Functional Biomaterials: Design and Development for Biotechnology, Pharmacology, and Biomedicine: Volumes 1 & 2

Cover
Half Title
Functional Biomaterials: Design and Development for Biotechnology, Pharmacology, and Biomedicine. Volume 1
Copyright
Content: Volume 1
Preface
1. Definitions and Types of Microbial Biopolyesters and Derived Biomaterial
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Biopolymers as Bioinspired Alternatives
		1.2.1 Defining “Bioplastics” Is No Trivial Task!
		1.2.2 Biodegradability of PHA and Other Biopolymers
		1.2.3 PHA as Versatile Microbial Biopolyesters – Fields of Actual and Potential Applications
		1.2.4 PHA Granules Are More than Simple Bioplastic Spheres
		1.2.5 A Short Overview of the Metabolism of PHA Biosynthesis and Degradation
	1.3 Types of PHA Biopolyesters
		1.3.1 The “PHAome” Describes the High Complexity and Versatility of Natural PHA
		1.3.2 PHA Homo- and Heteropolyesters
		1.3.3 Scl-, Mcl-, and Lcl-PHA and Their Characteristics
		1.3.4 Microstructure of PHA Heteropolyester
		1.3.5 Factors Determining the Molecular Mass of PHA
	1.4 Conclusions
	References
2. Analysis of Chemical Composition of Biopolymers and Biomaterials: An XPS Study
	2.1 Basics of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
		2.1.1 Peak Fitting
	2.2 Chemical Derivatization
	2.3 Some Further Examples of XPS Analyses of Complex Organic Systems
	2.4 Charging
	2.5 Background Information
	2.6 Angle-Resolved XPS (ARXPS)
	2.7 Functional Coatings on Polymers
	2.8 Practical Considerations
	Acknowledgments
	References
3. Methods for Characterization of Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Biomaterials
	3.1 Introduction to Thermal Analysis Techniques
		3.1.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis
		3.1.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
		3.1.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
		3.1.4 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy
	3.2 The Significance of Thermal Analysis in Biopolymers
	3.3 Applications of Thermal Analysis in the Characterization of Biopolymers
		3.3.1 Characterization of the Thermal Stability of Biopolymers
		3.3.2 Characterization of the Glass Transition of Biopolymers
		3.3.3 Characterization of the Secondary Relaxations in Biopolymers
		3.3.4 Characterization of Moisture from Hydrogels
		3.3.5 Characterization of Electrical Conductivity
	3.4 Conclusions
	References
4. Methods for Characterization of Surface Charge and Solid–Liquid Interaction Studies of Biomaterials
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Surface Charge Characterization of Biomaterials
		4.2.1 Potentiometric Titration
		4.2.2 Zeta Potential
		4.2.3 Application of the Zeta Potential for Biomaterial Characterization
	4.3 Methods for Characterization of Solid–Liquid Interaction of Biomaterials
		4.3.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Surface Plasmon Resonance
		4.3.2 Zeta Potential Measurements as a Tool to Study Solid–Liquid Interactions of Biomaterials
	References
5. Methods for Analyzing the Biological and Biomedical Properties of Biomaterials
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fundamentals of Cell Biology as a Base for Testing
	5.3 In Vitro Methods for Analyzing Biomaterials
		5.3.1 Cytotoxicity Tests
		5.3.2 Cell–Material Interaction Tests
		5.3.3 Hemocompatibility Tests
		5.3.4 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing
		5.3.5 Monitoring Intracellular Activities
		5.3.6 Real-Time Monitoring of Cell Culture Systems
		5.3.7 High-Throughput Screening Systems
	5.4 In Vivo Methods for Analyzing Biomaterials
		5.4.1 Sensitization, Irritation, and Intracutaneous Reactivity
		5.4.2 Biodegradation
		5.4.3 In Vivo Genotoxicity
		5.4.4 Systemic Toxicity
		5.4.5 Implantation
	5.5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
	References
6. Polysaccharide Thin Films – Preparation and Analysis
	6.1 Biopolymer Thin-Film Preparation
		6.1.1 Direct Preparation of Cellulose Films
		6.1.2 Indirect Preparation of Cellulose Films from a Soluble Derivative
	6.2 Characterization of Biopolymer Thin Films
		6.2.1 Surface Morphology
		6.2.2 Thin-Film Thickness
		6.2.3 Elemental Composition
		6.2.4 Functional Groups and Hydrogen-Binding Patterns
		6.2.5 Wettability
		6.2.6 Surface Charge
		6.2.7 Thin-Film Structure
		6.2.8 Swelling and Adsorption Behavior
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
7. Biopolymer Thin Films as “Smart” Materials in Biomedical Applications
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Frequently Used Biopolymers
		7.2.1 Cellulose
		7.2.2 Starch
		7.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan
		7.2.4 Alginate
		7.2.5 Gelatin
		7.2.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
		7.2.7 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
		7.2.8 Biopolymer Composites
	7.3 Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymer Thin Films
		7.3.1 pH-Responsive Biopolymers
		7.3.2 Thermo-Sensitive Biopolymers
		7.3.3 Redox-Sensitive Biopolymers
	7.4 Biomedical Applications of Biopolymers
		7.4.1 Drug-Delivery Systems
		7.4.2 Wound-Healing Materials
		7.4.3 Bioactive Coatings for Medical Devices and Implants
		7.4.4 Bioelectronics (Biocomposites)
	7.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
8. Biopolymer-Based Nanofibers – Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Different Strategies of Nanofiber Development
		8.2.1 Drawing
		8.2.2 Template Synthesis
		8.2.3 Phase Separation
		8.2.4 Self-Assembly
		8.2.5 Electrospinning
	8.3 Biopolymers
		8.3.1 Chitosan Nanofibers
		8.3.2 Cellulose Nanofibers
	8.4 Characterization Techniques
		8.4.1 Morphological Analysis
		8.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		8.4.3 Mechanical Characterization
	8.5 Applications
		8.5.1 Tissue Engineering
		8.5.2 Drug Delivery
		8.5.3 Wound Healing
		8.5.4 Biosensors
	8.6 Conclusions
	References
9. Formation of Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Application
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Nanoparticle Formation
		9.2.1 Nanoprecipitation by Dropping Technique
		9.2.2 Dialysis
		9.2.3 Emulsification–Evaporation
		9.2.4 Miscellaneous Nanoparticle Formation
	9.3 Interaction with Cells
		9.3.1 Cellular Uptake
		9.3.2 Nanospheres of Organo-Soluble 6-Deoxy-6-(