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دانلود کتاب Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology all 4 volumes - Brant Helms - 5th Edition
دانلود کتاب مبانی رادیولوژی تشخیصی تمام 4 جلد - برانت هلمز - ویرایش پنجم
مشخصات کتاب
Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology all 4 volumes - Brant Helms - 5th Edition
ویرایش: نویسندگان: Author(s): Jeffrey Klein MD FACR, Emily N. Vinson MD, William E. Brant MD, Clyde A. Helms MD سری: Fundamentals ISBN (شابک) : 9781496367389, 1496367383 ناشر: LWW, Year: 2018 سال نشر: 2018 تعداد صفحات: 4779 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 107 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 43,000
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توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب مبانی رادیولوژی تشخیصی تمام 4 جلد - برانت هلمز - ویرایش پنجم
شرح به عنوان عنوان اصلی Doody's برای سال 2022 انتخاب شد! نسخه پنجم کتاب مبانی رادیولوژی تشخیصی برنت و هلمز که بیش از 20 سال مورد اعتماد دستیاران رادیولوژی، کارآموزان و دانشجویان است، اطلاعات ضروری را در مورد روش های تصویربرداری فعلی و کاربرد بالینی فناوری امروزی ارائه می دهد. از نظر دامنه جامع، تمام زمینه های فوق تخصصی از جمله نور رادیولوژی، قفسه سینه، سینه، شکم، تصویربرداری اسکلتی عضلانی، اولتراسوند، تصویربرداری کودکان، تکنیک های مداخله ای و رادیولوژی هسته ای را پوشش می دهد. تصاویر تمام رنگی، محتوای به روز شده، ابزارهای جدید خودارزیابی، و منابع آنلاین پویا، این متن چهار جلدی را برای مرجع و بررسی ایده آل می کند. جدید در ویرایش پنجم: بخش‌های رادیولوژی سینه، قلب، عروق و اینترونشنال بسیار گسترش یافته است. تجربه کتابخوانی خود را افزایش دهید مستقیماً در دستگاه(های) دلخواهتان مانند رایانه، تبلت یا تلفن هوشمند بخوانید. به راحتی به کتاب صوتی تبدیل کنید و محتوای خود را با تبدیل متن به گفتار به زبان طبیعی تقویت کنید.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
Description Selected as a Doody's Core Title for 2022! Trusted by radiology residents, interns, and students for more than 20 years, Brant and Helms’ Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology, 5th Edition delivers essential information on current imaging modalities and the clinical application of today's technology. Comprehensive in scope, it covers all subspecialty areas including neuroradiology, chest, breast, abdominal, musculoskeletal imaging, ultrasound, pediatric imaging, interventional techniques, and nuclear radiology. Full-color images, updated content, new self-assessment tools, and dynamic online resources make this four-volume text ideal for reference and review. New in the 5th Edition: Greatly expanded sections on breast, cardiac, vascular, and interventional radiology. Enhance Your eBook Reading Experience Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone. Easily convert to audiobook, powering your content with natural language text-to-speech.
فهرست مطالب
Cover Section Editors Title Page Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface Contents List of Universal Abbreviations SECTION I. BASIC PRINCIPLES 1 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING METHODS CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasonography RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST AGENTS Iodinated Contrast Agents Magnetic Resonance Imaging Intravascular Contrast Agents Gastrointestinal Contrast Agents Ultrasound Intravascular Contrast Agents RADIATION RISK AND ENSURING PATIENT SAFETY RADIOLOGY REPORTING Suggested Readings SECTION II. NEURORADIOLOGY 2 INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN IMAGING LOOKING AT THE BRAIN CURRENT NEUROIMAGING OPTIONS IMAGING STRATEGY FOR COMMON CLINICAL SYNDROMES ANALYSIS OF THE ABNORMALITY Suggested Readings 3 CRANIOFACIAL TRAUMA HEAD TRAUMA Imaging Strategy Scalp Injury Skull Fractures Temporal Bone Fractures Head Injury Classification Primary Head Injury: Extra-Axial Primary Head Injury: Intra-Axial Secondary Head Injury Brainstem Injury Penetrating Trauma Predicting Outcome After Acute Head Trauma Child Abuse FACIAL TRAUMA Imaging Strategy Soft Tissue Findings Nasal Fractures Maxillary and Paranasal Sinus Fractures Orbital Trauma Fractures of the Zygoma Fractures of the Midface (Le Fort Fractures) Nasoethmoidal Fractures Mandibular Fractures References Suggested Readings 4 CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ISCHEMIC STROKE Pathophysiologic Basis for Imaging Changes Imaging Triage for Emergency Stroke Intervention Hemorrhagic Transformation of Infarction Use of Contrast in Ischemic Stroke Pattern Recognition in Ischemic Stroke Anterior (Carotid) Circulation Posterior (Vertebrobasilar) Circulation Watershed (Borderzone) Infarction Small Vessel Ischemia Venous Infarction HEMORRHAGE Imaging of Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Parenchymal Hemorrhage Primary Hemorrhage Versus Hemorrhagic Neoplasm Suggested Readings 5 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS AND TUMOR-LIKE MASSES TUMOR CLASSIFICATION CLINICAL PRESENTATION NEUROIMAGING PROTOCOL NEUROIMAGING ANALYSIS POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING FOLLOW-UP IMAGING SPECIFIC NEOPLASMS Intra-Axial Tumors: Glial Intra-Axial Tumors: Nonglial Intra-Axial Tumors: Nonneuroepithelial Extra-Axial Tumors Pineal Region Masses Sellar Region Masses Masses of Developmental Origin Suggested Readings 6 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS CONGENITAL INFECTIONS EXTRA-AXIAL INFECTIONS Subdural and Epidural Infections Meningitis PARENCHYMAL INFECTIONS Pyogenic Cerebritis and Abscess Mycobacterial Infections Fungal Infections Parasitic Infections Spirochete Infections Viral Infections Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME–RELATED INFECTIONS Suggested Readings 7 WHITE MATTER AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES DEMYELINATING DISEASES Primary Demyelination Ischemic Demyelination Infection-Related Demyelination Toxic and Metabolic Demyelination DYSMYELINATING DISEASES CEREBROSPINAL FLUID DYNAMICS NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS Suggested Readings 8 HEAD AND NECK IMAGING PARANASAL SINUSES AND NASAL CAVITY SKULL BASE Tumors of the Skull Base Temporal Bone SUPRAHYOID HEAD AND NECK Superficial Mucosal Space Parapharyngeal Space Carotid Space Parotid Space Masticator Space Retropharyngeal Space Prevertebral Space Trans-Spatial Diseases LYMPH NODES ORBIT CONGENITAL LESIONS Suggested Readings 9 SPINE IMAGING COMMON CLINICAL SYNDROMES IMAGING METHODS INFLAMMATION INFECTION Pyogenic Infections Nonpyogenic Infections NEOPLASMS Intramedullary Masses Intradural-Extramedullary Masses Extradural Masses VASCULAR DISEASES TRAUMA DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE SPINE Imaging Methods Disc Disease Disc Herniation Location SPINAL STENOSIS POSTOPERATIVE CHANGES Bony Abnormalities Suggested Readings SECTION III. CHEST 10 METHODS OF EXAMINATION, NORMAL ANATOMY, AND RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF CHEST DISEASE IMAGING MODALITIES NORMAL CHEST ANATOMY Frontal Chest Radiograph Lateral Chest Radiograph Anatomy of the Normal Mediastinum Normal Hilar Anatomy Pleural Anatomy Chest Wall Anatomy Diaphragmatic Anatomy RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CHEST DISEASE Pulmonary Opacity Pulmonary Lucency Mediastinal Masses Mediastinal Widening Pneumomediastinum and Pneumopericardium Hilar Disease Pleural Effusion Pneumothorax Localized Pleural Thickening Diffuse Pleural Thickening Pleural and Extrapleural Lesions Chest Wall Lesions Diaphragmatic Abnormalities Suggested Readings 11 MEDIASTINUM AND HILA MEDIASTINAL MASSES Anterior (Prevascular) Mediastinal Masses (Table 11.2) Middle (Visceral) Mediastinal Masses (Table 11.3) Posterior (Paravertebral) Mediastinal Masses (Table 11.5) DIFFUSE MEDIASTINAL DISEASE (TABLE 11.6) THE HILA Unilateral Hilar Enlargement/Increased Density (Table 11.8) Bilateral Hilar Enlargement Small Hila Suggested Readings 12 PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE PULMONARY EDEMA PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE AND VASCULITIS PULMONARY EMBOLISM PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION Suggested Readings 13 PULMONARY NEOPLASMS AND NEOPLASTIC-LIKE CONDITIONS THE SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE Lesions Presenting as SPNs LUNG TUMORS Lung Cancer NONEPITHELIAL LUNG TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL MASSES METASTATIC DISEASE TO THE THORAX Suggested Readings 14 PULMONARY INFECTION INFECTION IN THE NORMAL HOST Bacterial Pneumonia Viral Pneumonia Fungal Pneumonia Parasitic Infection COMPLICATIONS OF PULMONARY INFECTION INFECTION IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST Suggested Readings 15 DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE THIN-SECTION CT OF THE PULMONARY INTERSTITIUM Thin-Section CT Signs of Disease CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE Chronic Interstitial Pulmonary Edema Connective Tissue Disease Idiopathic Chronic Interstitial Pneumonias Chronic Fibrosing Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias Smoking-Related Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias Acute or Subacute Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias Rare Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias Unclassifiable Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia Other Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases INHALATIONAL DISEASE Pneumoconiosis Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES Sarcoidosis Berylliosis Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of Lung Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis EOSINOPHILIC LUNG DISEASE Idiopathic Eosinophilic Lung Disease Eosinophilic Lung Disease of Identifiable Etiology Eosinophilic Lung Disease Associated With Autoimmune Diseases DRUG-INDUCED LUNG DISEASE Specific Agents (Table 15.11) MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS References and Suggested Readings 16 AIRWAYS DISEASE AND EMPHYSEMA INTRODUCTION TRACHEA AND CENTRAL BRONCHI Congenital Tracheal and Bronchial Anomalies Focal Tracheal Disease Diffuse Tracheal Disease Tracheal and Bronchial Injury Broncholithiasis CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis Bronchiectasis Emphysema BULLOUS LUNG DISEASE SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE Suggested Readings 17 PLEURA, CHEST WALL, DIAPHRAGM, AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEST DISORDERS PLEURA Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology Pleural Effusion Bronchopleural Fistula Pneumothorax Focal Pleural Disease Diffuse Pleural Disease Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease CHEST WALL Soft Tissues The Bony Thorax DIAPHRAGM CONGENITAL LUNG DISEASE IN ADULTS TRAUMATIC LUNG DISEASE ASPIRATION RADIATION-INDUCED LUNG DISEASE Suggested Readings SECTION IV. BREAST RADIOLOGY 18 NORMAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OVERVIEW SKIN NIPPLE–AREOLAR COMPLEX SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE MILK DUCTS AND LOBULES STROMA CHEST WALL MALE BREAST LYMPHATICS BLOOD SUPPLY EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT CHANGES OVER TIME: PREGNANCY, LACTATION, AND MENOPAUSE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER Suggested Readings 19 IMAGING THE SCREENING PATIENT INTRODUCTION SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER Support for Screening Screening Guidelines TECHNICAL FACTORS IN SCREENING Mammography Physics Radiation Risk Positioning of Screening Mammography Image Quality BREAST IMPLANTS Implant Types Implant Rupture TOMOSYNTHESIS INTERPRETING THE MAMMOGRAM Maximizing Your Interpretation Breast Density THE USE OF OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES FOR BREAST CANCER SCREENING Screening Breast Ultrasound Functional Imaging CONCLUSION Suggested Readings 20 IMAGING THE DIAGNOSTIC PATIENT INTRODUCTION DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY Spot Compression Views Magnification Views True Lateral and Rolled CC Views Tomosynthesis Ultrasound EVALUATION OF THE SYMPTOMATIC PATIENT Palpable Breast Mass Breast Pain Nipple Discharge Inflammation of the Breast Paget Disease Axillary Adenopathy THE MALE BREAST ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION BREAST CANCER STAGING POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE CONCLUSION Suggested Readings 21 BREAST IMAGING REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM INTRODUCTION MAMMOGRAPHY LEXICON Breast Composition Masses Calcifications Architectural Distortion Asymmetries Associated Features ULTRASOUND LEXICON MRI LEXICON REPORTING FOLLOW-UP AND OUTCOME MONITORING Statistical Terms Medical Audit Suggested Readings 22 BREAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING INTRODUCTION TO MRI INDICATIONS Screening Extent of Disease Metastatic Disease With Suspected Breast Primary Nipple Discharge Biopsy Planning Implant Evaluation TECHNIQUE Imaging Parameters Kinetics Artifacts INTERPRETATION Background Parenchymal Enhancement and Fibroglandular Tissue Findings WORKUP OF ABNORMAL MRI RISKS OF MRI FUTURE OF MR IMAGING CONCLUSION Suggested Readings 23 IMAGE-GUIDED BREAST PROCEDURES INTRODUCTION TO BREAST BIOPSIES BREAST BIOPSY Indications Needle Types Guidance Biopsy Markers Complications Radiology–Pathology Concordance Follow-Up After Benign Biopsy LOCALIZATION Indications Localization Devices Guidance Specimen Radiograph GALACTOGRAPHY CONCLUSION Suggested Readings SECTION V. CARDIAC RADIOLOGY 24 INTRODUCTION TO CARDIAC ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES INTRODUCTION CARDIAC ANATOMY CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY IMAGING TECHNIQUES Chest Radiography Echocardiography Nuclear Imaging Cardiac CT Cardiac MRI Suggested Readings 25 CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES AND DISEASE CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY Left Main Coronary Artery Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Left Circumflex Coronary Artery Ramus Intermedius Right Coronary Artery Posterior Descending Artery Posterior Left Ventricular Branch Conus Branch Sinoatrial Nodal Branch Atrioventricular Nodal Branch CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES ABNORMALITIES IN ORIGIN Abnormalities in Origin, Benign Abnormalities in Origin, Possibly Malignant ABNORMALITIES IN COURSE Myocardial Bridging Intracavitary Course Split (Double) Coronary Artery ABNORMALITIES IN TERMINATION Coronary Fistula CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Coronary Artery Calcification Coronary Plaque and Remodeling MRI IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE MR Imaging of the Coronary Arteries MR Assessment of the Myocardium in Coronary Artery Disease TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Coronary Stents Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts CORONARY ARTERY ANEURYSM AND PSEUDOANEURYSM CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION MECHANICAL COMPLICATIONS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Suggested Readings 26 CARDIAC MASSES INTRODUCTION IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND PROTOCOLS Echocardiography Cross-Sectional Imaging BENIGN CARDIAC TUMORS MALIGNANT CARDIAC TUMORS Metastatic Disease Tumorlike Lesions Suggested Readings 27 VALVULAR DISEASE VALVE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IMAGING EVALUATION OF VALVE DISEASE Echocardiography Radiography and CT Cardiac MRI Phase-Contrast MRI Quantification of Ventricular Stroke Volume AORTIC VALVE Congenital Aortic Valve Disease Acquired Aortic Valve Disease Aortic Stenosis Aortic Regurgitation MITRAL VALVE Congenital Mitral Valve Disease Acquired Mitral Valve Disease TRICUSPID VALVE Congenital Tricuspid Valve Disease PULMONARY VALVE Pulmonary Stenosis Pulmonary Regurgitation ACQUIRED DISEASES OF MULTIPLE VALVES Infective Endocarditis Nonbacterial Endocarditis Rheumatic Heart Disease Carcinoid Valve Disease POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING VALVE SURGERY Suggested Readings 28 NONISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY FABRY DISEASE CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS LOEFFLER ENDOCARDITIS DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHIES ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY MYOCARDITIS CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS LEFT VENTRICULAR NONCOMPACTION STRESS-INDUCED (TAKOTSUBO) CARDIOMYOPATHY IRON OVERLOAD CARDIOMYOPATHY Suggested Readings 29 IMAGING OF THE PERICARDIUM ANATOMY AND NORMAL APPEARANCE ON IMAGING Pericardial Sinuses and Recesses CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PERICARDIUM Pericardial Cyst Pericardial Defect ACQUIRED PERICARDIAL DISEASES Pericardial Effusion Pericardial Tamponade INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM Acute Pericarditis Fibrous Pericarditis Constrictive Pericarditis Epipericardial Fat Pad Necrosis PERICARDIAL TUMORS Suggested Readings 30 THORACIC AORTA AORTIC ROOT ANATOMY AND VARIANTS Aortic Valve ASCENDING AORTA AORTIC ARCH ANATOMY AND VARIANTS Left Arch Variants Right Arch Variants Double Aortic Arch Cervical Aortic Arch Interrupted Aortic Arch Circumflex Aorta Descending Thoracic Aorta AORTIC COARCTATION Pseudocoarctation ATHEROMA ANEURYSM Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm Ascending Thoracic Aorta and Aortic Arch Aneurysms Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms ACUTE AORTIC SYNDROME Aortic Dissection Intramural Hematoma Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer AORTIC PSEUDOANEURYSM AORTIC FISTULAS ACUTE TRAUMATIC AORTIC INJURY POSTOPERATIVE AORTA Complications Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair AORTITIS AORTIC TUMORS CONCLUSION Suggested Readings SECTION VI. VASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY 31 MEDICATIONS IN INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY INTRODUCTION MODERATE SEDATION (TABLE 31.1) Benzodiazepines Opioids ANTIBIOTICS (TABLE 31.4) VASODILATORS AND VASOCONSTRICTORS (TABLE 31.6) Vasodilators Vasoconstrictors ANTICOAGULANTS (TABLE 31.7) Heparin Warfarin (Coumadin®) New Direct Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) ANTIPLATELETS (TABLE 31.8) Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors (NSAIDs) Thienopyridines Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors THROMBOLYTICS (TABLE 31.9) Alteplase (Activase®) Reteplase (Retavase®) Tenecteplase (TNKase®) PROTHROMBOTICS (TABLE 31.10) ADJUNCT MEDICATIONS (TABLE 31.11) Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Ondansetron (Zofran®) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®, Dramin®) Glucagon Meperidine (Demerol®) Lidocaine Suggested Readings 32A BASICS OF ANGIOGRAPHY AND ARTERIAL DISEASE – (ANGIOGRAPHY) HISTORY OF ANGIOGRAPHY THE X-RAY PHOTON ANGIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST AGENTS THE CONTRAST INJECTOR GUIDEWIRE USE AND CONSTRUCTION SELECTING THE “RIGHT” CATHETER CATHETER-BASED ARTERIOGRAPHY Suggested Readings 32B PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE INTRODUCTION RISK FACTORS PATHOGENESIS CLINICAL PRESENTATION History Physical Examination IMAGING WORKUP Vascular Doppler Ultrasound Ankle–Brachial Index and Pulse Volume Recording Computed Tomography Angiography Magnetic Resonance Angiography Digital Subtraction Angiography CLASSIFICATION OF PAD AND MEDICAL DECISION MAKING INTERVENTIONS OTHER PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISORDERS Acute Limb Ischemia Vasospasm Cystic Adventitial Disease Mönckeberg Medial Sclerosis (MMS) Buerger Disease Impingement Syndromes Inherited Disorders of the Vessel Wall Acquired Disorders of the Arterial Wall AVF/Pseudoaneurysm SUMMARY Suggested Readings 33 CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS BACKGROUND ELUCIDATING THE TYPES OF CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS Nontunneled Central Venous Catheter Tunneled Central Venous Catheter Totally Implantable Central Venous Catheters (Ports) Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter VENIPUNCTURE TECHNIQUE AND RELEVANT ANATOMY Internal Jugular Vein Approach Subclavian Vein Approach Femoral Vein Approach POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS Mechanical Complications Infection Occlusion DEVICE SELECTION Suggested Readings 34 CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE AND DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS LOWER EXTREMITY VENOUS DISEASE Introduction Anatomy SUPERFICIAL VENOUS DISEASE Pathophysiology Clinical Evaluation and Patient Selection Imaging Evaluation Treatment DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS Pathophysiology Clinical Evaluation and Patient Selection Imaging Evaluation Treatment CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE Pathophysiology Clinical Evaluation and Patient Selection Imaging Evaluation Treatment Suggested Readings 35 PULMONARY EMBOLISM INTRODUCTION PATIENT EVALUATION AND RISK STRATIFICATION MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM Management of Acute Low-Risk PE Management of Acute Massive (High-Risk) PE Management of Acute Submassive (Intermediate-Risk) PE CATHETER-DIRECTED THERAPY FOR ACUTE PE Contraindications Procedure Preparation Percutaneous Catheter-Directed Therapy for Massive PE Percutaneous Catheter-Directed Therapy for Submassive PE Postprocedural Management and Follow-Up Care IVC FILTERS Indications for IVC Filter Placement Contraindications Technique Complications Follow-Up Care Filter Retrieval SUMMARY Suggested Readings 36C GASTROINTESTINAL INTERVENTIONS MESENTERIC ANGIOGRAPHY AND INTERVENTION Anatomy GI Hemorrhage Upper GI Hemorrhage Lower GI Hemorrhage Mesenteric Ischemia Mesenteric Aneurysms Mesenteric Trauma BILIARY INTERVENTIONS Percutaneous Biliary Drainage Percutaneous Cholecystostomy PERCUTANEOUS ABSCESS DRAINAGE ENTERIC ACCESS Gastrostomy Tube Placement Gastrojejunostomy Suggested Readings 36B GENITOURINARY INTERVENTIONS UTERINE ARTERY EMBOLIZATION Adenomyosis RENAL INTERVENTIONS—PERCUTANEOUS Nephroureterostomy and Ureteral Stent RENAL INTERVENTIONS—VASCULAR Renal Artery Stenosis Renal Angiomyolipoma PROSTATE ARTERY EMBOLIZATION Suggested Readings 37A PORTAL HYPERTENSION PORTAL HYPERTENSION BACKGROUND Definition of Portal Hypertension Etiology of Portal Hypertension and Cirrhosis Complications of Portal Hypertension PORTAL VENOUS AND PORTOSYSTEMIC COLLATERAL ANATOMY Portal Venous Anatomy Gastroesophageal Varices Gastric Varices MANAGEMENT OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION AND COMPLICATIONS Portosystemic Shunt Creation TIPS Technique and Surveillance TIPS Outcomes Venous Recanalization Variceal Occlusion BRTO Technique BRTO Outcomes Ascites Drainage Partial Splenic Embolization Suggested Readings 37B INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF POST LIVER AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF LIVER AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANT SURGICAL TECHNIQUES Liver Transplantation Kidney Transplantation VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS Hepatic Inflow Renal Inflow Hepatic Outflow Renal Outflow BILIARY COMPLICATIONS Biliary Leak Biliary Obstruction URINARY COMPLICATIONS Urine Leak Urinary Obstruction EXTRINSIC COMPLICATIONS Abdominal Fluid Collections INTRINSIC COMPLICATIONS CONCLUSION Suggested Readings 38 IMAGE-GUIDED NEEDLE BIOPSIES AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE INTRODUCTION IMAGE-GUIDED NEEDLE BIOPSIES: MODALITIES AND EQUIPMENT PREPROCEDURE CLINICAL EVALUATION TECHNIQUE Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsy Computed Tomography–Guided Needle Biopsy Sampling ORGAN-BASED CONSIDERATIONS Thyroid Lung, Pleural and Anterior Mediastinal Biopsy Abdomen and Pelvis Musculoskeletal System SAMPLE ADEQUACY AND ANALYSIS CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF BIOMARKERS ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCEPTS References 39 INTERVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT OF HEPATIC MALIGNANCIES: GENERAL CONCEPTS FROM ANATOMY TO PRACTICE INTRODUCTION VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE LIVER Segmental Liver Anatomy Hepatic Arterial Anatomy and Special Considerations for Intra-Arterial Therapy INTRA-ARTERIAL THERAPIES Transarterial Chemoembolization Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE) or Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) PERCUTANEOUS THERAPIES (TABLE 39.4) Chemical Ablation Energy-Based Ablation PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSING TREATMENT RESPONSE CONCLUSION Suggested Readings SECTION VII. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 40 ABDOMEN AND PELVIS IMAGING METHODS COMPARTMENTAL ANATOMY OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS FLUID IN THE PERITONEAL CAVITY PNEUMOPERITONEUM ABDOMINAL CALCIFICATIONS ACUTE ABDOMEN SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION LARGE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION BOWEL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION ABDOMINAL TRAUMA LYMPHADENOPATHY ABDOMINOPELVIC TUMORS AND MASSES HERNIAS OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL HIV AND AIDS IN THE ABDOMEN Suggested Readings 41 LIVER, BILIARY TREE, AND GALLBLADDER LIVER Anatomy Diffuse Liver Disease Liver Masses BILIARY TREE Biliary Dilatation Gas in the Biliary Tract GALLBLADDER Suggested Readings 42 PANCREAS AND SPLEEN PANCREAS Imaging Techniques Anatomy Pancreatitis Solid Lesions of the Pancreas Cystic Lesions of the Pancreas SPLEEN Imaging Techniques Anatomy Solid Lesions of the Spleen Cystic Lesions of the Spleen Suggested Readings 43 PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS IMAGING METHODS ANATOMY NORMAL SWALLOWING AND MOTILITY MOTILITY DISORDERS OUTPOUCHINGS ESOPHAGITIS ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURE ENLARGED ESOPHAGEAL FOLDS MASS LESIONS/FILLING DEFECTS ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION AND TRAUMA Suggested Readings 44 STOMACH AND DUODENUM IMAGING METHODS ANATOMY STOMACH Helicobacter pylori Infection Gastric Mass Lesions/Filling Defects Thickened Gastric Folds/Thickened Wall Gastric Ulcers DUODENUM Duodenal Mass Lesions/Filling Defects Thickened Duodenal Folds Duodenal Ulcers and Diverticuli Duodenal Narrowing Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Suggested Readings 45 MESENTERIC SMALL BOWEL IMAGING METHODS ANATOMY SMALL BOWEL FILLING DEFECTS/MASS LESIONS MESENTERIC MASSES DIFFUSE SMALL BOWEL DISEASE SMALL BOWEL EROSIONS AND ULCERATIONS SMALL BOWEL DIVERTICULA Suggested Readings 46 COLON AND APPENDIX COLON Imaging Methods Anatomy Colon Polyps and Mass Lesions Colon Inflammatory Disease Diverticular Disease Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage APPENDIX Imaging Methods Anatomy Acute Appendicitis Mucocele of the Appendix Appendiceal Tumors Suggested Readings SECTION VIII. GENITOURINARY TRACT 47 ADRENAL GLANDS AND KIDNEYS ADRENAL GLANDS Imaging Methods Anatomy The Incidental Adrenal Mass Adrenal Endocrine Syndromes Benign Adrenal Lesions Malignant Adrenal Lesions KIDNEYS Imaging Methods Anatomy Congenital Renal Anomalies Solid Renal Masses Cystic Renal Masses Renal Cystic Disease Renal Vascular Diseases Renal Infections Renal Parenchymal Disease Nephrocalcinosis Suggested Readings 48 PELVICALYCEAL SYSTEM, URETERS, BLADDER, AND URETHRA PELVICALYCEAL SYSTEM AND URETER Imaging Methods Anatomy Congenital Anomalies Renal Stone Disease Hydronephrosis Mass or Filling Defect in Pelvicalyceal System or Ureter Stricture of Pelvicalyceal System or Ureter Papillary Cavities BLADDER Imaging Methods Anatomy and Anomalies Thickened Bladder Wall/Small Bladder Capacity Calcified Bladder Wall Bladder Wall Mass or Filling Defect Bladder Outpouchings and Fistulas Bladder Trauma URETHRA Imaging Methods Anatomy Pathology Suggested Readings 49 GENITAL TRACT—CT, MR, AND RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING FEMALE GENITAL TRACT Anatomy Congenital Anomalies Benign Conditions Gynecologic Malignancy MALE GENITAL TRACT Testes and Scrotum Prostate Seminal Vesicles Penis Suggested Readings SECTION IX. ULTRASONOGRAPHY 50 ABDOMEN ULTRASOUND PERITONEAL CAVITY RETROPERITONEUM LIVER BILE DUCTS GALLBLADDER SPLEEN PANCREAS GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT ADRENAL GLANDS KIDNEYS Suggested Readings 51 GENITAL TRACT AND BLADDER ULTRASOUND FEMALE GENITAL TRACT Uterus Ovaries and Adnexa MALE GENITAL TRACT Testes and Scrotum Prostate BLADDER Suggested Readings 52 OBSTETRIC ULTRASOUND FIRST TRIMESTER Normal Early Pregnancy Problematic Early Pregnancy Gestational Trophoblastic Disease FETAL MEASUREMENTS AND GROWTH THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT Uterus and Adnexa in Pregnancy Placenta and Membranes Amniotic Fluid Multiple Pregnancy FETAL ANOMALIES General Central Nervous System, Face, and Neck Chest and Heart Abdomen Skeleton Suggested Readings 53 CHEST, THYROID, PARATHYROID, AND NEONATAL BRAIN ULTRASOUND CHEST Pleural Space Lung Parenchyma Mediastinum THYROID Thyroid Nodules Benign Thyroid Nodules Malignant Thyroid Nodules Diffuse Thyroid Disease PARATHYROID Hyperparathyroidism NEONATAL NEUROSONOGRAPHY Hypoxic–Ischemic Brain Injury Infection Congenital Brain Abnormalities Suggested Readings 54 VASCULAR ULTRASOUND DOPPLER BASICS CAROTID ULTRASOUND ABDOMINAL VESSELS Anatomy Pathology PERIPHERAL ARTERIES VENOUS ULTRASOUND Lower Extremity Upper Extremity Suggested Readings SECTION X. MUSCULOSKELETAL RADIOLOGY 55 BENIGN LUCENT BONE LESIONS FEGNOMASHIC FIBROUS DYSPLASIA ENCHONDROMA EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA GIANT CELL TUMOR NONOSSIFYING FIBROMA OSTEOBLASTOMA METASTATIC DISEASE AND MYELOMA ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST SOLITARY BONE CYST HYPERPARATHYROIDISM (BROWN TUMORS) HEMANGIOMAS INFECTION CHONDROBLASTOMA CHONDROMYXOID FIBROMA SUMMARY DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF A SCLEROTIC LESION Suggested Readings 56 MALIGNANT BONE AND SOFT TISSUE TUMORS RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS Cortical Destruction Periostitis Orientation or Axis of the Lesion Zone of Transition Magnetic Resonance Imaging TUMORS Osteosarcoma Parosteal Osteosarcoma Ewing Sarcoma Chondrosarcoma Malignant Giant Cell Tumor Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma—Formerly Called Fibrosarcoma Desmoid Tumor Primary Lymphoma of Bone (Formerly Called Reticulum Cell Sarcoma) Metastatic Disease Myeloma Soft Tissue Tumors Suggested Readings 57 SKELETAL TRAUMA SPINE HAND AND WRIST ARM PELVIS LEG Suggested Readings 58 ARTHRITIS OSTEOARTHRITIS RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS HLA-B27 SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES CRYSTAL-INDUCED ARTHRITIS Gout Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease—CPPD) COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASES SARCOIDOSIS HEMOCHROMATOSIS NEUROPATHIC OR CHARCOT JOINT HEMOPHILIA, JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, AND PARALYSIS SYNOVIAL CHONDROMATOSIS PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS SUDECK ATROPHY JOINT EFFUSIONS AVASCULAR NECROSIS Suggested Readings 59 METABOLIC BONE DISEASE OSTEOPOROSIS OSTEOMALACIA HYPERPARATHYROIDISM HYPOPARATHYROIDISM PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND PSEUDOPSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM PITUITARY GLAND HYPERFUNCTION THYROID GLAND HYPERFUNCTION THYROID GLAND HYPOFUNCTION OSTEOSCLEROSIS Renal Osteodystrophy Sickle Cell Disease Myelofibrosis Osteopetrosis Pyknodysostosis Metastatic Carcinoma Mastocytosis Paget’s Disease Athletes Fluorosis SUMMARY Suggested Readings 60 SKELETAL “DON’T TOUCH” LESIONS POSTTRAUMATIC LESIONS NORMAL VARIANTS OBVIOUSLY BENIGN LESIONS CONCLUSION Suggested Readings 61 MISCELLANEOUS BONE LESIONS ACHONDROPLASIA AVASCULAR NECROSIS (OSTEONECROSIS) HYPERTROPHIC PULMONARY OSTEOARTHROPATHY MELORHEOSTOSIS MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES (MORQUIO, HURLER, AND HUNTER SYNDROMES) MULTIPLE HEREDITARY EXOSTOSES OSTEOID OSTEOMA OSTEOPATHIA STRIATA OSTEOPOIKILOSIS PACHYDERMOPERIOSTOSIS SARCOIDOSIS TRANSIENT OSTEOPOROSIS OF THE HIP Suggested Readings 62 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE KNEE TECHNIQUE MENISCI CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS PATELLA BONY ABNORMALITIES BURSAE Suggested Readings 63 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE SHOULDER ANATOMY ROTATOR CUFF BONY ABNORMALITIES GLENOID LABRUM BICEPS TENDON SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE ENTRAPMENT QUADRILATERAL SPACE SYNDROME PARSONAGE–TURNER SYNDROME References and Suggested Readings 64 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE TENDONS Achilles Tendon Posterior Tibial Tendon Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Peroneal Tendons AVASCULAR NECROSIS TUMORS LIGAMENTS BONY ABNORMALITIES References and Suggested Readings SECTION XI. PEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY 65 IMAGING CHILDREN—WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW WORKING WITH CHILDREN IN THE RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT RADIATION RISK SEDATION AND ANESTHESIA CONTRAST MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS MODALITY-SPECIFIC SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PEDIATRIC IMAGING Radiographs Fluoroscopy Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine MRI CT Suggested Readings 66 PEDIATRIC NEURORADIOLOGY INTRODUCTION NORMAL DEVELOPMENT ABNORMALITIES OF MIDLINE DEVELOPMENT POSTERIOR FOSSA MALFORMATIONS Dandy–Walker Continuum MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT NEONATAL ENCEPHALOPATHY Malformations Periventricular Leukomalacia Deep Nuclear Injury Diffuse and Peripheral Injury THE PHAKOMATOSES PEDIATRIC SPINE Congenital Spinal Malformations Myelomeningocele and Myelocele Lipomyelomeningocele, Lipomyelocele, and Intradural Lipoma Dorsal Dermal Sinus Caudal Regression Syndrome Myelocystocele Split Cord Malformations Tethered Cord Syndrome Syringomyelia Scoliosis Suggested Readings 67 PEDIATRIC CHEST INTRODUCTION THE PEDIATRIC CHEST RADIOGRAPH The Heart The Thymus The Lungs The Trachea THE NEONATAL CHEST Neonatal Lung Disease Airleak Support Equipment in Neonates CONGENITAL LUNG MALFORMATIONS Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation Sequestration Foregut Duplication Cysts Congenital Lobar Overinflation Other Congenital Parenchymal Abnormalities Congenital Anomalies of the Trachea and Bronchi PULMONARY INFECTION Pneumonia in Children Specific Etiologies of Pneumonia in Children Mycobacterium Tuberculosis LUNG MASSES Lung Nodules and Cysts Mediastinal Lesions CHEST WALL DIFFUSE (INTERSTITIAL) LUNG DISEASE SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE LUNG Immunodeficiencies Cystic Fibrosis Sickle Cell Disease Rheumatoid/Collagen Vascular Disease LUNG TRAUMA Pneumomediastinum Blunt Force Trauma THE UPPER AIRWAY Evaluating the Upper Airway Upper Airway Infection Bacterial Tracheitis Epiglottitis Retropharyngeal Abscess Laryngomalacia Obstructive Sleep Apnea Suggested Readings 68 CONGENITAL AND PEDIATRIC HEART DISEASE PULMONARY VASCULARITY Cardiac and Mediastinal Contours ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE WITH INCREASED PULMONARY VASCULARITY CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE WITH INCREASED PULMONARY VASCULARITY DECREASED PULMONARY VASCULARITY NORMAL PULMONARY VASCULARITY CARDIAC MALPOSITIONS SUMMARY Suggested Readings 69 ABDOMEN OBSTRUCTION—GENERAL OBSTRUCTION—CONGENITAL Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Duodenal Obstruction Small Bowel Obstruction Colonic Obstruction OBSTRUCTION—ACQUIRED Esophageal Obstruction Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Small Bowel Obstruction INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION Necrotizing Enterocolitis Appendicitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease HEPATOBILIARY Congenital Hepatobiliary Disorders GENITOURINARY Renal Fusion and Migration Anomalies Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Duplex Kidney and Collecting System Duplication Antenatal/Perinatal Hydronephrosis Febrile Urinary Tract Infection Posterior Urethral Valves Gonadal Torsion ABDOMINOPELVIC TUMORS Neuroblastoma Renal Tumors Liver Tumors Lymphoma Suggested Readings 70 PEDIATRIC MSK INTRODUCTION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMATURE SKELETON Bone Composition MR Appearance of Bone ACCIDENTAL TRAUMA Fractures Fractures Unique to Children Osteochondral Injuries Osteochondroses NONACCIDENTAL TRAUMA INFECTION Acute Osteomyelitis Septic Arthritis and Toxic Synovitis BONE LESIONS Benign Bone Lesions Malignant Bone Tumors SOFT TISSUE LESIONS Hemangiomas Fibromatosis Colli CONSTITUTIONAL DISORDERS OF BONE Skeletal Dysplasias Caffey Disease Neurofibromatosis METABOLIC BONE DISEASE Rickets Scurvy Lead Poisoning CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BONE AND JOINT DISORDERS Lower Limb Upper Limb Amniotic Band Syndrome INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Hemophilic Arthropathy Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES Sickle Cell Disease β-Thalassemia Suggested Readings SECTION XII. NUCLEAR RADIOLOGY 71A INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR MEDICINE INTRODUCTION IMAGING PRINCIPLES RADIOTHERAPY AN APPROACH TO IMAGE INTERPRETATION SECTION OVERVIEW 71B ESSENTIAL SCIENCE OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE RELEVANT ASPECTS OF RADIATION PHYSICS RADIATION SAFETY RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS IMAGING SYSTEMS AND RADIATION DETECTORS Gamma Camera Quality Control PET Scanner Quality Control Nonimaging Detector Systems Suggested Readings 72A GASTROINTESTINAL, LIVER–SPLEEN, AND HEPATOBILIARY SCINTIGRAPHY GASTROINTESTINAL STUDIES ESOPHAGEAL IMAGING GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX GASTRIC EMPTYING GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING SCINTIGRAPHY MECKEL SCAN LIVER AND SPLEEN STUDIES Liver/Spleen Scan Heat-Damaged Red Blood Cell Scan for Splenic Tissue HEPATOBILIARY IMAGING HEPATIC BLOOD POOL SCINTIGRAPHY Suggested Readings 72B PULMONARY SCINTIGRAPHY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY VENTILATION LUNG SCAN Radiopharmaceuticals Ventilation Scan Technique PERFUSION LUNG SCAN Radiopharmaceuticals Perfusion Scan Technique V/Q SCANS PULMONARY EMBOLISM V/Q Scan Interpretation Nonthromboembolic Pulmonary Disease Suggested Readings 72C SKELETAL SYSTEM SCINTIGRAPHY TECHNIQUE INTERPRETATION F-18 NaF PET-CT SYSTEMIC RADIONUCLIDE PALLIATIVE PAIN THERAPY BONE MINERAL DENSITOMETRY Suggested Readings 72D ENDOCRINE GLAND SCINTIGRAPHY THYROID Thyroid Nodules Thyroid Cancer PARATHYROID ADRENAL NEUROENDOCRINE Suggested Readings 73 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM SCINTIGRAPHY MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION SCANS Technique Radiopharmaceuticals Interpretation Positron Emission Tomography (PET) GATED BLOOD POOL SCANS Technique Interpretation RIGHT VENTRICULAR STUDIES First-Pass Function Studies First-Pass Flow Studies Suggested Readings 74 NUCLEAR BRAIN IMAGING POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AND SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY Radiopharmaceuticals: Tc-99m HMPAO, Tc-99m ECD, and F-18 FDG Interpretation CEREBRAL PERFUSION IMAGING PLANAR BRAIN IMAGING CEREBROSPINAL FLUID STUDIES Radiopharmaceuticals: In-111 DTPA, Tc-99m DTPA, and Tc-99m Pertechnetate Suggested Readings 75 SCINTIGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION GALLIUM-67 RADIOLABELED LEUKOCYTES SPECT-CT FLUORINE-18-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY CONCLUSION Suggested Readings 76 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION ONCOLOGIC PET IMAGING PET IMAGING IN INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION PITFALLS IN PET CT EMERGING TRACERS Suggested Readings INDEX
