Fundamentals of Brain and Behavior: An Introduction to Human Neuroscience

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Human Neuroscience
	Our Brain and Body Determine What We Do and Experience
		Historical Considerations in Understanding Brain and Behavior
		From Ancients to Sir Isaac Newton
			Hippocrates: Behavior and Experience Come From the Brain
			Plato: Do We Really See Reality?
			The Romans Through the Renaissance
			Descartes: Bodies of Animals and Humans Are Mechanical, But Humans Have a Mind
			The Beginning of Western Science
		1700s to the 1900s
			The Brain and Body Use Electrical Impulses
			Human Functions Can Be Localized in the Brain
			Language Is Composed of Two Processes and These Can Be Located in the Brain
			Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón Y Cajal: Visualizing the Neuron
			Hermann Helmholtz: Perception Is a Constructive Process
		The Beginning of a Scientific Psychology
			Charles Darwin: All Life On Earth Is Evolving
	Evolution of the Body and Brain
		Evolutionary Perspectives Concerning Brain and Behavior
		The Evolutionary Approach
	Development and Evolution of the Brain
2 Functioning of the Nervous System
	The Brain and Its Involvement in Behavior and Experience
		An Enchanted Loom
		Understanding the Neuron Today
		Major Neurotransmitters
		Mind the Gap
			How Is Information Passed If Action Potentials Are All Or None?
		Neural Networks
			The Brain’s Default Network
			Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks
		Hormones and the Endocrine System
	Structure of the Brain
		The Limbic System
		The Brain Stem
		The Cerebellum
		The Spinal Cord
	Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
3 Genetic Influences On Brain and Behavior
	Passing On Genes
		What Genes Do
		Functions of Genes
		How to Turn On Genes
		Overview of DNA and RNA
	From Proteins to Structure and Behavior
		Mapping the Genome
		Variations in Genes
		Epigenetic Processes
	Behavioral Genetics and Twins
4 Neuroscience Measures of Brain Structure and Function
	Neuroscience Methods for Investigating the Brain
		Electroencephalography
		Magnetoencephalography
		Positron Emission Tomography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			Diffusion Tensor Imaging
		Spatial and Temporal Resolution
	Single Area Stimulation of the Brain
		Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
	Brain Connections With the Gut and Immune System
		Immune System
		The Brain and the Microbiome
5 Basic Motivation Including Hunger and Sexuality
	Motivation
	Hunger
	How We Experience Food Is Related to Smell and Taste
		Olfaction: The Smelling Sense
		The Gustatory System: A Matter of Taste
		Experiences of Hunger and Satiety
			Hormones in the Gastrointestinal System
		Eating Pattern and Obesity
			Gender Differences in Weight
			Body Mass Index (BMI)
		Eating Disorders
			Anorexia Nervosa
			Bulimia Nervosa
			Binge-Eating Disorder
	Sexuality
		Historical Perspectives
		Sexual Activities of Americans
		Understanding Human Sexuality
			Brain Activity and Sexuality
			Sexual Arousal
			Sexual Functioning
6 Consciousness, Attention, and Sleep
	Consciousness
		Consciousness and Attention
		Levels of Consciousness
		Attention and Its Role in Consciousness
			Blindsight
			Split-brain Patients
			Conscious Awareness
			Out-of-Body Experiences
	Sleep and Dreams
		Sleep Patterns
			Sleep Changes Across the Lifespan
			Stability of Sleep Cycles
			Sleep Patterns Across Species
			Learning During Sleep
		Neuroscience Studies of Sleep
		Sleep Disorders
		Dreams
			Dreams and Neuroscience
7 Emotion and Stress
	Emotion
		Physiological Systems Involved in Emotion
	What Is Stress?
	Historical Approaches to the Study of Stress
		Physiology of Stress
			Does ‘Fight Or Flight’ Apply Equally to Males and Females?
	Social Support Research and Stress
		Social Shaping
		Uncontrollable Stress
		Trauma and PTSD
8 Visual Processes
	Vision
		The Visual System Is Sensitive to Electromagnetic Energy
		A Tour of the Eye
		Rods and Cones
		Receptive Field
		Vision and Color
			Wavelengths and Color
			Color Blindness and Color in Context
		The Eye Connects to the Brain
		Visual Processing in the Brain
			Seeing But Not Seeing
			Specific Cells Respond to Different Types of Visual Stimulation
		The Primary Visual Cortex
			Binding Problem
			Learning to See Requires Movement
			Plasticity
9 Audition, Language, and Music
	Hearing
		How the Ear Works
		Creating Sounds in the Brain
			Cochlear Implant
	Language
		Speech Processing and Vocalization in Infants
		Structure of Language
		What Is Language?
		Structure of Vocal Cords
	Language, Genes, and the Brain
		Reading
		Evolution of Language
		Language and Genes
	Music
		Nature of Music
		Hearing and Production of Music
		Music and the Brain
10 Movement and Bodily Sensation
	Movement
		Muscles and Their Action
		Spinal Cord
		Movement and the Brain
			The Basal Ganglia
			The Cerebellum
	The Skin: Interface Between External and Internal Worlds
		The Sense of Touch
		Proprioception and Internal Bodily Senses
		Understanding Pain
11 Brain Changes in Learning and Memory
	Conditioning and the Brain
		Learning as Viewed Through Ethology
		Imitation Learning and Mirror Neurons
	Understanding Memory
		H.M. and Memory
		The Temporal Dimension of Memory
			Sensory Memory
			Short-Term Memory
			Long-Term Memory
		Types of Long-Term Memory
	Memory and the Brain
		Brain Areas Involved in Memory
		Memory Disorders
12 Cognitive Functioning and Problem Solving
	Concepts and Categories
		Making Decisions
			Fast and Slow Thinking
		Behavioral Economics
	Solving Problems
		Insight Problems
			Nature of Insight
	From Problem-Solving to Measuring Intelligence
		How Do We Measure Intelligence?
		Psychometric Theories of Intelligence
		Multiple Intelligences
	Relationship of “G” to Cognitive Factors
		Intelligence and the Brain
		Brain Change With Age
			The Scottish Mental Survey Study
	Genetic Factors Associated With Intelligence
		APOE Gene and Intelligence
13 The Social Brain
	Introduction
		The Social Brain Hypothesis
		Key Components in Social Processing
		Brain Systems Involved in Social Relations
			Oxytocin and Vasopressin Involved in Social Relations
			Brain Activity in Playing Games
	Social Emotions
		Evolutionary Perspectives On Helping Others and Altruism
		Using Games to Study Cooperation
		Noncooperation
			Social Punishing
	Learning About Others and the World
		Mirror Neurons and Imitation Learning
		Theory of Mind
	Making Moral Judgments
14 Neurocognitive Disorders
	Concussion
	Epilepsy
	Mild and Major Neurocognitive Disorders
		Characteristics, Prevalence, and Diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorders
			Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer’s Disease
			Characteristics, Prevalence, and Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
			Neurofibrillary Tangles and Neuritic Plaques
			Genes and Alzheimer’s Disease
			Neuroimaging of Alzheimer’s Disease
		Other Neurocognitive Disorders
			Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
			Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder
			The Development of Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder in a Scientist and Artist
			Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Parkinson’s Disease
			Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Huntington’s Disease
		Can an Individual’s Activities Be Protective in Brain Changes?
15 Psychopathological Disorders
	Psychological Disorders
		Understanding Psychopathology
			Comorbidity, Internalizing Disorders, and Externalizing Disorders
			Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
			Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)
	Common DSM5-TR Disorders Involving Emotions Or Moods
		Anxiety Disorders
			Generalized Anxiety Disorder
			Social Anxiety Disorder
			Panic Disorder
			Agoraphobia
			Specific Phobia
			Genetic Components of Anxiety Disorders
		Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
			Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
		Mood Disorders
			Characteristics and Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
			Types and Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder
	Schizophrenia
		Positive and Negative Symptoms
			Positive Symptoms
			Negative Symptoms
		Factors in the Development of Schizophrenia
			Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
			Brain Changes Seen in Schizophrenia
16 Psychoactive Substances and Addiction
	Psychoactive Substances
		Addiction
		Major Psychoactive Substances
			Alcohol
			Cannabis
			Opioids
			Cocaine
			Amphetamines
			Hallucinogens
		Natural Drugs in the Brain
References
Index