Functional performance in older adults

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
REVIEWERS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO THE FOURTH EDITION
Part I 
Global Health and Aging: Implications for Health and Participation
	Chapter 1
 Growing Old in Today’s World
		History of Aging
			Life Expectancy
			Impact of Economic Circumstances and Gender Throughout History
			Attitudes About Aging From a Historical Perspective
			Historical Roles of Older Adults
			Cohort Effects
		Aging Today: Factors Affecting the Experience of Aging
			Physical Environment
			Sociocultural Factors
			Individual Characteristics
			The Impact of Gender in Modern Times
			Socioeconomic Factors
		Positive Aging
	Chapter 2 
Theories of Aging: A Multidisciplinary Reviewfor Occupational and Physical Therapists
		Challenges of Societal Aging
			What Do Gerontologists Want to Explain?
			Sociodemographic Changes
		The Current State of Theoryin Gerontology
		Theories of Aging
			Biological Theories of Aging
			Neuropsychological Theories of Aging
			Psychological Theories of Aging
			Sociological Theories of Aging
		Client-Centered ApproachesWith Older Adults
			The Systems Theory of Motor Control
			The Model of Human Occupation
		The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Healthand the Occupational Therapy Practice 
Framework, Third Edition
			The ICF
			The Occupational Therapy Practice 
Framework, Third Edition
	Chapter 3 
Public Policy and Advocacy in North America
		Public Policy and Aging
			Federal Policy
			State Policy
			Local Policy
			Public Policy in International Context
		Models of Advocacy
			How Policy Is Made
			Advocating for Policies
			Advocating for Individuals
		The Role of OT and PT in Advocacy
			Advocacy at Work: The Olmstead Act
	Chapter 4 
Aging Around the World
		Services for Older Adults in Israel
			The Demography of Aging in Israel
			Health and Welfare Services
			Long-Term Care for Disabled Elders
			The Social Formal System of Care
			The Health System of Care
			Issues and Challenges
		Health Care for the Elderly in Mexico
			Sociodemographic Context
			Health-Care Systems
			Conclusion
		Aging in South Africa
			The Effect of Apartheid on South African Aged
			The Rainbow Nation: Current Status 
of Older Adults
			Health Care in South Africa
			The Role of the Aged in the South African 
Community
			Challenges for the Aged in South Africa
			Conclusion
	Chapter 5 
Meaningful Occupation in Later Life
		The Search for Meaning
		Occupation and Meaning
			Themes of Meaning
		Supporting Meaning in Occupational and Physical Therapy Interventions
	Chapter 6  Culture, Ethics, and Elder Abuse
		Culture and Aging
			Aging in International Context
			Culture and Aging in the United States
		Aging, Culture, and Function
			Occupations
			Performance Skills
			Performance Patterns
			Context
			Activity Demands
			Client Factors: Body Functions 
and Body Structures
Part II 
Aging: Body Structures and Body Functions
	SECTION 1: Normal Age-Related Changes
		Chapter 7 
Cognitive Function
			Bases of Cognitive Aging
				Key Tenets of Cognitive Aging Across 
the Life Span
				Methodological Considerations
			Foundations of Cognition Aging: Basic and Higher Order Cognitive Processes
				Basic Cognitive Processes
				Higher Order Cognitive Processes
				Additional Cognitive Processes
			Theories Of Cognitive Aging
				Speed of Processing Theory
				Working Memory
				Inhibition
				Common Cause Hypothesis 
(Sensory Functioning)
			Optimizing Cognitive Aging and Health
		Chapter 8 
Cardiopulmonary and Cardiovascular Function
			Interrelationships Among Structure and Function, Activity, and Social Participation: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Function
			Age-Related Changes in the Cardiopulmonary System 
and Its Function
				Airways
				Lung Parenchyma
				Alveolar Capillary Membrane
				Chest Wall
				Respiratory Muscles
				Net Effect of Age-Related 
Cardiopulmonary Changes
			Age-Related Changes in the Cardiovascular System and Its Function
				Heart
				Blood Vessels
				Net Effects of Age-Related Cardiovascular Changes
			Functional Consequencesof Age-Related Cardiopulmonary 
and Cardiovascular Changes
				The Functional Performance Threshold
				Functional Capacity
			Functional Consequences 
of Fitness in Older People
				Deconditioning
				Conditioning
				Implications for the Management of the Care of Older People
				Safety
			Customizing the Environment 
to Maximize Function
		Chapter 9 Sensory Function and Function 
Related to the Skin
			Vision System and Functional 
Performance
				Normal Age-Related Vision System and Vision Changes
			Auditory System and Functional 
Performance
				Normal Age-Related Auditory System 
and Hearing Changes
				Effects of Normal Age-Related Auditory 
System and Hearing Changes
			Taste and Smell: Physical Changes and Functional Performance
			Somesthesis: Physical Changes 
and Functional Performance
				Skin Changes With Aging
				Touch and Pressure
				Pain
				Temperature
		Chapter 10 Neuromuscular and Movement Function: 
Muscle, Bone, and Joints
			Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement Function in Older Adults
				Age-Related Changes in Muscle Strength 
and Power
				Age-Related Muscle Changes and Function
				Age-Related Changes in the Skeletal System
				Age-Related Changes in the Nervous System
			Assessing the Neuromusculoskeletal System in Older Adults
				Range of Motion and Flexibility Assessment
				Muscle Strength and Power Assessment
			Management of Neuromusculoskeletal 
Impairments in the Older Adult
				Strength and Resistance Exercises
				Flexibility (Stretching) Exercises
		Chapter 11 Neuromuscular and Movement Function: 
Coordination, Balance, and Gait
			Age-Related Changes in Postural 
Alignment
			Age-Related Changes in Coordination
			Age-Related Changes in Balance and Gait
				Changes in Proprioception
				Changes in Gait
			Assessing Posture, Coordination, Balance, and Gait in Older Adults
				Static Posture Assessment
				Coordination Assessment
				Balance Assessment
				Gait Assessment
			Management of Posture, Coordination,  Balance, and Gait Problems in the 
Older Adult
				Postural Problems and Skeletal Deformities
				Coordination
				Balance and Gait
	SECTION 2: Age-Related Health Conditions, Impairments, and Limitations
		Chapter 12 
Cognitive and Emotional  Function: Health Conditions
			Key Tenets for Understanding and Maximizing Success With Atypical 
Cognitive Changes
				Neurodegenerative Illnesses: Dementiaand Associated Disorders
				Prevalence of Dementia and Associated 
Disorders
				Etiology and Types of Dementia
				Symptoms of Dementia
				Diagnosing Dementia
				Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological  
Interventions for Dementia
			Stroke
				Prevalence
				Etiology and Types of Stroke
				Symptoms of Stroke
				Diagnosing Stroke
				Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological 
Interventions for Stroke
			Mental Health Conditions
				Depression
				Anxiety Disorders
				Schizophrenia
				Bipolar Disorder
				Substance Use Disorders
			Understanding the Illness Experienceof Individuals With Cognitive
 Conditions
			Translating Research Findings Into Rehabilitation Treatment Plans for 
Cognitive and Emotional Disorders
		Chapter 13 
Cardiopulmonary and Cardiovascular  Function: Health Conditions
			Factors Affecting Cardiopulmonary and 
Cardiovascular Health in Older People
				Pathophysiology, Etiology, and 
Epidemiology
				Gravitational Stress and Exercise Stress
				Extrinsic Factors
				Intrinsic Factors
			Exercise Testing and Training Older People With Cardiopulmonary and 
Cardiovascular Health Conditions
				Assessment Findings and Implications 
for Exercise Testing
				Exercise Test Findings and Implications 
for Exercise Training
		Chapter 14 
Sensory Function, Function Related  to the Skin and Pain: Health Conditions
			Pathological Changes in the Visual 
System
				Cataracts
				Age-Related Macular Degeneration
				Glaucoma
				Diabetic Retinopathy
			Functional and Behavioral Adaptations
			Other Diseases That May Affect Vision,Visual Processing, and Functional 
Performance
			Pathology of the Auditory System
			Skin
			Pain
				Assessment
				Interventions
		Chapter 15 Neuromuscular and Movement Function: Health Conditions
			Osteoarthritis
				Risk Factors and Signs and Symptoms
				Management of Osteoarthritis
			Osteoporosis
				Clinical Diagnosis
				Fractures
				Management of Osteoporosis
			Amputation in Older Adults
				Physical and Psychosocial Challenges 
of Limb Amputation
				Management of Limb Amputation 
in Older Adults
				Complications of Limb Amputation
			Parkinson’s Disease
				Management of Parkinson’s Disease
			Stroke
		Chapter 16 
Neuromuscular and Movement Function: Falls
			Definition of Fall and Near-Fall
			Fall Facts
			Where and When Do Older Adults Fall?
			Consequences and Sequelae of Falls
			Risk Factors for Falls
				Risk Factors—Age-Related and Biological
				Risk Factors—Behavioral and Cognitive
				Factors—Environmental and Community
			Fall Risk and Fall Prevention 
Assessment
			Fall Risk and Fall Prevention 
Intervention
				Exercise
				Prescription of Assistive and Adaptive 
Devices and Activities of Daily Living,Mobility, and Gait Training
				Fear of Falling Interventions
				Environment/Community: Prevention 
and Intervention
				Other Interventions
		Chapter 17 
Considerations for Medical Careof Older Adults
			Differential Impact of Disease 
and Disorder in Later Life
				Physiological and Psychosocial Factors 
and Disease
				Severity of Specific Conditions
				Presenting Symptoms
				Preexisting Conditions
				Acute Conditions
				The Impact of Hospitalization
			Common Medical Conditions  in Later Life
				Cancer
				Diabetes and Obesity
				Urinary Tract Infection
				Infectious Diseases
				Nutritional Deficiency and Oral Health
				Frailty Syndrome and Post
hospital Syndrome
			Medication
				General Principles for Effective Medication 
Use in Later Life
				Pain Management
				Substance Abuse
			Implications for Occupational Therapy
 and Physical Therap y
Part III 
Active Aging: Supporting Client Activities and Participation
	Chapter 18 
Self-Care
		Defining Self-Care
		Models to Explain Everyday Functional 
Abilities
			Competence, Value, and Meaning in Self-Care
			Significance of Self-Care
			Prevalence and Type of Limitations of 
Activities of Daily Living Among Older Adults
		Effects of Medical Conditionson Self-Care
			Stroke
			Cardiovascular Disease
			Dementia and Cognitive Decline
			Joint Inflammation and Disease
			Sensory Problems
		Measuring Self-Care Performance
			Assessing Factors Contributing to Self-Care 
Deficits
			Assessing Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
			Assessing Environmental Factors
			Safety
		Activities of Daily Living Intervention
			Skill Training
			Environmental Modifications
			Assistive Devices for Self-Care
			Task Modifications
	Chapter 19 
Leisure
		Leisure and Aging
			Leisure as a Statement of Identity
			Leisure as a Fully Engaging Experience
		Elements of Leisure
			Control
			Motivation
			Freedom From Unnecessary Constraintsof Reality
		A Model of Leisure Engagement
		Promotion of Leisure: Application 
of the Model
			Role of Physical Therapy in Promoting Leisure
	Chapter 20 
Work and Retirement
		Models of Retirement and Transition 
to Retirement
			The Retirement Process and Models
		Who Are the Older Workers of Today 
and Tomorrow?
			Barriers to Successful Continued Employment 
Faced by Older Workers
		Generational and Cultural Perspectives 
on Work and Retirement
		Therapy Perspectives on Work 
and Retirement
			Occupational Therapy and Older Workers
			Physical Therapy and Older Workers
			Ergonomic and Assistive Technologies
		Volunteerism and Leisure
		Legislative and Policy Issues Around 
the World
		Other Health-Care Providers Involved 
in Work and Retirement
	Chapter 21 
Environment, Products, and Technology
		Aging and Functional Performance
		The Built Environment and Functional 
Performance
			Change the Individual
			Change the Environment
			Provide Individuals With Tools
			Aging in Place
		Assessing the Need for Assistive 
Technology
		Determining Assistive Technology Needs Using the ICF and Practice 
Framework
		Assistive Technology for Older Adults
			Devices for Persons With Mobility or Motor 
Impairments
			Devices for Persons With Vision Impairments
			Devices for Persons With Hearing Impairments
			Devices for Persons With Memory Loss
		Issues Relating to Use of Assistive 
Technology With Older Adults
	Chapter 22 
Driving
		Overview of National Statistics on 
Violations, Crashes, and Fatalities
		Driving as an Occupation
		Client Factors
			Performance Skills
			Performance Patterns
			Contexts
		Age-Related Physiological and Disease-Related Changes Affecting Driving 
Performance
			Sensory Functions
			Changes in Other Functions
		Clinical Assessment and Intervention
			Medical and Driving History and Performance 
Patterns
			Clinical Assessment of Movement
			Clinical Assessment of Visual Functions
			Clinical Assessment of Other Client Factors
and Performance Skills
		Evidence-Based Practice
		Suggestions for Clinicians in Geriatric 
Practice
	Chapter 23 
Community Mobility
		Losing the Ability to Drive: 
A Psychosocial Perspective
			Source of Decision to Stop Driving
			Implications of Driving Cessation
			Family Involvement
		Suggestions for Clinicians in Geriatric 
Practice
		Community Mobility: Some Alternative 
Solutions
			Facilitating Change in Transportation Services
		Evidence-Based Practice
	Chapter 24 
Interactions, Relationships, and Sexuality
		Social Relationships in Later Life
			Culture and Family
			Family Constellations
			Family Occupations
			Grandparenting
			Special Circumstances
			Spousal Relationships and Widowhood
			Implications for Intervention
		Sexuality and Aging
			Defining Sexuality
			Life-Stage Effects
			Gays and Lesbians in Older Adulthood
			Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors of Older Adults
			Age-Related Physical Changes and Sexual 
Functioning
			Effects of Disease and Other Factorson Sexuality
			Effects of Disease and Other Factorson Sexuality
			Implications for Health-Care Providers
		When Caregiving Becomes Necessary
			The Intentional Relationship Model
			Techniques for Practice
		Addressing Family Issues in the Current 
Health-Care Environment
	Chapter 25 
Learning in Later Life
		Gerogogy
			Impact of Sensory System Changes on OlderAdult Learning
			Impact of Psychological and Physical Changeson Older Adult Learning
			Impact of Cognitive Changes on Older 
Adult Learning
			Impact of Social-Cultural Elements on Older
Adult Learning
		Learning and Memory: Not Just
One Way to Learn
			Episodic and Semantic Memory
			Free Recall and Supported Recall
			Prospective Memory
			Procedural Memory and Motor Learning: 
Skill Learning
		Formal, Nonformal, and Informal 
Learning in Later Life
			Why Do Older Adults Engage in Learning?
		Learning and Older Adult Health
			Cognitive Reserve
			Health Literacy
			E-Learning in Later Life
	Chapter 26 
Spirituality
		Defining Spirituality
			Differentiating Religion from Spirituality
		Spirituality as a Vital Dimension 
of Rehabilitative Practice
			As Human Beings
			As Health Professionals
			As Occupational Therapists in Particular
			As Witnesses and Advocates for People 
With Chronic Illnesses and Disabilities
			As Specialists in Elder Care
		Approaches to Spirituality in 
Occupational and Physical Therapy
			Acknowledge the Issue
			Refer to a Spiritual-Care Professional
			Intervene Directly Using Spiritual
Interventions
			Intervene Indirectly Using Familiar 
Therapeutic Interventions
			Narrative
			Ritual
			Appreciation of Nature
			Creativity
			Work
			Movement
Part IV 
Service Delivery for the Aging Client
	Chapter 27 
Evaluation of Functional Performance
		Functional Performance
		Evaluating Functional Performance
		Conceptual Frameworks for Evaluation 
of Functional Performance
			International Classification of Functioning, 
Disability, and Health
			Glass Model
			Person–Environment–Occupation Model
		What to Assess When Focusing 
on Function in Older Adults
			Priority Areas of Functional Performance 
With Older Adults
			Specific Issues Related to Evaluation 
of Functional Performance
	Chapter 28 
Health and Wellness
		Concepts Related to Healthand Wellness
		Factors Associated With Health 
and Wellness in Older Adults
			Rowe and Kahn Model of Successful Aging
			Other Factors Associated With Health 
and Wellness for Older Adults
		Therapy for Health and Wellness
			Occupational Therapy
			Physical Therapy
			Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy 
Interventions and Programs
		Professional Development for Practice
		Addressing Health and Wellness in the 
Current Health-Care Environment
	Chapter 29 
Community-Based Services
		Service Imperative
		Service Classifications
			Continuum of Care
			Location
			Function
		Service Utilization
			Service Barriers
			Linkage
		Something to Do
			Working
			Learning
			Giving
			Experiencing
		Someone to Care
			Adult Protective Services
		Someplace to Live
		Implications for Physical and 
Occupational Therapy
	Chapter 30 Primary Care
		Primary Care and Primary Health Care
			Models of Integrating Rehabilitation Professionals and Services in Primary Care
		Theoretical Frameworks Used to 
Understand Access to Health Services
			A Conceptual Framework for Access 
to Health Care
			Theoretical Framework for Health Service 
Utilization
		The Expanded Chronic Care Model
			Interpreting the ECCM
			The ECCM and the Health-Care Professional
		Roles for Occupational Therapistsin Primary Care
		Roles for Physical Therapists 
in Primary Care
		Patient-Centeredness in Primary Care
			Multimorbidity
			Physical Function as a Primary Health 
Outcome
			Self-Management and Behavior Change
			Lifestyle Conditions and Interventions
			Health Coaching and Motivational 
Interviewing
			Motivational Interviewing
			Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
			Patient Satisfaction
			The Integration of Technology to Maximize 
Service Delivery
			Integration of Occupational Therapy and 
Physical Therapy Within the Primary Care Team
	Chapter 31 
Home Health Care
		History of Home Health Care 
in the United States
			Cultural Competence and Patient-Centered Care
		Overview of Important Legislation
			The Health Insurance Portability and 
Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)
			The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA)
		The Affordable Care Act (ACA)
		The Improving Medicare Post-Acute 
Care Transformation Act (IMPACT)
		Home Health-Care Agencies 
and Medicare
			Criteria for Medicare Reimbursement to Home 
Health Agencies
			Criteria for Coverage of Home 
Health Servicesfor Medicare Beneficiaries
		Impact of Regulations on Therapy 
Provision
			The Role of OT, PT, and SLP in the Survey 
Process
			Patients’ Rights and Confidentiality
			The Role of the Therapist in Communication 
and Plan of Care
			Therapy Services and Therapy Assistants
			The Initial Visit and Comprehensive 
Assessment
		Documentation
			Initial Evaluation
			Reassessment
		Payment Systems and Reimbursement
			Therapy Thresholds
			Part B Outpatient Therapy Services
			Other Sources of Payment
		What Intervention Looks Like
			Therapy and Data Collection
			Intervention
			Measuring Quality and Best Practice
	Chapter 32 
Rehabilitation
		Disability in Older Adulthood
		Psychological Consequences 
of Disabling Events
		Aging With a Preexisting Disability
			Issues for Persons With Intellectual Disability
			Issues for Persons With Serious Mental Illness
			Issues for Persons With Physical Disabilities
		What Makes Older Adult Rehabilitation 
Unique?
			Chronological Versus Physiological Aging
			Progressive Versus Catastrophic Disability
			Biological and Other Factors
			Management
		The Rehabilitation Team
		Coordinating the Rehabilitation Team
			Case Management
		The Occupational Therapy–Physical 
Therapy Partnership
		Delivery Systems
			Acute Care
			Transitional Care Facilities and Units
			Rehabilitation Units
			Day Hospital Care and Adult Day Care Facilities
			Home Health and Domiciliary Care
			Outpatient and Ambulatory Care
		Evaluation
		Assessment Instruments
		Personal and Environmental Factors 
to Consider
			Personal Factors That May Influence 
Rehabilitation
			Environmental Factors That May Influence 
Rehabilitation
		Rehabilitation for Older Adults—The 
Evidence
	Chapter 33 
Long-Term Care
		Evolution of the Nursing Home
		Legislation and Regulation
			Medicare and Medicaid
			State Regulations
		Models of Care
		Profile of Nursing Home Residents
		Therapy in Nursing Home Settings
			Occupational Therapy
			Occupation in Long-Term Care
			Physical Therapy
			Interdisciplinary Teams in Long-Term Care
		Therapies and the Total Environment
		Evidence-Based Approaches to Care 
for Patients With Dementia
	Chapter 34 
End of Life
		End of Life, Palliative Care, and Hospice 
Philosophy
			Living in Old Age With a Life-Threatening 
Illness
			A Good Death and Different Cultures
			The Influence of End of Life on Close Family 
and Relatives
		Needs for Palliative Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy
		Health Policy and Related Factors 
Affecting End-of-Life and Palliative Care
		End-of-Life Palliative Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy 
Interventions
			Referral
			Assessment
			Goal Setting
			Intervention
		Bereavement for Older Persons in End 
of Life and for Family Members
			Family Involvement and Support
		Palliative Care: A Team-Based 
Approach
		Appropriate Outcomes for Palliative Occupational Therapyand Physiotherapy and Implications 
for Practice
	Chapter 35 
The Future of Aging
		Demographic and Societal Trends
			Cohort Effects
			Culture and Aging
		Meaning in Life
			Participating in Life and Community
			Work and Retirement
		Aging and Environment
			Financial Considerations
			Living Arrangements
		Trends in Health Care
			Systems of Care—Facilitating Transitions
			Evidence-Based Practice
			Technology
			Biomedical Research
			Paying for Care
		Implications for Physical 
and Occupational Therapy
GLOSSARY
Index