Page 74
2.4.1 Eigenmodes......Page 76
2.4.2 Reflection of cholesteric liquid crystals......Page 85
2.4.3 Lasing in cholesteric liquid crystals......Page 87
Homework Problems......Page 88
References......Page 90
3.1.1 Jones vector......Page 92
3.1.2 Jones matrix......Page 93
3.1.3 Jones matrix of non-uniform birefringent film......Page 95
3.1.4 Optical properties of twisted nematic liquid crystals......Page 96
3.2.1 Partially polarized and unpolarized light......Page 101
3.2.2 Measurement of the Stokes parameters......Page 103
3.2.3 Mueller matrix......Page 105
3.2.4 Poincare´ sphere......Page 107
3.2.5 Evolution of the polarization states on the Poincare´ sphere......Page 109
3.2.6 Mueller matrix of TN liquid crystals......Page 111
3.2.7 Mueller matrix of non-uniform birefringent film......Page 113
3.3 Berreman 4 x 4 method......Page 114
Homework Problems......Page 123
References......Page 124
4.1.1 Reorientation under dielectric interaction......Page 126
4.1.2 Field-induced orientational order......Page 127
4.2.1 Flexoelectric effect in nematic liquid crystals......Page 131
4.2.2 Flexoelectric effect in cholesteric liquid crystals......Page 135
4.3.1 Symmetry and polarization......Page 136
4.3.2 Tilt angle and polarization......Page 138
4.3.3 Surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals......Page 139
4.3.4 Electroclinic effect in chiral smectic- liquid crystals......Page 141
References......Page 143
5.1.1 One dimension and one variable......Page 146
5.1.3 Three dimensions......Page 149
5.2.1 Splay geometry......Page 150
5.2.2 Bend geometry......Page 154
5.2.3 Twist geometry......Page 156
5.2.4 Twisted nematic cell......Page 157
5.2.5 Splay geometry with weak anchoring......Page 159
5.2.6 Splay geometry with pretilt angle......Page 161
5.3 Freedericksz Transition: Dynamics......Page 162
5.3.1 Dynamics of the Freedericksz transition in twist geometry......Page 163
5.3.2 Hydrodynamics......Page 164
5.3.3 Backflow......Page 169
References......Page 174
6.2 Refractive Indices......Page 176
6.2.1 Extended Cauchy equations......Page 177
6.2.2 Three-band model......Page 178
6.2.3 Temperature effect......Page 180
6.2.4 Temperature gradient......Page 183
6.2.5 Molecular polarizabilities......Page 184
6.3 Dielectric Constants......Page 185
6.3.2 Negative (delta)epsilon LCs......Page 186
6.3.3 Dual-frequency LCs......Page 187
6.5 Elastic Constants......Page 188
6.6 Figure-of-merit (FoM)......Page 189
6.7.1 Refractive index of polymers......Page 190
6.7.2 Matching refractive index......Page 191
Homework Problems......Page 193
References......Page 194
7.1 Electric Energy of Liquid Crystals......Page 198
7.1.1 Constant charge......Page 199
7.1.2 Constant voltage......Page 200
7.1.3 Constant electric field......Page 202
7.2 Modeling the Electric Field......Page 203
7.3.1 Angle representation......Page 205
7.3.2 Vector representation......Page 209
7.3.3 Tensor representation......Page 212
References......Page 215
8.1 Introduction......Page 218
8.2.1 Voltage-dependent transmittance......Page 219
8.2.2 Film-compensated TN cells......Page 221
8.3.1 Voltage-dependent transmittance......Page 223
8.3.2 Response time......Page 225
8.3.3 Viewing angle......Page 226
8.3.4 Classification of compensation films......Page 227
8.3.5 Phase retardation of uniaxial media at oblique angles......Page 228
8.3.6 Poincare´ sphere representation......Page 229
8.3.7 Light leakage of crossed polarizers at oblique view......Page 230
8.3.8 IPS with a positive a and a positive c film......Page 235
8.3.9 IPS with a positive a and a negative a film......Page 239
8.4 VA Mode......Page 241
8.4.1 Voltage-dependent transmittance......Page 242
8.4.3 Overdrive and undershoot voltage method......Page 243
8.5 MVA Cells......Page 244
8.5.1 MVA with a positive a and a negative c film......Page 246
8.5.2 MVA with a positive a, a negative a, and a negative c film......Page 250
8.6.1 Voltage-dependent transmittance......Page 254
8.6.2 Compensation films for OCB......Page 255
Homework Problems......Page 256
References......Page 258
9.1 Introduction......Page 262
9.2 Reflective LCDs......Page 263
9.2.1 Film-compensated homogeneous cell......Page 264
9.2.2 MTN cell......Page 265
9.3 Transflector......Page 266
9.3.1 Openings-on-metal transflector......Page 267
9.3.4 Orthogonal polarization transflectors......Page 268
9.4 Classification of Transflective LCDs......Page 269
9.4.1 Absorption-type transflective LCDs......Page 270
9.4.2 Scattering-type transflective LCDs......Page 272
9.4.3 Scattering- and absorption-type transflective LCDs......Page 273
9.4.4 Reflection-type transflective LCDs......Page 274
9.4.5 Phase retardation type......Page 276
9.5 Dual-cell-gap Transflective LCDs......Page 284
9.7 Performance of Transflective LCDs......Page 286
9.7.3 Viewing angle......Page 287
References......Page 288
10.1 Segmented Displays......Page 292
10.2 Passive Matrix Displays and Drive Scheme......Page 293
10.3 Active Matrix Displays......Page 297
10.3.1 TFT structure......Page 298
10.3.2 TFT operating principles......Page 299
10.4 Bistable Ferroelectric LCDs and Drive Scheme......Page 300
10.5.2 Twisted–untwisted bistable nematic LCDs......Page 302
10.5.3 Surface-stabilized nematic LCDs......Page 307
10.6.1 Introduction......Page 309
10.6.2 Optical properties of bistable Ch reflective displays......Page 310
10.6.3 Encapsulated Ch LCDs......Page 312
10.6.4 Transition between Ch states......Page 313
10.6.5 Drive schemes for bistable Ch displays......Page 319
References......Page 322
11.2 Phase Separation......Page 326
11.2.1 Binary mixture......Page 328
11.2.2 Phase diagram and thermally induced phase separation......Page 331
11.2.3 Polymerization-induced phase separation......Page 333
11.2.4 Solvent-induced phase separation......Page 336
11.3.1 Rayleigh–Gans scattering theory......Page 338
11.4 PDLCs......Page 343
11.4.1 Liquid crystal droplet configurations in PDLCs......Page 344
11.4.2 Switching PDLCs......Page 346
11.4.3 Scattering PDLC devices......Page 349
11.4.4 Dichroic dye-doped PDLCs......Page 351
11.4.5 Holographic PDLCs......Page 352
11.5.1 Preparation of PSLCs......Page 354
11.5.2 Working modes of PSLCs......Page 355
11.6.1 Reflective displays......Page 359
11.6.2 Projection displays......Page 360
11.6.3 Transmissive direct-view displays......Page 361
Homework Problems......Page 362
References......Page 363
12.1 Introduction......Page 366
12.2 Laser Beam Steering......Page 367
12.2.1 Optical phased array......Page 368
12.2.2 Prism-based beam steering......Page 369
12.3 VOAs......Page 371
12.4 Tunable-focus Lenses......Page 374
12.4.1 Tunable-focus spherical lens......Page 375
12.4.2 Tunable-focus cylindrical lens......Page 377
12.4.3 Switchable positive and negative microlens......Page 380
12.4.4 Hermaphroditic LC microlens......Page 383
12.5.1 Double-layered homogeneous LC cells......Page 385
12.5.2 Double-layered LC gels......Page 387
Homework Problems......Page 389
References......Page 390
Index......Page 394