Fundamentals of Astrophysics: Astrophysical Methods

Foreword
Preface I
Preface II
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Historical Outline
	1.1 Cosmic Awareness
	1.2 Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo
	1.3 Newton, The Universal Gravitation
	1.4 The Birth of Astrophysics
	1.5 Stellar Evolution
	1.6 Stellar Distances
	1.7 The Milky Way
	1.8 Universe of Galaxies
	1.9 New Astronomies
	1.10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
	1.11 Physical Cosmology
	1.12 Extrasolar Planets
	1.13 Conclusion
	References
Part I Gravitation
2 Newtonian Gravitation
	2.1 Kepler\'s Laws of Planetary Motions
	2.2 Derivation of the Law of Universal Gravitation
	2.3 The General Two-Body Problem
	2.4 Orbits Relative to the Sun
		2.4.1 Equations of Motion as a Function of Time
		2.4.2 Escape Velocity
		2.4.3 The Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation
		2.4.4 Hohmann Transfer Orbits
		2.4.5 Gravitational Slingshot
	2.5 Differential Effects of Gravitational Fields
		2.5.1 Tides
		2.5.2 Roche Fragmentation Limit
		2.5.3 Capture Limit
		2.5.4 Earth\'s Spin Axis Precession and Nutation
		2.5.5 Periastron Precession
	2.6 The n-Body Problem
	2.7 Poisson\'s Equation for Newtonian Gravitational Systems
	2.8 The Virial Theorem
	References
3 Relativistic Theory of Gravitation
	3.1 Introduction to the Theory of General Relativity
	3.2 Test Particle Motion in General Relativity
	3.3 The Einstein\'s Field Equations
	3.4 The Schwarzschild\'s Metric
		3.4.1 Light Cones in the Schwarzschild Geometry
		3.4.2 Time Dilation and the Gravitational Redshift
	3.5 Black Holes (Thought Experiments)
	3.6 Nonzero Rest-Mass Test Particle Motion in Schwarzschild Metric
		3.6.1 Radial Geodetic Motion
		3.6.2 Nonradial Geodetic Motion
		3.6.3 Bound Orbits, Periastron Precession
	3.7 Massless Test Particle Motion in Schwarzschild Metric
		3.7.1 Gravitational Lensing
	3.8 Kerr Black Holes
		3.8.1 Extraction of Rotational Energy from a Kerr BH
	3.9 Black Hole Formation
	3.10 Black Hole Evaporation
	3.11 Gravitational Waves
		3.11.1 Gravitational Waves and Space Distortion
		3.11.2 Sources of Gravitational Waves
	3.12 Tunnels in Spacetime
	References
Part II Matter and Radiation
4 Electromagnetic Radiation Mechanisms in Astrophysics
	4.1 Radiation Fields
	4.2 Radiative Transfer
	4.3 Atomic and Molecular Radiation Mechanisms
		4.3.1 Radiation of Atoms
		4.3.2 Model of the Atom and Line Emission
		4.3.3 Shell Model of Atoms
		4.3.4 Atomic Transitions in Excited States and Population Numbers
		4.3.5 Radiation of Molecules
		4.3.6 Spectral Continuum
		4.3.7 Blackbody Radiation
	4.4 Radiation from Free Charged Particles Interacting with Matter
		4.4.1 Radiation from Accelerated Charges
		4.4.2 Angular Distribution
		4.4.3 Spectral Distribution
	4.5 Bremsstrahlung
		4.5.1 Non-relativistic Bremsstrahlung
		4.5.2 Thermal Bremsstrahlung
		4.5.3 Relativistic Bremsstrahlung
		4.5.4 Thermal Bremsstralung Absorption
		4.5.5 Bremsstrahlung Self-absorption
	4.6 Synchrotron Radiation
		4.6.1 Single Electron Emission
		4.6.2 Synchrotron Spectrum from a Power-Law Electron Distribution
		4.6.3 Synchrotron Self-absorption
		4.6.4 Minimum Energy Principle in Synchrotron Sources
	4.7 Interactions of High-Energy Photons with Matter
		4.7.1 Photoelectric Absorption
		4.7.2 Photon Diffusion by Relativistic Electrons
		4.7.3 Synchrotron-Self-Compton (SSC) Radiation
		4.7.4 Comptonization
		4.7.5 Electron-Positron Pair Processes
	4.8 Čerenkov Radiation
	4.9 Relativistic Doppler Shift and Doppler Beaming
	References
5 Fluid Processes
	5.1 Newtonian Fluids: Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations
		5.1.1 The Vorticity Equation and Kelvin\'s Theorem
	5.2 Waves and Instabilities
		5.2.1 Acoustic Waves
		5.2.2 Convective Instability and Internal Gravity Waves
		5.2.3 Instabilities at Fluid Interfaces
		5.2.4 Jeans Instability
	5.3 Nonlinear Phenomena and Shocks
	5.4 Relativistic Fluid Equations
	5.5 Fluid Dynamics Applications for Astrophysics
		5.5.1 One-Dimensional Flows, Astrophysical Jets
		5.5.2 Spherically Symmetric Flows, Accretion and Wind
		5.5.3 Radiation Driven Winds
		5.5.4 Accretion Disks
		5.5.5 Spherically Symmetric Blast Waves
	References
6 Plasma Processes
	6.1 The Plasma State
		6.1.1 Charge Neutrality and Debye Length
		6.1.2 Plasma Frequency
		6.1.3 Electrical Conductivity
	6.2 Magnetohydrodynamics
		6.2.1 Plasma at Rest, upper V equals 0V=0
		6.2.2 Plasma in Motion, upper V not equals 0V neq0, with Negligible Magnetic Diffusivity
		6.2.3 Comments on the the Validity of a Fluid Description of Plasmas
	6.3 Magnetohydrostatics
		6.3.1 Pressure-Balanced Plasma Column
		6.3.2 Force-Free Fields
	6.4 Waves and Instabilities
		6.4.1 Hydromagnetic Waves
		6.4.2 Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Waves
		6.4.3 Kruskal-Schwarzschild Instability
		6.4.4 Linear Pinch Instability
		6.4.5 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability
		6.4.6 Magneto-rotational Instability
	6.5 Dynamo Action
	6.6 Magnetic Reconnection
	6.7 MHD Applications in Astrophysics
		6.7.1 Solar Activity
		6.7.2 Parker Instability
		6.7.3 Magnetized Rotating Compact Stars
		6.7.4 Supersonic Jets Acceleration
		6.7.5 Origin of Cosmic Magnetic Fields
	References
7 High-Energy Particle Acceleration
	7.1 Charged Particle Acceleration in Electromagnetic Fields
		7.1.1 Magnetic Moment and Magnetic Mirrors
		7.1.2 Coherent Acceleration by Large Amplitude Electromagnetic Waves
	7.2 Stochastic Acceleration Processes
		7.2.1 Fermi Acceleration Process
		7.2.2 Magnetic Pumping
		7.2.3 Stochastic Acceleration in Turbulent Plasmas
	7.3 Diffusive Acceleration in Collisionless Shock Waves
		7.3.1 Multiple Shock Acceleration
	7.4 Particle Acceleration in Reconnection Layers
	7.5 Kinetic Processes and Landau Damping
	7.6 An Upper Limit to Particle Acceleration
	References
Part III Observational Astrophysics
8 Astronomical Reference Systems
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Horizontal or Altazimuth Coordinates
	8.3 Equatorial Coordinates
	8.4 Coordinate Transformations
	8.5 Other Coordinate Systems
		8.5.1 Ecliptic Coordinates
		8.5.2 Galactic Coordinates
		8.5.3 Supergalactic Coordinates
	8.6 Perturbations and Variations of the Coordinates of Astronomical Objects
		8.6.1 Precession
		8.6.2 Nutation
		8.6.3 Parallaxes
		8.6.4 Stellar Aberration
		8.6.5 Atmospheric Refraction
	8.7 Time Coordinates
	References
9 Astronomical Instruments
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Basic Elements of Telescopes
	9.3 Image Formation in Optical Telescopes
		9.3.1 Converging Lenses
		9.3.2 Converging Mirrors
		9.3.3 Angular Resolution
		9.3.4 Atmospheric Turbulence and Scintillation; Astronomical Seeing
	9.4 Focusing Systems
		9.4.1 Refractors
		9.4.2 Reflectors
		9.4.3 Telescope Mounts
		9.4.4 Ground Telescopes
		9.4.5 Space-Based Observatories
		9.4.6 Adaptive Optics
	9.5 Interferometers
	9.6 Detectors for Optical Observations
		9.6.1 Naked Eye
		9.6.2 Photographic Plates
		9.6.3 Photomultipliers and Photometers
		9.6.4 Image Intensifiers
		9.6.5 CCD Cameras
		9.6.6 Spectrographs
	9.7 Infrared Telescopes
	9.8 Ultraviolet Telescopes
	9.9 Radiotelescopes
		9.9.1 Single Antennas
		9.9.2 Radiointerferometers
	9.10 Submillimeter, Millimeter and Microwave Telescopes
		9.10.1 Submillimeters and Millimeters
		9.10.2 Microwaves
	9.11 X-Ray Telescopes
		9.11.1 Detectors
		9.11.2 X-Ray Space Missions
	9.12 Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Telescopes
		9.12.1 Non-focusing Telescopes for High-Energy Photons
		9.12.2 Detectors
		9.12.3 Gamma-Ray Space Missions
		9.12.4 ModifyingAbove upper C With breveerenkov Observatories
	9.13 Neutrino Telescopes
	9.14 Gravitational Wave Telescopes
		9.14.1 Resonant Antennas
		9.14.2 Interferometers
	9.15 Cosmic Ray Telescopes
		9.15.1 Detectors
	9.16 Overview
	References
10 Elements of Photometry and Spectroscopy
	10.1 Radiation Fields Measured at Telescopes
	10.2 Elements of Photometry
		10.2.1 Thermal Sources
		10.2.2 Stellar Magnitudes
		10.2.3 Photometric Systems
		10.2.4 Color Index
		10.2.5 Interstellar Extinction
		10.2.6 Color Excess
		10.2.7 Atmospheric Extinction
		10.2.8 Photometry in Other Electromagnetic Bands
	10.3 Elements of Spectroscopy
	10.4 Spectral Lines
		10.4.1 Spectral Line Formation
		10.4.2 Line Broadening
		10.4.3 Curve of Growth
		10.4.4 Doppler Shift
	10.5 Stellar Spectra, the Harvard Classification
		10.5.1 The Yerkes Classification
	10.6 Stellar Atmospheres
	10.7 Nebular Spectra
	References
11 Observable Physical Parameters of Cosmic Objects
	11.1 Distances and the Size of the Observable Universe
		11.1.1 Trigonometric Methods
		11.1.2 Spectroscopic Methods, Distance Indicators
		11.1.3 Cosmological Distances: The Hubble\'s Law and the Expansion of the Universe
		11.1.4 The Distance Ladder
	11.2 Physical Observables of Stars
		11.2.1 Luminosities and Temperatures
		11.2.2 Masses
		11.2.3 Radii
	11.3 Physical Observables of Galaxies
		11.3.1 The Milky Way
		11.3.2 External Galaxies
		11.3.3 Sizes
		11.3.4 Luminosities
		11.3.5 Masses
	11.4 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
	11.5 Cosmic Electromagnetic Spectrum
	11.6 Cosmic Non-electromagnetic Radiations: Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos
	11.7 Cosmic Non-electromagnetic Radiations: Gravitational Signals
	11.8 Epilogue
	References
Index