Fundamental Neuroscience, Third Edition

FUNDAMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Short Contents......Page 6
Full Contents......Page 8
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 16
About The Editors......Page 18
Contributors......Page 20
SECTION I: NEUROSCIENCE......Page 22
THE TERMINOLOGY OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS IS HIERARCHICAL, DISTRIBUTED, DESCRIPTIVE, AND HISTORICALLY BASED......Page 24
NEURONS AND GLIA ARE CELLULAR BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 25
THE OPERATIVE PROCESSES OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE ALSO HIERARCHICAL......Page 26
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN......Page 27
ORGANIZATION OF THIS TEXT......Page 28
CLINICAL ISSUES IN THE NEUROSCIENCES......Page 29
THE GENOMIC INVENTORY IS A GIANT STEP FORWARD......Page 30
THE CREATION OF KNOWLEDGE......Page 31
RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT......Page 32
References......Page 34
EVOLUTION HIGHLIGHTS: GENERAL ORGANIZING PRINCIPLES......Page 36
DEVELOPMENT REVEALS BASIC VERTEBRATE PARTS......Page 43
THE BASIC PLAN OF NERVOUS SYSTEM CONNECTIVITY......Page 48
OVERVIEW OF THE ADULT MAMMALIAN NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 52
References......Page 58
Suggested Readings......Page 59
SECTION II: CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE......Page 60
NEURONS......Page 62
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT NEURONAL TYPES......Page 66
NEUROGLIA......Page 68
CEREBRAL VASCULATURE......Page 75
References......Page 78
Suggested Readings......Page 79
AXONS AND DENDRITES: UNIQUE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF NEURONS......Page 80
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN NERVOUS TISSUE......Page 84
CYTOSKELETONS OF NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS......Page 91
MOLECULAR MOTORS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 98
BUILDING AND MAINTAINING NERVOUS SYSTEM CELLS......Page 101
References......Page 106
TOWARD A THEORY OF NEURONAL INFORMATION PROCESSING......Page 108
SPREAD OF STEADY-STATE SIGNALS......Page 109
SPREAD OF TRANSIENT SIGNALS......Page 114
ELECTROTONIC PROPERTIES UNDERLYING PROPAGATION IN AXONS......Page 116
ELECTROTONIC SPREAD IN DENDRITES......Page 119
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF PASSIVE ELECTROTONIC STRUCTURE......Page 122
RELATING PASSIVE TO ACTIVE POTENTIALS......Page 127
References......Page 129
CHAPTER  6: Membrane Potential and Action Potential......Page 132
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL......Page 133
ACTION POTENTIAL......Page 138
References......Page 152
Suggested Readings......Page 153
SEVERAL MODES OF NEURONAL COMMUNICATION EXIST......Page 154
CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION......Page 155
CLASSICAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS......Page 157
NONCLASSICAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS......Page 168
PEPTIDE TRANSMITTERS......Page 169
UNCONVENTIONAL TRANSMITTERS......Page 170
References......Page 175
TRANSMITTER RELEASE IS QUANTAL......Page 178
EXCITATION–SECRETION COUPLING......Page 181
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE NERVE TERMINAL......Page 184
QUANTAL ANALYSIS: PROBING SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY......Page 194
SHORT-TERM SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY......Page 197
Suggested Readings......Page 201
IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS......Page 202
G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS......Page 214
References......Page 224
SIGNALING THROUGH G-PROTEIN-LINKED RECEPTORS......Page 226
MODULATION OF NEURONAL FUNCTION BY PROTEIN KINASES AND PHOSPHATASES......Page 235
INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING AFFECTS NUCLEAR GENE EXPRESSION......Page 243
Suggested Readings......Page 247
IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS: MEDIATORS OF FAST EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS......Page 248
METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS: MEDIATORS OF SLOW SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS......Page 260
INTEGRATION OF SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS......Page 263
Suggested Readings......Page 266
STRATEGIES FOR STUDYING COMPLEX DENDRITES......Page 268
BUILDING PRINCIPLES STEP BY STEP......Page 269
AN AXON PLACES CONSTRAINTS ON DENDRITIC PROCESSING......Page 270
DENDRODENDRITIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AXONAL CELLS......Page 271
PASSIVE DENDRITIC TREES CAN PERFORM COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS......Page 272
SEPARATION OF DENDRITIC FIELDS ENHANCES COMPLEX INFORMATION PROCESSING......Page 273
DISTAL DENDRITES CAN BE CLOSELY LINKED TO AXONAL OUTPUT......Page 274
DEPOLARIZING AND HYPERPOLARIZING DENDRITIC CONDUCTANCES INTERACT DYNAMICALLY......Page 276
MULTIPLE IMPULSE INITIATION SITES ARE UNDER DYNAMIC CONTROL......Page 277
RETROGRADE IMPULSE SPREAD INTO DENDRITES CAN HAVE MANY FUNCTIONS......Page 279
EXAMPLES OF HOW VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNELS ENHANCE DENDRITIC INFORMATION PROCESSING......Page 282
DENDRITIC SPINES ARE MULTIFUNCTIONAL MICROINTEGRATIVE UNITS......Page 284
SUMMARY: THE DENDRITIC TREE AS A COMPLEX INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM......Page 287
References......Page 289
ENERGY METABOLISM OF THE BRAIN AS A WHOLE ORGAN......Page 292
TIGHT COUPLING OF NEURONAL ACTIVITY, BLOOD FLOW, AND ENERGY METABOLISM......Page 295
ENERGY-PRODUCING AND ENERGY-CONSUMING PROCESSES IN THE BRAIN......Page 298
BRAIN ENERGY METABOLISM AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL......Page 303
GLUTAMATE AND NITROGEN METABOLISM: A COORDINATED SHUTTLE BETWEEN ASTROCYTES AND NEURONS......Page 310
References......Page 313
SECTION III: NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT......Page 316
NEURAL INDUCTION......Page 318
EARLY NEURAL PATTERNING......Page 324
REGIONALIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 328
CONCLUSIONS......Page 339
References......Page 340
ORIGINS AND GENERATION OF NEURONAL PROGENITORS......Page 342
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL COORDINATES OF NEURONAL SPECIFICATION......Page 344
THE PRONEURAL AND NEUROGENIC GENES......Page 347
ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION AND CELL FATE......Page 349
SENSORY NEURONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 351
THE RETINA: A COLLABORATION OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC CUES......Page 357
COMBINATORIAL CODING IN MOTOR NEURONS DETERMINATION......Page 363
CELLS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX......Page 365
References......Page 369
INTRODUCTION......Page 372
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 373
CELL MIGRATION IN THE CNS......Page 382
References......Page 393
Suggested Readings......Page 396
GROWTH CONES ARE ACTIVELY GUIDED......Page 398
GUIDANCE CUES FOR DEVELOPING AXONS......Page 401
GUIDANCE CUES AND THE CONTROL OF CYTOSKELETAL DYNAMICS......Page 412
GUIDANCE AT THE MIDLINE: CHANGING RESPONSES TO MULTIPLE CUES......Page 416
References......Page 420
TARGET SELECTION......Page 422
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPSE......Page 437
SYNAPSE FORMATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 447
References......Page 455
Suggested Readings......Page 456
CHAPTER 19: Programmed Cell Death and Neurotrophic Factors......Page 458
THE ORIGINS OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH AND ITS WIDESPREAD OCCURRENCE IN THE DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 459
FUNCTIONS OF NEURONAL PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH......Page 465
MODES OF CELL DEATH IN DEVELOPING NEURONS......Page 466
THE MODE OF NEURONAL CELL DEATH REFLECTS THE ACTIVATION OF DISTINCT BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS......Page 468
NERVE GROWTH FACTOR: THE PROTOTYPE TARGET-DERIVED NEURONAL SURVIVAL FACTOR......Page 471
THE NEUROTROPHIN FAMILY......Page 473
NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTORS......Page 474
SECRETION AND AXONAL TRANSPORT OF NEUROTROPHINS AND PRO-NEUROTROPHINS......Page 476
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION THROUGH TRK RECEPTORS......Page 478
CYTOKINES AND GROWTH FACTORS HAVE MULTIPLE ACTIVITIES......Page 479
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IS REGULATED BY INTERACTIONS WITH TARGETS, AFFERENTS, AND NONNEURONAL CELLS......Page 484
THE ROLE OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN NEUROPATHOLOGY......Page 485
References......Page 487
Suggested Readings......Page 488
OVERVIEW......Page 490
THE PURPOSE OF SYNAPSE ELIMINATION......Page 493
A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SYNAPSE ELIMINATION AT THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION......Page 496
A ROLE FOR INTERAXONAL COMPETITION AND ACTIVITY......Page 499
SUMMARY......Page 509
References......Page 510
DYNAMICS OF DENDRITIC ARBOR DEVELOPMENT......Page 512
GENETIC CONTROL OF DENDRITE DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA......Page 513
EXTRACELLULAR REGULATION OF DENDRITIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN......Page 517
EFFECT OF EXPERIENCE ON DENDRITIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 525
MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT DENDRITIC GROWTH......Page 528
CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE......Page 529
References......Page 531
BIRDSONG: LEARNED BY EXPERIENCE......Page 538
SOUND LOCALIZATION: CALIBRATED BY EARLY EXPERIENCE IN THE OWL......Page 541
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENTAL LEARNING......Page 550
References......Page 553
SECTION IV: SENSORY SYSTEMS......Page 554
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION......Page 556
RECEPTORS......Page 558
PERIPHERAL ORGANIZATION AND PROCESSING......Page 561
CENTRAL PATHWAYS AND PROCESSING......Page 563
SENSORY CORTEX......Page 565
Suggested Readings......Page 569
TASTE......Page 570
OLFACTION......Page 581
PHEROMONE DETECTION......Page 597
References......Page 599
Suggested Readings......Page 600
PERIPHERAL MECHANISMS OF SOMATIC SENSATION......Page 602
NOCICEPTION, THERMORECEPTION, AND ITCH......Page 610
CNS COMPONENTS OF SOMATIC SENSATION......Page 613
THE PATH FROM NOCICEPTION TO PAIN......Page 619
THE TRIGEMINAL SYSTEM......Page 623
CORTICAL REPRESENTATION OF TOUCH......Page 625
References......Page 628
Suggested Readings......Page 629
EXTERNAL AND MIDDLE EAR......Page 630
THE COCHLEA......Page 631
THE AUDITORY NERVE......Page 639
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 645
References......Page 656
Suggested Readings......Page 657
OVERVIEW......Page 658
THE EYE AND THE RETINA......Page 660
THE RETINOGENICULOCORTICAL PATHWAY......Page 670
References......Page 679
Suggested Readings......Page 680
SECTION V: MOTOR SYSTEMS......Page 682
CHAPTER 28: Fundamentals of Motor Systems......Page 684
BASIC COMPONENTS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM......Page 686
MOTOR PROGRAMS COORDINATE BASIC MOTOR PATTERNS......Page 688
ROLES OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE CONTROL OF MOVEMENT......Page 689
References......Page 697
LOCOMOTION IS A CYCLE......Page 698
CONNECTING THE SPINAL CORD TO THE PERIPHERY......Page 701
SPINAL INTERNEURON NETWORKS......Page 707
SENSORY MODULATION......Page 714
Suggested Readings......Page 718
THE MEDIAL POSTURAL SYSTEM......Page 720
THE LATERAL VOLUNTARY SYSTEM......Page 731
SUMMARY......Page 744
References......Page 745
BASAL GANGLIA ANATOMY......Page 746
SIGNALING IN BASAL GANGLIA......Page 755
THE EFFECT OF BASAL GANGLIA DAMAGE ON MOVEMENT......Page 758
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF BASAL GANGLIA OPERATION FOR MOTOR CONTROL......Page 763
BASAL GANGLIA PARTICIPATION IN NONMOTOR FUNCTIONS......Page 765
References......Page 770
Suggested Readings......Page 771
ANATOMY AND PHYLOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CEREBELLUM......Page 772
ASSESSING CEREBELLAR FUNCTION......Page 779
References......Page 791
EYE MOVEMENTS ARE USED TO STABILIZE GAZE OR TO SHIFT GAZE......Page 796
THE MECHANICS OF MOVING THE EYES......Page 799
THE FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUITS FOR STABILIZING GAZE......Page 801
THE COMMANDS FOR SHIFTING GAZE ARE FORMED IN THE BRAIN STEM......Page 803
GAZE SHIFTS ARE CONTROLLED BY THE MIDBRAIN AND FOREBRAIN......Page 806
THE CONTROL OF GAZE SHIFTS INVOLVES HIGHER-ORDER PROCESSES......Page 809
THE CONTROL OF EYE MOVEMENTS CHANGES OVER TIME......Page 811
CONCLUSIONS......Page 812
Suggested Readings......Page 813
SECTION VI: REGULATORY SYSTEMS......Page 814
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 816
HYPOTHALAMIC CYTOARCHITECTURE......Page 817
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS......Page 818
EFFECTOR SYSTEMS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS ARE HORMONAL AND SYNAPTIC......Page 821
References......Page 826
Suggested Readings......Page 827
CHAPTER 35: Central Control of Autonomic Functions: Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 828
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION: ORGANIZED TO MOBILIZE THE BODY FOR ACTIVITY......Page 830
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION: ORGANIZED FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION......Page 833
ANS PHARMACOLOGY: TRANSMITTER AND RECEPTOR CODING......Page 837
AUTONOMIC COORDINATION OF HOMEOSTASIS......Page 840
HIERARCHICALLY ORGANIZED ANS CIRCUITS IN THE CNS......Page 844
PERSPECTIVE: FUTURE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 846
References......Page 848
Suggested Readings......Page 849
AN ANATOMICAL FRAMEWORK......Page 850
ANATOMY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AUTONOMIC PATHWAYS......Page 855
NETWORK GENERATORS......Page 858
ARTERIAL BARORECEPTORS......Page 859
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL CHEMORECEPTORS......Page 865
CARDIAC RECEPTORS......Page 868
ABDOMINAL VISCERAL REFLEXES......Page 870
References......Page 873
EARLY NEUROSCIENCE AND THE BRAIN STEM......Page 876
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BREATHING......Page 877
WHERE ARE THE NEURONS GENERATING RESPIRATORY PATTERN?......Page 878
DISCHARGE PATTERNS OF RESPIRATORY NEURONS......Page 880
WHERE ARE THE NEURONS THAT GENERATE THE BREATHING RHYTHM?......Page 883
SENSORY INPUTS AND ALTERED BREATHING......Page 886
MECHANORECEPTORS IN THE LUNGS ADJUST BREATHING PATTERN AND INITIATE PROTECTIVE REFLEXES......Page 888
MODULATION AND PLASTICITY OF RESPIRATORY MOTOR OUTPUT......Page 889
SUPRAPONTINE STRUCTURES AND BREATHING......Page 891
References......Page 893
CALORIC HOMEOSTASIS......Page 894
ROLE OF CALORIC HOMEOSTASIS IN CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE......Page 896
CENTRAL CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE......Page 903
NEUROPEPTIDES AND THE CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE......Page 905
Suggested Readings......Page 909
BODY FLUID PHYSIOLOGY......Page 910
OSMOTIC HOMEOSTASIS......Page 911
VOLUME HOMEOSTASIS......Page 919
References......Page 923
Suggested Readings......Page 924
THE HYPOTHALAMUS IS A NEUROENDOCRINE ORGAN......Page 926
HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING/INHIBITING HORMONES AND THEIR TARGETS......Page 927
THE HYPOTHALAMIC– ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS......Page 930
THE HYPOTHALAMIC-NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEMS......Page 946
HORMONES AND THE BRAIN......Page 947
References......Page 950
OVERVIEW OF THE MAMMALIAN CIRCADIAN TIMING SYSTEM......Page 952
THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI ARE THE SITE OF THE PRIMARY CIRCADIAN PACEMAKER IN MAMMALS......Page 954
A HIERARCHY OF CELL-AUTONOMOUS CIRCADIAN OSCILLATORS......Page 955
THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR CIRCADIAN OSCILLATION IS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL FEEDBACK LOOP......Page 957
CIRCADIAN PHOTORECEPTION......Page 964
CIRCADIAN OUTPUT MECHANISMS......Page 970
DIVERSITY OF OUTPUT PATHWAYS LEADING TO PHYSIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS......Page 971
GENERAL SUMMARY......Page 976
References......Page 977
Suggested Readings......Page 978
THE TWO STATES OF SLEEP: RAPID EYE MOVEMENT AND NONRAPID EYE MOVEMENT......Page 980
SLEEP IN THE MODERN ERA OF NEUROSCIENCE......Page 983
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BRAIN STEM REGULATORY SYSTEMS......Page 986
MODELING THE CONTROL OF BEHAVIORAL STATE......Page 996
SLEEP HAS MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS......Page 1001
References......Page 1003
Suggested Readings......Page 1006
REWARD AND MOTIVATION......Page 1008
ADDICTION......Page 1020
References......Page 1035
SECTION VII: BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE......Page 1038
EVOLUTIONARY AND COMPARATIVE PRINCIPLES......Page 1040
EVOLUTION OF PRIMATE BRAINS......Page 1048
WHY BRAIN SIZE IS IMPORTANT......Page 1055
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1057
Suggested Readings......Page 1058
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT......Page 1060
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND AGING: A LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE......Page 1064
PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND AGING......Page 1076
References......Page 1086
Suggested Readings......Page 1087
THE PROBLEM OF OBJECT RECOGNITION......Page 1088
SUBSTRATES FOR OBJECT PERCEPTION AND RECOGNITION: EARLY EVIDENCE FROM BRAIN DAMAGE......Page 1089
VISUAL PATHWAYS FOR OBJECT PROCESSING IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES......Page 1092
NEURONAL PROPERTIES WITHIN THE OBJECT RECOGNITION PATHWAY......Page 1095
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF OBJECT RECOGNITION IN HUMANS......Page 1101
PERCEPTION AND RECOGNITION OF SPECIFIC CLASSES OF OBJECTS......Page 1104
References......Page 1109
Suggested Readings......Page 1110
NEURAL SYSTEMS FOR SPATIAL COGNITION......Page 1112
PARIETAL CORTEX......Page 1113
FRONTAL CORTEX......Page 1123
HIPPOCAMPUS AND ADJACENT CORTEX......Page 1128
SPATIAL COGNITION AND SPATIAL ACTION......Page 1130
References......Page 1131
Suggested Readings......Page 1132
VARIETIES OF ATTENTION......Page 1134
NEGLECT SYNDROME: A DEFICIT OF SPATIAL ATTENTION......Page 1135
SINGLE UNIT RECORDING STUDIES IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES PROVIDE CONVERGENT EVIDENCE FOR A FRONTO-PARIETAL ATTENTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM......Page 1137
ATTENTION AFFECTS NEURAL ACTIVITY IN THE HUMAN VISUAL CORTEX IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF VISUAL STIMULATION......Page 1142
ATTENTION INCREASES SENSITIVITY AND BOOSTS THE CLARITY OF SIGNALS GENERATED BY NEURONS IN PARTS OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM DEVOTED TO PROCESSING INFORMATION ABOUT OBJECTS......Page 1143
ATTENTION MODULATES NEURAL RESPONSES IN THE HUMAN LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS......Page 1144
THE VISUAL SEARCH PARADIGM HAS BEEN USED TO STUDY THE ROLE OF ATTENTION IN SELECTING RELEVANT STIMULI FROM WITHIN A CLUTTERED VISUAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 1145
NEURONAL RECEPTIVE FIELDS ARE A POSSIBLE NEURAL CORRELATE OF LIMITED CAPACITY......Page 1147
COMPETITION CAN BE BIASED BY NONSPATIAL FEEDBACK......Page 1148
FILTERING OF UNWANTED INFORMATION IN HUMANS......Page 1150
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1151
Suggested Readings......Page 1152
PARADIGMS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO STUDY ASSOCIATIVE AND NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING......Page 1154
INVERTEBRATE STUDIES: KEY INSIGHTS FROM APLYSIA INTO BASIC MECHANISMS OF LEARNING......Page 1155
VERTEBRATE STUDIES: LONG-TERM POTENTIATION......Page 1161
LONG-TERM DEPRESSION......Page 1169
HOW DOES A CHANGE IN SYNAPTIC STRENGTH STORE A COMPLEX MEMORY?......Page 1170
References......Page 1172
Suggested Readings......Page 1173
HISTORY OF MEMORY SYSTEMS......Page 1174
MAJOR MEMORY SYSTEMS OF THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN......Page 1177
BEHAVIOR SUPPORTED BY MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS......Page 1195
References......Page 1196
Suggested Readings......Page 1198
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION......Page 1200
HUMAN LANGUAGE......Page 1205
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1217
References......Page 1218
Suggested Readings......Page 1219
CONTROLLED PROCESSING......Page 1220
ANATOMY AND ORGANIZATION OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX......Page 1222
EFFECTS OF DAMAGE TO THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN HUMANS......Page 1224
NEUROIMAGING STUDIES AND PFC......Page 1228
EFFECTS OF DAMAGE TO THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN MONKEYS......Page 1229
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX......Page 1232
THEORIES OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX FUNCTION......Page 1238
Suggested Readings......Page 1242
CHAPTER 53: Consciousness......Page 1244
The Neurobiology of Free Will......Page 1245
Arousal and States of Consciousness......Page 1246
The Neuronal Correlates of Consciousness......Page 1249
The Neuronal Basis of Perceptual Illusions......Page 1250
Other Perceptual Puzzles of Contemporary Interest......Page 1252
Forward versus Feedback Projections......Page 1253
An Information-Theoretical Theory of Consciousness......Page 1254
References......Page 1255
Index......Page 1258