Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies in Aviation

Preface
Contents
Hydrogen Storage Technology for Aerial Vehicles
	1 Introduction on Hydrogen Storage
	2 History of Hydrogen Storage
	3 Hydrogen Storage Technologies
		3.1 Physical Storage Technology
			Compressed Hydrogen
			Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen
			Cryogenic Compressed Hydrogen Style
		3.2 Hydrides Storage Technology
			Metal Hybrid Hydrogen Storage
			Chemical Storage of Hydrogen
			Organic Hydrogen Storage Style
		3.3 Adsorption Storage Technology
			Carbon Hydrogen Storage
			Hydrogen Storage in Zeolite
			MOFs as Hydrogen Storage
	4 Design of Hydrogen Storages
		4.1 System-Level Architecture
		4.2 Storage Control, Monitoring and Indication
		4.3 Hydrogen Storage Design and Installation
		4.4 Tank Venting and Operation Management
		4.5 Redundancy and Failure Mode Reconfiguration
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Liquid Hydrogen – Status and Trends as potential Aviation Fuel
	1 Introduction
	2 Historical Review: LH2 in Aviation and Industrial Liquefaction
		2.1 LH2 in Aviation
		2.2 Industrial Liquefaction
	3 LH2 as Aviation Fuel
		3.1 Density and Weight Considerations
		3.2 Product Development LH2
		3.3 Potential Future Synergies Based on Heat Sink Potential of LH2
		3.4 Safety Aspects
	4 Technology of Large-Scale Hydrogen Liquefaction
	5 Airport LH2 Infrastructure: System and Main Components
		5.1 Synfuel vs. Hydrogen
		5.2 The Hydrogen Path
		5.3 Basic Concept and Main Units
		5.4 GH2 Supply: Onsite Electrolyzer vs. H2 Pipeline
		5.5 Hydrogen Liquefier and Recondensation
		5.6 LH2 Storage
		5.7 LH2 Distribution System
		5.8 Fueling of the Aircraft
		5.9 Utilities and Service Installations
	6 Challenges and Project Management for Long-Term Airport Hydrogen Phase-In
		6.1 Airport as Hydrogen Hub
		6.2 Technology Development
		6.3 Project Management
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References
Fuel Cells for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
	1 Introduction
	2 Commonly Used Fuel Cells and Their Working Principles
		2.1 Hydrogen FCs
		2.2 Methanol FCs
		2.3 Solid Oxide FCs
	3 Onboard Hydrogen Fuel Storage Styles
		3.1 Compressed Hydrogen Style
		3.2 Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Style
		3.3 Chemical Hydrogen Storage Styles
	4 Auxiliary or Complementary Power Sources
		4.1 Batteries as Auxiliary Powers
		4.2 Supercapacitors as Auxiliary Power Sources
		4.3 Solar Cells as Complementary Power Sources
	5 Hybrid Topologies and Power Control
		5.1 Passive Topologies
		5.2 Semi-Active Topologies
		5.3 Fully Active Topologies
		5.4 Application Examples
	6 Crucial Issues for Current Fuel Cell Technologies
		6.1 High Cost of Fuel Cell–Powered Systems
		6.2 Low Performance under Cold Environment
		6.3 Rapid Performance Degradation in Practical Environment
	7 Conclusions and Breakthrough Directions in Future
	References
Fuel Cell–Powered Passenger Aircrafts
	1 Introduction
	2 Historic Overview
		2.1 First Era: Lighter Than Air—Hydrogen as Buoyancy Medium
		2.2 Second Era: Hydrogen as a Fuel for Burning
		2.3 Third Era: Hydrogen as a Fuel for Fuel Cell–Based Propulsion
	3 Fuel Cell Powertrain Architectures
		3.1 Contrast to H2 Burn
		3.2 Fuel Systems
	4 Heat Management
		4.1 Air-Cooled (Complete Rejection of Heat into the Atmosphere)
		4.2 Liquid-Cooled, with Maximum Water Recovery with Hot Water Availability
		4.3 Cryogenic Fuel Cooled
	5 The Balance-of-Plant
	6 Airframe Integration
	7 Safety and Certification Challenges
		7.1 EUROCAE/SAE
		7.2 ASTM
		7.3 EASA
		7.4 FAA Publications
	8 Non-CO2 Emissions and Their Impact
	9 Concluding Remarks
	References
Energy Management Strategies in a Fuel Cell–Powered Aircraft
	1 Introduction
	2 Optimized Management Strategies of Two Very Light Aircraft Configurations
		2.1 Aircraft Model
			Fuel Cell Model
			Battery Model
			General Aviation Powertrain
			Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Powertrain
		2.2 Optimization Problem
			General Aviation Powertrain
			Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Powertrain
		2.3 Optimization Results
	3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Hydrogen Infrastructure and Logistics in Airports
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Hydrogen Aircraft
		1.2 Hydrogen Aircraft History
		1.3 Further Expected Applications of Fuel Cell Aircraft
	2 Hydrogen Logistics
		2.1 Hydrogen Production
			Hydrogen Purification
			Hydrogen Compression
			Hydrogen Liquefaction
		2.2 Hydrogen Transport
			Transport by Road
			Transport by Pipeline
			Transportation by Water
		2.3 Hydrogen Storage
	3 Application of Hydrogen at Airport
		3.1 Aircraft Handling and Refuelling Procedure
		3.2 Application of Hydrogen for Airport Handling Ground Vehicles
		3.3 Application of Hydrogen at Small- and Medium-Sized Airports
		3.4 Application of Hydrogen at Large Airports
	4 Safety Measures
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Fuel Cells as APU in Aircrafts
	1 Introduction
	2 APU
		2.1 Conventional APU
		2.2 Aircraft Fuel Cell APU
	3 Fuel Cell APU Technological Developments
		3.1 Aircraft PEMFC-APU
		3.2 Aircraft APU-SOFC
		3.3 Patents
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems and Their Potential Applications in the Aviation Industry and Beyond
	1 Introduction
	2 What Is an SOFC and How Does It Work?
		2.1 Different Cell Designs
		2.2 Different Cell Architectures
		2.3 Advantages of SOFC over PEMFCs
	3 Potential Fuels for SOFCs
	4 SOFC System Description
		4.1 SOFC System Operating with Hydrogen as Fuel
		4.2 SOFC System Operating with Methane as Fuel
	5 Needs of the Aviation Industry
		5.1 Fuels Used on Aircrafts
		5.2 Major Components on Aircraft
		5.3 Potential Application of SOFCs in Aviation Industry
			At Airports
			On Aircrafts
				Power Needs on Aircrafts
			Space Applications
	6 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
		6.1 Why SOFCs Will Be a Good Fit?
		6.2 Perspectives
	References
Index